Download Chemistry in Context 9th Edition Amer Test Bank all chapters

Chemistry in Context 9th Edition Amer
Test Bank
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-in-context-9th-edition-amer-test-bank/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Chemistry in Context 9th Edition Amer Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-in-context-9th-edition-
amer-solutions-manual/
Chemistry in Context 7th Edition American-Chemical-

Society Test Bank
american-chemical-society-test-bank/
Chemistry in Context Applying Chemistry to Society 8th

Edition American Chemical Society Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-in-context-applying-
chemistry-to-society-8th-edition-american-chemical-society-test-
bank/
Chemistry in Context 6th Edition American Chemical

Society ACS Test Bank
american-chemical-society-acs-test-bank/
Chemistry in Context Applying Chemistry to Society 8th
Edition American Chemical Society Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-in-context-applying-
chemistry-to-society-8th-edition-american-chemical-society-
solutions-manual/
Financial Accounting in an Economic Context 9th Edition

Pratt Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/financial-accounting-in-an-
economic-context-9th-edition-pratt-test-bank/
Chemistry The Science in Context Volume I and II 5th

Edition Gilbert Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-the-science-in-context-
volume-i-and-ii-5th-edition-gilbert-test-bank/
Financial Accounting in an Economic Context 9th Edition

Pratt Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/financial-accounting-in-an-
economic-context-9th-edition-pratt-solutions-manual/
College Algebra in Context 5th Edition Harshbarger Test

Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/college-algebra-in-context-5th-
edition-harshbarger-test-bank/
Chapter 07 Test Bank
Energy Storage
1. Chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy in
A. a galvanic cell.
B. an electrical power plant.
C. an electrolytic cell.
D. an automobile's engine.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 07
Section: 07.01
Subtopic: Electrochemistry
Topic: Electromagnetic Radiation
Topic: Study of Chemistry
Feedback: Only one of these that has energy as output is electrical and not mechanical in nature.
2. During the chemical reaction in an electrochemical cell,

A. a substance is oxidized and gains electrons.
B. electrons travel from the cathode to the anode.
C. oxidation takes place alone, without an accompanying reduction.
D. oxidation occurs at the anode.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 07
Section: 07.01
Topic: Electrochemistry
Feedback: This is the black lead.
3. Which is an oxidation half-reaction?

A. 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
B. Zn → Zn2+ + 2 e¯
C. 2 HCl + Ba(OH)2 → 2 H2O + BaCl2
D. Cl2 + 2 e¯ → 2 Cl¯

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.01
Feedback: Loss of electrons is oxidation.
4. Whenever a substance is oxidized,

A. it is called the oxidizing agent.
B. some other substance must be reduced.
C. it gains electrons.
D. hydronium ions are produced.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.01
Feedback: Loss of electrons is oxidation and those electrons are gained by another substance.
5. The current through a wire is most closely related to the

A. energy of the electrons flowing through the wire.
B. type of electrons flowing through the wire.
C. rate of electron flow through a wire.
D. oxidation potential of the electrons flowing through the wire.
7-1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter: 07
Section: 07.01
Subtopic: Batteries
Feedback: Current has the unit Coulomb/s which is an ampere.
6. Which is the cathode in this galvanic cell?
A. The solid zinc electrode

B. The Zn2+(aq) ions in the 1 M solution
C. The solid silver electrode
D. The Ag+(aq) ions in the 1 M solution

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.04
Feedback: Reduction and gain of electrons occur at the cathode.
7. In an electrochemical cell, the anode is

A. the electrode at which oxidation takes place.
B. the material used to connect the two half cells to each other.
C. always used up before the cathode.
D. never a metal.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.02
Subtopic: Oxidation-Reduction Half Reactions
Feedback: The anode is often a metal and it loses electrons.
7-2
8. In this electrochemical cell, the reduction half reaction is
A. Cu2+(aq) + 2 e¯ → Cu(s)
B. Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 e¯
C. Zn(s) → Cu(s)
D. Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq)

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.04
Feedback: Reduction is gain of electrons.
9. The opposite of a galvanic cell is

A. a battery.
B. an electrolytic cell.
C. a fuel cell.
D. a photovoltaic (solar) cell.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Feedback: Electricity is an input to this type of cell-hence its name.
10. Which is not a necessary consideration for a battery designed to run a cell phone or portable MP3 player?
A. It must develop a useful level of electrochemical potential
B. It must run for a reasonable amount of time
C. It must use liquid, aqueous solutions
D. It must be fairly light in weight

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.01
Subtopic: Batteries
Feedback: As long as batteries are sealed the phase of material in the battery should not matter.
7-3
11. What condition must be met for a battery to be rechargeable?
A. Either its anode or its cathode must generate a gas as a result of the electrochemical reaction
B. It must generate electricity via an acid-base reaction rather than via an oxidation-reduction reaction
C. The battery must be open to the outside so that it can vent any internal pressure that builds up from gases within it
D. The electrochemical reaction of the battery must be reversible

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.04
Subtopic: Batteries
Feedback: The reactions must be run in reverse to recharge a battery.
12. What is the primary determinant of the voltage developed by a battery?

