Then came Johannes Gutenberg

THE SOCIAL MEDIA REVOLUTION

(Information Age) • He gave content a means of distribution.

PRINTING PRESS

• In 1436 Johaness Gutenberg, a German goldsmith, began

• Computer Age, Digital Age, New Media Age
• a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the
rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial
Revolution brought through industrialization, to an
economy based on information technology.
THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW
MEDIA
THE EVOLUTION TIMELINE
designing a machine capable of producing pages of text
at an incredible speed—a product that he hoped would
offset losses from a failed attempt to sell metal mirrors.
By 1440 Gutenberg had established the basics of his
printing press including the use of a mobile, reusable set
of type, and within ten years he had constructed a
working prototype of the press. In 1454 Gutenberg put
his press to commercial use, producing thousands of
indulgences for the Church.
Which in turn created…
• The renaissance
• Science
• Mass culture
• The enlightenment
• Mass democracy
• The media

• Pre-Industrial Age But more than this, Gutenberg cemented a marriage

• Industrial Age between content and distribution.
• Informational Age
• Electronic Age • And distribution was the dominant partner in this
relationship.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE • Think about it … content surrendered its name and
became known only by its means of distribution
• -------- 1700
(newspaper article, radio programme, TV show
• Tedious capture
etc).
• No Distribution
• About 2.5 million years before writing was developed, INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700-1930)
technology began with the earliest hominids who used
stone tools, which they may have used to start fires, • Period of history that encompasses the changes in
hunt, and bury their dead. economic and social organization that began around

• Cave paintings (35000 BC) 1760 in Great Britain and later in other countries,
characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools
• Clay tablets (2400 BC)
with power-driven machines such as the power loom and
What did this mean for society? the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in
large establishments.
• Religion – controls via stories
• Feudal – control via hierarchy
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- Typewriter (1800)
- Telephone (1876)
- Telegraph (1800)
- Punch cards
- Mechanical Calculator
- The Babbage Engine (2002)

ELECTRONIC AGE (1930-1980)

• The electronic age began when electronic equipment and
large technologies, including computers came into use.
• The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic
age. People harnessed the power of transistor radio,
electronic circuits, and early computers. In this age, long
distance communication became more efficient.
- 1st programmable digital computer
- 1st electronic digital computer
- Electromechanical computer
- ENIAC
- Transistor
- Transistor Radios
- Televisions (1941)
- The first IC (1958 )
- UNIVAC commercial computer
- 1st computer game – spacewar
- ARPANET – the first net
- Microprocessor
- Floppy disk
- 1st video game – pong
- 1st microcomputer
- Apple 1st computer
- Apple macintosh
- Laser printer
- NCSA Mosaic – worlds first web browser
- Paypal
- DELL
- Skype
- Laptop
- Youtube
- Flickr

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INFORMATION AGE (1900-2000)

• People advanced the use of microelectronics with the

invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and
wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and
data are digitalized. We are now living in the information
age.
• Portable Computers laptops(1980), smartphones,
tablets(1993) – use as a medium for communication, can
store and spread information efficiently.

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- Word press (2003)

- Skype (2003)
BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTHY
- Friendster SOCIETY
- Google
- The internet paved the way for faster
communication and the creation of the social BIODIVERSITY
network.
• “Biological diversity”
- Facebook
• “The measure of the number of species on the planet or
- Twitter
in a specified area (Clarke, 2013).
- Youtube
• “The variation of life forms making the world beautiful
and exciting place to live (Cunningham & Cunningham,
2013).
• A sum total of all different species of animals, plants,
fungi, and microbial organisms living on earth and the
variety of habitats in which they live.
• Used as a measure of the health of the biological
systems.

BIODIVERSITY AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

• UN Biodiversity convention: Diversity of all living
organisms, habitats, and ecosystems on land, in
freshwater, in the ocean and in the air.
- Genetic Diversity – genetic differences within a
single population and among geographically
separate populations
- Species Diversity – all different species or kinds of
organisms on our planet
- Ecosystem Diversity – the variety of interactions
within and among Earth’s different ecosystems

SPECIES BY THE NUMBERS

• According to Census of Marine Life:
- 8.7 million total number of estimated species on
Earth
• 6.5 million species on land
• 2.2 million species in oceans
• Approximately 1.2 million – 1.6 million species have been
identified:
- 950,000 species of insects
- 270, 000 species of plants
- 19,000 species of fish
- 9,000 species of birds
- 4,000 species of mammals