A. The nature of the materials in the reaction
B. The age of the battery
C. The overall size of the galvanic cells
D. The size of the electrodes

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.03
Subtopic: Batteries
Feedback: There is no way to alter the voltage in a cell but to use different anode and cathode.
13. Very small mercury batteries have been made and used in a multitude of applications. Why have they been replaced by other kinds of batteries
for most applications?
A. Mercury has become far too expensive to use in batteries
B. Mercury is poisonous and difficult to dispose of
C. These batteries cannot generate enough current for any modern devices
D. Though they may be made very small, they are far too heavy to use in most applications

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.03
Subtopic: Batteries
Feedback: Remember that considerations outside the electrochemical reaction itself have to be taken into account.
14. Which type of widely used battery is not rechargeable?

A. Zinc-manganese alkaline
B. Lithium-ion
C. Lead-acid (storage batteries)
D. Nickel-cadmium (NiCad)

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.03
Subtopic: Batteries
Feedback: One of these would be found as disposable flashlight batteries, while the others are in hand tools or computers.
15. Why can the lead-acid batteries used in cars generate electricity for several years before running down?
A. A lead-acid battery is so large that it holds large quantities of the chemicals whose electrochemical interaction creates the electricity
B. The mechanical motion of the engine drives an alternator that generates electricity to recharge the battery
C. These batteries are used only to generate the electricity that makes the first spark plug "spark." Therefore, they are hardly used at all when a car is
started, and never when it is driven
D. The electrons they generate, not the chemical components, provide almost all of the electricity

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.05
Subtopic: Batteries
7-4
Feedback: Think about how quickly a car will stop running if the alternator goes out.
16. Which type of battery is widely used to store the excess energy generated by windmill farms and solar panels?
A. Alkaline
B. Lithium ion
C. Lead acid
D. Nickel-metal hydride

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.05
Subtopic: Batteries
Feedback: Think about which is cheaper and readily rechargeable.
17. Which type of battery is best for use in heart (cardiac) pacemakers?
A. Alkaline
B. Lithium-iodine
C. Mercury
D. Nickel-cadmium

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.03
Subtopic: Batteries
Feedback: Think about which has long life and little toxicity.
18. In a fuel cell,

A. there is oxidation, but no reduction.
B. reduction takes place at the cathode.
C. there is direct conversion of mechanical energy into electricity.
D. a chemical reaction produces heat, which then produces electricity.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.09
Feedback: Remember that the electrochemical process in a fuel cell is the same as in a regular battery.
19. A major advantage of a fuel cell over a standard battery is that

A. as long as oxygen and fuel are supplied, a fuel cell will not run down like a battery will.
B. a fuel cell generates electricity without the need for an oxidation-reduction reaction.
C. a fuel cell is 100 percent efficient at generating electricity, whereas a battery is less than 1 percent efficient.
D. as it generates electricity, a fuel cell produces more fuel than it uses.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.09
Feedback: Remember that batteries must be recharged and that nothing is 100 percent efficient.
20. Which is not a component of a fuel cell?

A. A timer
B. An anode
C. A cathode
D. An electrolyte

Chapter: 07
7-5
Section: 07.09
Feedback: Remember that this is just like a battery except that fuel flows into the cell continuously.
21. Which is not an advantage of using a solid electrolyte in a fuel cell?

A. It is impermeable to liquids and gases and will keep the fuel and oxidizer separated
B. It cannot dry out and will allow the fuel cell to operate at higher temperatures than one that uses water as part of the proton transfer mechanism
C. It may use various fuels other than hydrogen gas, the fuel of choice in systems using water as part of the proton transfer mechanism
D. It eliminates the need for an oxidant; only a fuel is required

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.09
Feedback: Electrolytes are only for conducting electricity.
22. How does using hydrogen as the fuel in an electric power plant compare with using hydrogen as the fuel in a fuel cell?
A. H2 used as a fuel in a power plant must be more pure than the H2 used in a fuel cell
B. Burning H2 in a power plant produces many more pollutants than using H2 in a fuel cell
C. A fuel cell using hydrogen operates at a higher overall efficiency than would a power plant burning hydrogen as a fuel
D. Using H2 in a fuel cell generates far more heat than burning it in a power plant

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Feedback: Remember that much energy is lost as heat in combustion reactions.
23. As fuel cells become more widely accepted and are used more, we will
A. become less dependent on electrical energy.
B. become more dependent on fossil fuels and less dependent on renewable resources for power generation.
C. be able to generate electricity in places where we cannot now do so.
D. use coal as our primary energy source.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Feedback: Think about these are more versatile batteries with continuous fuel supplied.
7-6
24. How does the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce energy in a fuel cell differ from their interaction during the direct combustion of
hydrogen and oxygen?
I. The direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen produces several different products, whereas the fuel cell produces only water
II. Much less heat energy is produced in a fuel cell than via direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen
III. In the fuel cell, there is an oxidation-reduction reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. In the direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, there is
no such reaction
IV. It is much easier to control the hydrogen and oxygen during direct combustion than during their reaction in a fuel cell
A. I and II only
B. I, II, and III only
C. I, II, III, and IV
D. I and III only

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Feedback: Combustion can be explosive and leads to unnecessary loss of energy as heat.
25. What is the purpose of the hot KOH solution in the fuel cell?
7-7
A. It is the product of the reaction between the hydrogen, the oxygen, and the electrodes
B. It keeps the electrodes conditioned and ready to work at high efficiency
C. It is part of the acid-base reaction that generates the electricity in most fuel cells
D. It maintains electroneutrality by working as an electrolyte; allowing transfer of ions between the half cells where the hydrogen and oxygen react