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• There are still millions yet to be classified and named
(National Geographic Society)
• Insects and other vertebrates make up more than half of
the known species.
PHILIPPINES – MEGADIVERSE COUNTRY
• Contains two-thirds of the earth’s biodiversity and
between 70% and 80% of the world’s plant and animal
species.
• Ranks fifth (5th) in the number of plant species and
maintains 5% of the world’s flora.
• More than 9,250 vernacular plants (33% of which are
endemic).
• There are 612 species of birds of which 194 are endemic.
• 111 amphibian species and 270 reptile species live here.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

• Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each

species, no matter how small, all have an important role
to play.
- A larger number of plant species means a greater
variety of crops
- Greater species diversity ensures natural
sustainability for all life forms
- Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and
recover from a variety of disasters
THE WORLD’S 17 MEGADIVERSE COUNTRY

- United States
BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY
- Mexico • Ecosystem functions
- Colombia • Ecosystem services
- Ecuador - Supporting
- Peru - Provision
- Venezuela - Cultural and aesthetic services
- Brazil - Regulating
- DRC
- South Africa
- Madagascar
- India
- Malaysia
- Indonesia
- Australia
- China
- Philippines
- Papua New Guinea

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• Food sources • Endangered

- Crop and vegetables - Population is low but extinction is less imminent.
- Poultry, meat, & fish products - In immediate danger of becoming extinct
• Raw materials • Threatened
• Medicines - species most at risk of becoming extinct in the near
- Herbal plants future when not protected.
- Philippine setting • Hunting and over harvesting
- DOH approved medicinal plants • Habitat loss
- Proclamation No. 689, s. 2004 (November as • Pollution
the Traditional and Alternative Health Month) • Invasive species
• Climate change
• Human impact

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
• Extinction and population reductions
- Hunting and overharvesting
GENITICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM (GMO)
- Habitat loss
- Pollution • Or genetically modified organism, is a plant, animal,
- Invasive species microorganism or other organism whose genetic makeup
- Climate change has been modified in a laboratory using genetic
- Human impacts engineering or transgenic technology.
• Extinction and population reductions • This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and
- refers to the termination of a species caused by virus genes that do not occur in nature or through
habitat destruction, introduction of nonnative traditional crossbreeding.
species, overexploitation, pollution or even climate
change.
1. Elephas sp.
2. Elephas maximus
3. Stegodon luzonensis
4. Panthera tigris sp.
5. Rhinoceros philippinensis
6. Sus cebifrons cebifrons
7. Bubalus cebuensis
8. Megalochelys sondaari
9. Bubalus sondaari
10. Cuon alpinus

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GMO’S IMPACT TO BIODIVERSITY
• An insect resistant GM crop could have direct toxic effect
on non-target species.
• A GM crop could have an indirect effect to other species
by reducing the source of food for other wildlife such as
birds.
• Pest resurgence could be resulted from insects which
become resistant to chemicals when used on pest
tolerant GM crops repeatedly and may increase the
number of insect pest.
• Creating an imbalance in nature by changing the
predatory/prey ratio.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Introduction to Nanotechnology
Definition:
“The branch of technology that deals with dimensions of less
than 100 nanometres, especially the manipulation of
individual atoms and molecules.”
Or
"Nano-technology” mainly consists of the processing of
separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by
one atom or one molecule.”
By Norio Taniguchi
NANOMETER SCALE
HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
• The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the
famous professor of Dr. Richard Feynman in the lecture
of “There’s plenty of rooms at the bottom” and The
Nobel prize was awarded in 1965.
• The term “Nano technology” had been coined by Norio
Taniguchi in 1974.
• Dr. Eric Drexler gives the idea of “Molecular Machinery
Manufacturing and Computation” in 1980’s.
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DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO NANOTECHNOLOGY PROPERTIES OF NANOTUBES

Nanotechnology can be: Tensile & Compressive Strength:

Top-down: - The tensile strength of” carbon nanotubes is

approximately 100 times greater than that of steel of
- Etching a block of material down to the desired shape the same diameter”.
- Chips and processors - Ex: Spinning Nanotube fiber

Bottom-up:
- Building materials atom by atom-likelego
- Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes,
quantum dots

CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIAL Hardness:

Zero Dimensional:
- SWNT nanotube hardness about 25× 109 Pa. It is
- These nanoparticles are spherical in size and the higher than Diamond and Prepared under high
diameter of these particles will be in the1-50 nm
pressure and temperature. Nanotube is super hard
range.
- Ex: Gold Nano Particle phase and they have bulk modulus of 465-546 GPa
(1GPa=10 9)
One Dimensional:

- These materials are long (several micrometre in length)

but with diameter of only a few nanometre.
- Ex: Carbon Nanotube

Two Dimensional:

- These include different kind of Nano films such as Electrical Properties:

coatings and thin-filmmultilayers, Nano sheets or
Nano-walls. The area of the Nano films can be large - metallic nanotubes can carry an electric current
(several square micrometre), but the thickness is density of 4 × 109 A/cm2 , which is more than 1,000
always in Nano scale range.
- Ex: Solar thin Film times greater than those of metals such as copper,
where for copper interconnects current densities are
Three Dimensional:
limited by electro migration.
- These include bulk materials composed of the - It act as Superconductivity up to 12 K.
individual blocks which are in the nanometre scale (1-
100 nm).
- Ex: Bulk Materials

CARBON BASED NANOTUBES

Types Of Carbon Nanotubes:

• Single Walled Nanotube (SWNT):

Thermal Properties:

- SWNT has thermal conductivity 3500 W/ m.K while

• Multi Walled Nanotube (MWNT) : Copper has 385 W/m.
- Thermal stability in vacuum up to 3100 K and 1000 K in
air.

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SOME ANCIENT NANO MATERIAL
• 1000 year’s ago different size “Gold Nanoparticles” are
used for produces stained glass windows.
• 2000 year’s ago “Sulphide Nano crystals” used by the
Greek and Roman for dye of the hair.
• Lycurgus Cup (Roman 4th Century) The glass contains
gold-silver alloyed nanoparticles, which are distributed in
such a way to make the glass look green in reflected light
but, when light passes through the cup, it reveals a
brilliant red.
NATURE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
• The colours of beetle and butterfly wings come from the
scattering of light. Light hits the nanostructures on their
scales.
• These nanostructures are typically smaller than the
wavelengths of visible light (smaller than 400
nanometres).
HOW STICKY? AS STICKY AS A …GECKO?
• “On the sole of a gecko’s toes there are some one billion
tiny adhesive hairs, about 200 nanometres in both width
and length. The shape of the fibres is also significant; for
example, spatula-shaped ends on the hairs provide
particularly strong adhesion.”
COLOUR CAN BE IRIDESCENT, TOO!
• Thin films are made of nanoparticles, smaller than 400
nanometers, that produce iridescent (rainbow-like)
colors when light strikes them.
• Iridescent colors change when you look at the object
from different angles.
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
ENERGY SOURCE:
Microbial Fuel Cell:
- Microbial fuel cell is a device in which bacteria
consume water-soluble waste such as sugar, starch
and alcohols and produces electricity plus clean
water.
Anode Reaction:
C12H22O11 + 13H2O ---> 12CO2 + 48H+ + 48e-
Cathode Reaction:
4H+ + O2 + 4e-2H20
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Hydrogen Fuel cell:
- A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy
from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction
of positively charged hydrogen ions with oxygen or
another oxidizing agent.
- Hydrogen fuel cells power the shuttle's electrical
systems, producing a clean by- product - pure water,
which the crew drinks. A fuel cell combines hydrogen
and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water.
HEALTH SECTOR:
Nano Robotics:
- He first useful applications of Nano machines may be
in Nano medicine. For example, biological machines
could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells.
- Another potential application is the detection of toxic
chemicals, and the measurement of their
concentrations, in the environment
Nano Sponges:
- The development of new colloidal carrier called Nano
sponges has the potential to solve these problems.
Nano sponge is a novel and emerging technology it can
precisely control the release rates of controlled drug
delivery for topical use.
ADVANTAGES OF NANO SPONGES
• Targeted site specific drug delivery.
• This Technology offers entrapment of wide variety of
ingredients and reduced side effects.
• Improved Stability, increased elegance and enhanced
formulation flexibility.
SECURITY:
Bullet Proof Clothing:
- "When a bullet strikes body armour, the fibres of these
materials absorb and disperse the impact energy to
successive layers to prevent the bullet from
penetrating"
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Electro chromic Camouflage: Bio sensor:

- DNA molecules attach to the ends of vertical carbon
- Scientists are manipulating light so soldiers seem to
nanotubes that are grown on a silicon chip.
disappear.
- These detect specific types of DNA in an analyze.
- Scientists are also working on "electro chromic
camouflage" – fabric which changes colours instantly
to blend in with the surroundings.
- Nano paint currently developing by scientist to make
Invisible of missile, aircraft so it is difficult to detect.