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.09
Feedback: There always must be charge balance in an electrochemical cell.
26. A fuel cell does not run down like a standard battery because
A. the reactants in a battery must be stored inside the battery, whereas the reactants for a fuel cell flow in as needed.
B. a fuel cell continually recycles the same electrons, whereas a battery must continually generate new ones.
C. a battery is completely dependent upon oxidation-reduction reactions, whereas a fuel cell depends on acid-base reactions.
D. a battery has many moving parts, whereas a fuel cell has none.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.09
Feedback: This is the same reason your car doesn't run down as long as you purchase gasoline.
27. In general, a modern hybrid vehicle is less polluting than a standard vehicle because it runs on both a
A. gasoline engine and an electric motor run by a rechargeable battery.
B. gasoline engine and a fuel cell.
C. fuel cell and an electric motor run by a rechargeable battery.
D. gasoline engine and a cleaner diesel engine.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.08
Feedback: Remember that running on electric power does not lead to tailpipe gasses.
28. The Prius, a hybrid car produced by Toyota, uses a battery that its maker claims should not have to be recharged or replaced during the lifetime of
the car. The type of battery used in the Prius is
A. alkaline.
B. lead acid.
C. nickel-cadmium.
D. nickel-metal hydride.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.08
Feedback: This is the most common advanced battery. It has not been on the market for more than a decade.
29. What moves in the salt bridge from the cathode to the anode?
7-8
A. Electrons
B. Zn+2 ions
C. Cu+2 ions
D. Anions

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.04
Feedback: These move to balance the negative charge that flows in the wire.
30. At present, it will be difficult and perhaps inappropriate to develop an economy based on burning hydrogen rather than natural gas or gasoline
because
A. hydrogen is a dirty fuel. Burning hydrogen produces significantly more pollutants than burning natural gas or gasoline.
B. hydrogen is not an efficient fuel. Per gram, hydrogen has about the lowest heat of combustion of any known substance, much lower than natural
gas or gasoline.
C. although hydrogen is abundant, pure hydrogen is not found naturally on earth. Hydrogen is difficult or expensive to isolate and collect.
D. being such a light element, hydrogen will not flow through pipelines the way natural gas or gasoline do. Hydrogen cannot easily be delivered from
where it is produced to the places where it is needed.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Feedback: Remember that hydrogen is an excellent fuel, but has financial barriers to it being commonly used.
31. What energy change is associated with the reaction to obtain one mole of H2 from one mole of water vapor? The balanced equation is 2 H2O(g)
→ 2H2(g) + O2(g) and the relevant bond energies are: H — H = 436 kJ/mol; H — O = 467 kJ/mol; O — O = 146 kJ/mol; O O = 498 kJ/mol.
A. -249 kJ
B. +249 kJ
C. -436 kJ
D. +436 kJ
7-9
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Topic: Chemical Reactions
Feedback: Write a balanced equation and then take the energy of the bonds formed minus the bonds broken.
32. For safety and other practical reasons, the most logical use for hydrogen as a fuel in the near future is
A. in an electric power plant.
B. in a fuel cell.
C. for running an automobile.
D. for nuclear fusion.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Feedback: One of these is already in use and is pollution-free.
33. Which has not been suggested as a reasonably practical way to store large amounts of hydrogen in relatively small spaces for its use as a fuel?
A. Liquefy hydrogen under pressure and store it much as we do with liquefied natural gas today
B. Absorb hydrogen onto activated charcoal; then heat the mixture to release the hydrogen
C. Store it in the form of ionic metal hydrides, such as LiH, which release hydrogen gas when they react with water
D. Encapsulate hydrogen molecules in fullerene molecules (large, carbon-based molecules that can act like cages) that may be heated later to release
the hydrogen

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Topic: Environmental Chemistry
Feedback: Hydrogen cannot be used like natural gas.
34. Batteries must be used in addition to solar cells when generating household electricity because
A. solar cells can generate electricity only via the output of a battery.
B. solar cells can generate only a small fraction of the total energy needed by a household at any one time.
C. solar cells generate so much electricity that they will overheat if they cannot transfer the excess electricity somewhere to dissipate the extra heat.
D. batteries must store and then supply the energy when sunlight is not available.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.01
Subtopic: Batteries
Subtopic: Photovoltaic
Feedback: The sun is not out in a cloudless sky 24 hours a day.
35. The aluminum-air battery is being considered for use in automobiles. In this battery, aluminum metal undergoes oxidation to Al3+ ions and forms
Al(OH)3. O2 from the air undergoes reduction to OH¯ ions. Which half-reaction occurs at the anode?
A. Formation of OH¯ ions from O2
B. Capturing O2 from the air so that it may form the OH¯ ions
C. Formation of Al3+ ions from aluminum
D. Reaction of Al3+ ions with hydroxide ions to produce Al(OH)3

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.03
Feedback: Remember that oxidation is at the anode.
36. A NiCd battery uses nickel and cadmium to produce a potential difference. Using these equations, answer the following questions.
I. 2NiO(OH) (s) + 2H2O (l) + 2 e¯ → 2Ni(OH)2 (s) + 2 OH¯ (aq)
7-10
II. Cd(s) + 2OH¯ (aq) → Cd(OH)2 (s) + 2e¯
III. Cd (s) + 2NiO(OH) (s) + 2 H2O (l) → 2 Ni(OH)2 (s) + Cd(OH)2 (s)
Which equation represents what takes place at the anode?
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. I and II

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.03
Feedback: Remember that oxidation is loss of electrons and happens at the anode.
37. Which equation represents the whole chemical reaction within the galvanic cell?
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. I and II

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.03
Feedback: Remember that the overall reaction must be both an oxidation and a reduction to complete the circuit.
38. Which equation best represents the reduction half-reaction?

A. I
B. II
C. III
D. I and II

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.03
Feedback: Remember that reduction is loss of electrons at the cathode.
39. Electrolysis is a process that

A. produces an electrical current while decomposing water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
B. requires an electrical current to decompose water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
C. produces heat energy while decomposing water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
D. requires heat energy to decompose water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Subtopic: Electrolysis
40. Which of the following statements is not true about PEM fuel cells?
A. PEM fuel cells rely on inexpensive catalysts
B. PEM fuels cells are cleaner than gasoline powered vehicles
C. PEM fuel cells have safe and efficient fuel storage
D. PEM fuel cells have limited driving range

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
7-11
41. Reforming processes can store hydrogen fuel in a liquid form as another molecule. Which of the following cannot be reformed into hydrogen?
A. Methanol
B. Gasoline
C. Diesel
D. Carbon dioxide

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Feedback: The molecule must contain hydrogen atoms to be reformed into hydrogen.
42. Why doesn't water naturally become hydrogen and oxygen gas when exposed to light?
A. Thermal energy is the only appropriate type of energy to split water
B. You must use electrons to split water
C. Water doesn't absorb the proper wavelength of light to split

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Feedback: Remember that the wavelength of light absorbed is associated with its energy, which must be high to split water.
43. How do the interactions that are broken in water when it is boiled compare with those broken when water is electrolyzed?
A. Boiling water breaks intermolecular attractions and electrolysis breaks covalent bonds
B. Boiling water breaks covalent bonds and electrolysis breaks intermolecular attractions
C. Boiling water and electrolysis of water break covalent bonds
D. Boiling water and electrolysis of water break intermolecular forces

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Subtopic: Electrolysis
Feedback: Remember that covalent bonds consist of shared electrons.
44. Why is it so expensive to ship hydrogen as a liquid as is often done with other gas?
A. Hydrogen is very heavy to ship
B. Hydrogen is very dense to ship
C. Hydrogen has to be shipped at a very low temperature
D. Hydrogen in very flammable

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.10
Feedback: Remember that things with low molar mass have low boiling points.
45. Consider Ohm’s Law. Which of the following are correct?

A. Voltage is proportional to current
B. Voltage is inversely proportional to current
C. Current and resistance are proportional to each other
D. All of these choices are correct

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.02
Subtopic: Batteries
7-12
46. For the compound Fe3O4, what is the oxidation state of Fe?
A. 2+
B. 3+
C. 4+
D. Mixture between 2+ and 3+

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.02
Subtopic: Ionic Bonding
Topic: Chemical Bonding
47. For the compound FeCl3, what is the oxidation state of Fe?
A. 2+
B. 3+
C. 4+
D. Mixture between 2+ and 3+

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.02
Subtopic: Ionic Bonding
Topic: Chemical Bonding
48. Which of the following automotive energy storage devices would give rise to the fastest acceleration from zero to 60 mph?
A. Li-ion rechargeable batteries
B. Fuel cells
C. NiMH rechargeable batteries
D. Supercapacitors

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.07
Subtopic: Batteries
49. Batteries are still preferred over supercapacitors for portable electronic applications. What factor(s) give rise to this preference?
A. Supercapacitors have low energy densities
B. Supercapacitors are charged much more quickly than batteries
C. Supercapacitors have virtually unlimited cycle lives
D. All of these choices are correct

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.07
Subtopic: Batteries
50. What are the typical units for specific energy?

A. mAh/g
B. W/kg
C. Wh/kg
D. kWh

Chapter: 07
Section: 07.07
Subtopic: Batteries
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 44
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember 9
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand 35
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply 6
Chapter: 07 50
Section: 07.01 7
7-13
Section: 07.02 4
Section: 07.03 8
Section: 07.04 4
Section: 07.05 2
Section: 07.07 3
Section: 07.08 2
Section: 07.09 6
Section: 07.10 14
Subtopic: Batteries 14
Subtopic: Electrochemistry 29
Subtopic: Electrolysis 2
Subtopic: Ionic Bonding 2
Subtopic: Oxidation-Reduction Half Reactions 3
Subtopic: Photovoltaic 1
Topic: Chemical Bonding 2
Topic: Chemical Reactions 1
Topic: Electrochemistry 43
Topic: Electromagnetic Radiation 1
Topic: Environmental Chemistry 4
Topic: Study of Chemistry 1
7-14
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
chances. The only safe way is to employ picking gears making one
tooth to each pick of the loom, and then to change the gears when
different picking becomes necessary.
In many of the existing looms there has been no adequate
provision made for the weaver to let the web back to the reed
mechanically when a joining becomes necessary through the
breaking of the filling while weaving, or where a quill may have run
off unnoticed. It is almost impossible to make a joining satisfactorily
without proper mechanism being provided for this purpose. In some
of the slow running looms provision is made for this by the operation
of each set of rolls independently (see Fig. 1), by means of the
ratchet gear and pawl A and worm motion B. This plan has the one
disadvantage of taking up too much space between the individual
pieces. Where the fabric woven is say four or five inches wide, and
the space will admit, it is all that can be desired, and the individually
weighted rollers C associated with the motion are admirably adapted
to variable pressure.
For the very narrow elastic fabrics, which require considerable
roller pressure to hold the web snug and firm while weaving, and
where it is necessary to make very accurate joinings after a break
has occurred, a better movement is one in which the web roll is
placed on the main take-up shaft in the form of a sleeve. It is carried
around by the shaft as it turns while the goods are being woven, but
can be released and turned both backwards and forwards by a
conveniently placed hand wheel, which operates a series of
differential gears. This movement is entirely independent of the
movement of the main take-up shaft drive.
Tension on Rubber Warp

Too much importance cannot be attached to properly controlling
the tension of the rubber warp. On its uniformity depends not only
the quality, but also the cost of the web. The greater the weight of
slack rubber woven into the web the more costly it becomes and the
poorer the quality. A very accurate sense of touch is required in
testing the tension of the rubber threads as they are being delivered
into the goods.
The rubber warp requires the highest possible tension before
breaking or chafing of the thread takes place. Each rubber thread
should be under this high tension so that when the goods come
through the press roll the desired contraction will take place
uniformly, and a flat piece of web will be produced that will have
plenty of life.
It must always be remembered that the individual threads of
rubber which constitute a rubber warp will act as a series of small
springs, working in unison with each other. Each one should have
equal power to contract the fabric at its own particular part. If any
one of these strands or springs is chafed and weakened, it lessens
the contracting power, and the result is that the weakened or less
contracted part is of relatively greater length than the parts where the
rubber threads have retained their full power.
Moreover, the appearance of the goods will be spoiled by the
chafed particles of rubber pricking through the face, particularly on
the white and lighter colored goods. Before such webs can be
marketed they must be subjected to a buffing operation to remove
these dirty particles, which is accomplished by passing them over a
highly speeded, cloth covered roller, which will remove the loose
particles by friction and high velocity. But this operation adds to the
cost.
A high and uniform tension of the rubber warp is so important that
most manufacturers keep men specially employed in the testing of
the threads, instead of leaving this matter to the weavers. These
testers acquire such a keen sense of touch that they can obtain very
economical and satisfactory results. Talc or soapstone is freely used
as a lubricant to reduce the risk of chafing and breaking of the rubber
threads. The warps are arranged so as to allow the threads to pass
through a bed of plush, loaded with talc, which adheres to the rubber
threads and makes them work very smoothly. This is especially
important in damp weather, which is the worst condition for the
weaving of elastic goods. At times factories have stopped operations
when the weather was especially humid.
Let-Off Motion
Fig. 1.—Individual Take-Up Motion for Wide Space Looms
Fig. 2.—Individual Rubber Warp Let-Off Motion
When we remember that the front reed will pass by the rubber
threads possibly six or seven hundred times from their entrance into
the shed to their reaching the leaving line, it is not to be wondered at
that chafing is liable to take place. With all this liability of spoiling
goods it becomes readily apparent that any device employed to
regulate such an important feature as the tension of the rubber
warps must be very sensitive and dependable.
On looms making wide goods, and where space will allow,
regulation is accomplished by a worm and gear movement as shown
in Fig. 2. The iron rubber beam is threaded on to a square shaft A, at
one end of which a gear wheel B is fastened. In this gear is meshed
the worm C, which is operated by a heavy linen cord D passed twice
around a pulley E. The cord derives its movement from a rocking
shaft F, on which there is fastened a screw extension G, by which
adjustment can be made so as to deliver very accurately any amount
from the rubber beam.
With this kind of movement, and in order to feed the thread
uniformly into the web, it becomes necessary to use mechanically
made warps where the same uniformity has been maintained in
putting the warps on the beams. The warps so made must come
from the thread manufacturer in individual warps, which are done up
in chain form, each warp containing the requisite number of threads.
Making Rubber Warps

The machine used for making the warps, shown at Fig. 3, is
mounted on an iron frame A, which carries the power driven warp
beam B. Behind this is an open top expansion reed C, the dents of
which are regulated to open, coarse or fine by an internal spring
which is regulated by a hand wheel. This reed also has a screw
sidewise adjustment for centering. Behind the reed C are fixed two
pairs of nip rolls, D and E, and an open roller F, which is followed by
a belt-driven beater roll G, used to beat the threads out straight as
they leave the chain.
The rubber warp is first laid on a cloth on the floor, under the
beater roll. The end is then passed over the beater roll G, over the
open roll F, through the two pairs of nip rolls D and E, over the
expansion reed C, and then looped to a leader on the rubber beam,
where the knot is put in a counter-sink on the beam barrel, so as not
to interfere with the lay of the warp. The section of the warp between
the two pairs of nip rolls is brought down in loop form, shown at H,
and the nip rolls are then closed while the warp is in this position.
The two sets of nip rolls are speeded alike and the rubber is always
kept slack between the gripping points, so that all threads passing
through the last set of nip rolls, D, are perfectly gauged in length and
tension when passing through the reed C and on to the beam B. The
threads of rubber are under considerable tension, inasmuch as the
beam B is driven faster than the nip rolls D and E.
Friction Let-Off
Where there is limited loom space, and where a small number of
threads are employed, as in the narrower garter fabrics, it is not as
practical to have the warps made mechanically, and for this reason
they are not likely to be put on the beams with as much uniformity of
tension. In such cases it becomes necessary to have some
automatic device that will correct any irregularities and maintain a
uniform delivery throughout. The device for doing this is shown at
Fig. 4.
The warp carrier A is fastened to the back rail, which carries the
warp, over which is passed the friction cloth G which is hung from a
rod D. The friction cloth is fastened at the bottom to the graduated
warp lever E, which is bolted to the bottom rail H, as shown. The
rubber threads constituting the warp pass in a direct line to the
harness C, and then to the breast beam B. The lever E, and the
weights F, allow for proper adjustment of the friction cloth so as to
keep the lever level as the warp beam empties.
Fig. 3.—Rubber Warping Machine
In making the rubber warps for narrow fabrics such as garters and
suspenders, where the last described method of warp delivery takes
place, it is customary to work from an entire sheet of rubber, splitting
it up into the required sections or strips of the various sizes called for
in the warps. This splitting and warping process must be done in a
long room where the warp can be stretched out to its full length, if
possible, after it is unchained. These warps are usually about 60
yards long. The “head” of the sheet, or the part where the cutting
knife has not gone through, is spread out flat on a series of hooks at
the beaming machine and the tail end is fixed securely on a strong
hook at the other end of the room.
The requisite number of threads for the several warps which are to
be beamed are counted off and each different section is fastened to
a beam. The end knot is laid snugly in the counter-sink made in the
beam barrel for this purpose. A wide reed is used, covering the
number of beams operated in the machine, which is usually about
four, and the threads are reeded over spaces opposite the different
beams. This reed can be moved sidewise across the face of the
beams and each warp properly centered so as to keep the warp
level. The operator then starts the beaming machine, which may be
operated either by hand or power, and the warps are wound up. At
the same time a helper walks towards the beamer carrying the tail
end of the warps and keeping the tension as nearly uniform as
possible. When the warps are all wound on the several beams, a
lease is taken in each of them in the ordinary manner, and each
separate section is securely fastened.
Fig. 4.—Automatic Friction Let-Off for Rubber Warps
Should floor space be limited, a horizontal reel is used, which is

about six feet long and about five feet in diameter. On this the sheet
of rubber is wound after being split in proper sections at the head
end and divided by a coarse reed, so as to be able to distribute the
different sections all across the reel. Each section can then be taken
off the reel as required for the beams. The tension of the threads is
governed by a weighted leather strap passed over the face of the
reel.
Chapter III.
Head Motion Looms and Dobbies for Making Fancy Effects—Tying
Up Harness—Construction of Loom Webs, Lisle Webs, French Web
or Railroad Weave and Cable Webs—Making Good Selvages and
Preventing Long-Sided Effect
So far we have mentioned only plain looms, or those limited to the
capacity of eight or twelve pick cams. Before we consider any of the
varied constructions relating to elastic webs it will be well to speak of
fancy looms. There are different types, adapted to a wide range of
fancy effects, but the fancy loom most generally used is what is
known as the chain head, an example of which is shown at Fig. 1.
Such looms are usually of 18 and 24 harness capacity, and are
operated by a figure chain of the length required to produce the
desired figure. Chains are made up of a series of bars, one bar
operating with each pick of the loom and having on it space for a
roller or sinker for each harness to be operated.
Wherever a roller is placed on the bar, the corresponding harness
will be raised, and wherever a sinker is used, the corresponding
harness will be dropped. A series of rollers following each other will
hold the harness up, and likewise a series of sinkers following each
other will keep the harness down, thus maintaining at all times an
open shed.
The Shedding Operation

The shedding operation is very simple. In the fancy head there are
two cylinders, each of which has gear teeth running the entire length.
These cylinders operate continuously in opposite directions. The
teeth of the cylinders do not go around the entire circumference as
will be noticed on the upper cylinder shown in Fig. 1, but there is a
blank space provided so as to allow for the engaging of the gear
wheels brought into position at the right time as the cylinders
revolve.
Between the two cylinders are vibrator gears, one for each
harness, and to these gears are attached arms which are connected
with the different harnesses. These vibrator gears can be thrown into
position by the chain rollers or sinkers, so as to come in contact with
the teeth of either the upper or lower cylinder, and are so timed that
they take their position at the moment when the blank part of the
cylinder presents itself. A vibrator gear engaging the upper cylinder
is turned so as to lift the harness connected with it, while a vibrator
gear engaging the lower cylinder drops that particular harness. The
harnesses stay in their relative positions until the chain calls for
another change.
Both cylinders and engaging gears are made of hard chilled steel,
so that wear and tear by hammering at the time of engagement are
reduced to a minimum. To further soften the engagement, the speed
of the cylinder is controlled by elliptical driving gears, which reduce
the speed of travel just at the moment when the engagement takes
place.
The timing of the various movements of the head is so well
controlled that there is little risk of any part failing to maintain proper
relationship with the other parts. But in the event of any accident or
breakage occurring which interferes with the free motion of the head,
such strain is taken care of by a soft pointed set screw on the head
driving shaft, which shears off and so prevents further serious
damage.
The capacity of the head is such that by careful arrangement of
figures and repeats it is quite possible to make several simple
designs to run side by side in the same harnesses and this is often
done. Of this we may write more later.
Fig. 1.—Fancy Loom for Weaving Narrow Fabrics
Fig. 2.—Double Index Dobby
Fig. 3.—Overshot Dobby
The Overhead Dobby

A popular machine for light fancy warp figures is the overhead
dobby shown at Fig. 2, which may be used as auxiliary either to the
plain cam loom or the fancy head loom. It is placed on a well braced,
rigid frame and built as high as convenient so as to reduce the angle
of the harness strings. It is driven directly from a two to one shaft,
which may be either underneath the loom or at the end, and is
connected with a threaded adjustable rod, which is attached to a
slotted lever and can be adjusted to govern the depth of the dobby
shed.
It is customary to put two of these dobby machines over each
loom, but having only one main drive the two machines are coupled
together and work in unison. Such an arrangement has the double
advantage of a less acute angle at the harness tie-up, and also
affords facilities for a distinctly different pattern on either half of the
loom. It minimizes the risk of the harness threads cutting into the
compart boards, and prolongs relatively the life of the dobby
harness. Furthermore it allows for a straight tie-up on either machine
so that there is no limitation to the length or character of the design,
as is often the case where two patterns are run together on the same
machine, or where point tie-ups are used, as would very likely be
necessary if only one machine was installed to cover different
designs on both halves of the loom. As we have previously stated it
is not advisable to limit capacity for the saving of a few dollars in the
initial cost.
Overshot Dobby
Another type of loom employed in the making of fancy goods is
what is known as the overshot loom. It is used for the introduction of
a silk weft figure effect, and is probably the most pronounced form of
elaboration introduced. It differs from the old rise and fall method in
the economy of operation. The overshot continues to weave the
body of the goods right along while the auxiliary shuttle is putting the
silk figure in at the same time. Not only is it economical in the
respect of greater yardage, but the method employed in binding the
figure limits the use of silk to the actual figure displayed, and does
not carry the silk, which is the most expensive material in the fabric,
to the extreme selvage at every pick, as is the case where the rise
and fall method is employed.
In the overshot system a specially designed dobby, shown at Fig.
3, is used for operating the lightly weighted threads of the binder
warps. Two pairs of knives are employed, one of each pair operating
far enough to raise the threads used in the binder warp to the level of
the top main shed, while the other one of each pair carries the
threads which are used for figure purposes to a higher level, so that
the overshot shuttle may pass under them. This occurs every
alternate pick of the loom, the body shuttle making two picks while
the upper or overshot shuttle makes only one.
In levelling the harness, setting or timing of the loom, and making
the shed for overshot work, the plans followed are identically the
same as in ordinary single shuttle work, as the upper shuttle and
upper shed are distinctly auxiliary and subordinate to the main shed.
The binder warp, being necessarily but lightly weighted in its
relationship to the upper and lower cloths it is binding together,
allows for the figure threads to be strained out of their normal
position, so that the upper shuttle may pass under them. In order to
conform to this strained position of the binder figure threads, the
upper shuttle must be acutely pitched downward at the nose so as to
get a good clearance, and thus avoid any binding in its passages
through the shed. This peculiar downward pitch of the shuttle is very
important and cannot be over emphasized. It is shown in Fig. 4.
The overshot dobby is so constructed that a different set of draw
knives operate on each alternate pick of the loom, one on the binder
lift and the other on the rubber lift. This not only allows for a silk
figure made with the shuttle but affords facilities for the introduction
of a warp figure also, a combination which can often be made very
effective, as shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 4.—Showing Auxiliary Shed and Pitched Shuttle as Used in Overshot Work
Importance of Dobby Harness

Too much importance cannot be attached to the rigging of the
dobby harness. A 30/9 ply linen cord is desirable and a lingo of
about 16 to the pound. After deciding on the character of the tie-up
required, and when the harness has been threaded in the compart
boards, the lingoes should be looped on the strings, and then left to
stand and settle for a couple of days before leveling. It is better still
to run the dobby machine for a few hours, lifting all the harness and
then dropping them, so as to settle the strings and take out any kinks
or loose places which are bound to exist in a highly cabled linen cord
of this character.
The labor required in the tying up and leveling of a string harness
suggests the advisability of great care in determining the tie-up to be
used, so that changes of pattern can be made easily without
involving changes in the tie-up. In order to prolong the life of the
harness, in the adjustment of which so much time and care must
necessarily be spent, it is advisable to apply a dressing of boiled
linseed oil, which should be thoroughly worked into the strings by
running the harness for several hours, using one and one change
cards. This should be followed by a dusting of talc or soapstone,
which will add much to the smoothness of the finish.
To reduce the friction of the strings which operate in the several
outside compart boards, where the strain and wear are particularly
acute, and also to prevent the strings from cutting into the boards
themselves, it is good practice to fix strips of ground glass between
the different rows of strings, just above the compart boards. These
strips of glass may be threaded through drilled holes in the compart
board frame.
Construction of Simple Webs

Before enlarging further on details of fancy looms, it will be well to
retrace our steps and consider the construction of some of the
simpler forms of web, such as are made on what we have described
as plain looms. The webs best known, perhaps, are those such as
are used for men’s ordinary garter wear, and for cutting up to retail in
the regular dry goods and notions trade. They vary from one-quarter
to 2 inches in width. There are several distinct classes of these
goods, the best known of which are the loom webs, the lisles and the
cables, all of which are of single cloth construction, in which the
filling is the main feature. There are generally two cotton warps used
in such goods, one of which is commonly called the binder and
weaves two up and two down, while the other is called the gut or
filler, and works with the rubber warp, one up and one down. The
selvages of these webs are made with the filling, which passes
around a wire at each pick, the wire remaining stationary while the
web is taken away from it in the process of weaving. An illustration of
a loom web of this character is shown at Fig. 6. The draft and cam
arrangement are shown at Fig. 6A.
Fig. 5.—Combination Warp and Shuttle Figure Produced on Overshot Dobby.
Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10

It is customary in some factories to use only one harness to carry
both rubber and gut, inasmuch as the weaving of the two are the
same and they both go in the same cavity or pocket of the web.
Where such a method is employed there is always a tendency for
the gut threads to get out of their proper places, and to fall together
in pairs at irregular points, which will produce an objectionable
“rowey” appearance in the goods. This will be noticed more
particularly in white and light colored webs.
Fig. 6A.—Harness Draft and Weave for Three-Quarter Inch Loom Web
Fig. 7A.—Harness Draft and Weave for One-Half Inch Lisle Web
Fig. 8A.—Harness Draft and Weave for Three-Quarter Inch French Web
Fig. 9A.—Harness Draft and Weave for Three-Quarter Inch Cable Web
In the harness draft shown, it will be seen that one harness is

employed for the rubber and one for the gut. It is thus possible to
shed the gut harness so as to open more than the rubber, having it
travel both higher and lower than the rubber harness at each
alternate pick of the loom. By this movement the gut threads will be
kept in the desired position, and at the same relative side of the
rubber threads in each of the several pockets designed to carry them
both. If, from any unusual cause, any of the gut threads get away
from their proper places it is easy by this arrangement of separation
to lift the gut harness at any time, insert a thread of cotton between
the gut and rubber threads, and put them in their proper places when
commencing to weave again.
The weave employed in the making of webs of this kind, although
of a very simple character, involves a condition which does not favor
a straight well woven fabric unless great care is taken to offset
troublesome tendencies. The nature of the weave is such that at one
pick the binder harness changes, while on the next pick it remains
open and does not change, the rubber and gut harness changing
only. The result of this movement is such that one shed clears for the
reception of the filling much better than the other, so that at one side
of the web the filling will hug the edge wire, shown at W in Fig. 6A,
while at the other side of the web the failure to get a good clearance
prevents the filling getting so snugly around the wire. Therefore, as
the web draws away from the edge wire in the process of weaving,
the tendency is for one selvage rubber cavity to be small, while the
other is large, which means that at the open side there is a freedom
for contraction of the edge rubber which is not present at the other
side, and a long-sided uneven web is the result.
Making a Good Selvage

To counteract this it is essential that great care should be taken to
get a good clearance of the shed. The shed should be timed as early
as possible, so as to give every particle of fibre on the warp a good
chance to separate and clear itself. When space permits, the front
reed should be set slightly over on one side of the reed space, so as
to create a little longer pull on the filling as it draws from the shuttle
on the open side, and correspondingly eases up the draw of the
filling on the other side. The warp stock used, however, may be of
such a character that the loose fibre on it makes even these
precautions ineffective altogether to counteract the trouble, and it
may then become advisable to put in a fine edge wire on the open
side of the web to offset the creeping tendency of the selvage rubber

Download Chemistry in Context 9th Edition Amer Test Bank all chapters

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Download Chemistry in Context 9th Edition Amer Test Bank all chapters

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Download Chemistry in Context 9th Edition Amer Test Bank all chapters

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry in Context 9th Edition Amer

Chemistry in Context 9th Edition Amer Solutions Manual

Chemistry in Context 7th Edition American-Chemical-

Chemistry in Context Applying Chemistry to Society 8th

Chemistry in Context 6th Edition American Chemical

Financial Accounting in an Economic Context 9th Edition

Chemistry The Science in Context Volume I and II 5th

Financial Accounting in an Economic Context 9th Edition

College Algebra in Context 5th Edition Harshbarger Test

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. During the chemical reaction in an electrochemical cell,

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: This is the black lead.

3. Which is an oxidation half-reaction?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Loss of electrons is oxidation.

4. Whenever a substance is oxidized,

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. The current through a wire is most closely related to the

Feedback: Current has the unit Coulomb/s which is an ampere.

6. Which is the cathode in this galvanic cell?

A. The solid zinc electrode

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Feedback: Reduction and gain of electrons occur at the cathode.

7. In an electrochemical cell, the anode is

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: The anode is often a metal and it loses electrons.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Feedback: Reduction is gain of electrons.

9. The opposite of a galvanic cell is

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Electricity is an input to this type of cell-hence its name.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: The reactions must be run in reverse to recharge a battery.

12. What is the primary determinant of the voltage developed by a battery?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. Which type of widely used battery is not rechargeable?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Think about which is cheaper and readily rechargeable.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. In a fuel cell,

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. A major advantage of a fuel cell over a standard battery is that

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. Which is not a component of a fuel cell?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21. Which is not an advantage of using a solid electrolyte in a fuel cell?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Electrolytes are only for conducting electricity.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Remember that much energy is lost as heat in combustion reactions.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Feedback: There always must be charge balance in an electrochemical cell.