Chemical Sensor:
- Incorporates capacitive readout cantilevers and
electronics for signal analysis.
- sensitive enough to detect single chemical and
biological molecules.

AEROSPACE:
- Nano sensors can pass through membranes and into
NANO SENSOR:
white blood cells, called lymphocytes, to detect early
- A substance found in the shell, called chitosan, is a key radiation damage or infection in astronauts.
component used in a Nano sensor, a “system on a
OTHER APPLICATIONS
chip” at the Nano scale developed at the “University of
Maryland” • Catalysts
- Detects minute quantities of explosives, bio agents, - Envirox™ceriumoxide
chemicals, and other dangerous materials in air and • Nanoremediation
water - SAMMS technology to remove mercury.
- This could lead to security and safety developments for • Paper
airports, hospitals, etc. - photographic paper
• Filters
Blue Crab Nano sensors:
- nanofibers
• Toothpaste
- to remineralize teeth
• Food
- Packaging
• Paint
What is Chitosan? - improved adhesion andante fungal qualities/anti-
graffiti
- A biological compound that readily binds to negatively
• Clothes
charged surfaces.
- non-staining andanti-radiation
- It can interact with a wide variety of substances and
• Batteries
works well in complex, sensitive devices, such as Nano
- (Black & Decker)phosphate nanocrystal technology
sensors.
• Cleaning products

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FUTURE CHALLENGES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

CLIMATE CHANGE AND
• Reducing the cost of materials and devices.
• Improving reliability
GLOBAL WARMING
• Implication of nanotechnology on society. - Climate Change
• Environmental problems can solve. - Global Warming
• Innovation of Nano drugs which will be less side effect - Ozone Deplition
and more effective.
15-4 HOW MIGHT THE EARTH’S CLIMATE CHANGE
DISADVANTAGES IN THE FUTURE?
• The engineered robots will perform jobs instead of • Concept 15-4 Considerable scientific evidence indicates
people which will result in a loss of jobs. that emissions of greenhouse gases into the earth’s
• The wastes released while making the materials for atmosphere from human activities will lead to significant
nanotechnology are released into the atmosphere and climate change during this century.
can even penetrate human and animal cells and effect
their performance. PAST CLIMATE CHANGES
• Agricultural countries will lose their income as • Glacial and interglacial periods
nanotechnology will take over. • Global cooling and global warming
• It has very high initial investment costs along with high • Measurement of past temperature changes – Rocks and
manufacturing costs. fossils
• If any damage is done at the molecular level then it is not - Ice cores from glaciers
possible to revert it. - Tree rings
- Historical measurements since 1861

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

• Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
• Natural greenhouse gases
- Water vapor (H2O)
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Methane (CH4)
- Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

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EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT GLOBAL WARMING

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• 2007 IPCC report
• Rise in average global surface temperature
• 10 warmest years on record since 1970
• Annual greenhouse gas emissions up 70% between 1970
and 2008
• Changes in glaciers, rainfall patterns, hurricanes
• Sea level rise in this century 4–8 inches

CO2 IS THE MAJOR CULPRIT

• 1850: 285 ppm
• 2009: 388 ppm
• Over 450 ppm is tipping point
• 350 ppm as intermediate goal

SCIENCE FOCUS: SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS ABOUT

FUTURE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES?
• Temperature as a function of greenhouse gases
• Mathematical models
• Model data and assumptions WHAT ROLE FOR OCEANS IN CLIMATE CHANGE?
• Predictions and model reliability • Absorb CO2
• Recent warming due to human activities • CO2 solubility decreases with increasing temperature.
• Upper ocean getting warmer.

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15-5 WHAT ARE SOME POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF A

PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE?
• Concept 15-5 The projected change in the earth’s climate
during this century could have severe and longlasting
consequences, including increased drought and flooding,
rising sea levels, and shifts in locations of agriculture and
wildlife habitats.

POTENTIAL SEVERE CONSEQUENCES

• Rapid projected temperature increase
• 2 Cº inevitable
• 4 Cº possible
• Effects will last for at least 1,000 years.

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HARMFUL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING OPTIONS TO DEAL WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

• Excessive heat • Two approaches:
• Drought 1. Drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• Ice and snow melt 2. Develop strategies to reduce its harmful effects.
• Rising sea levels • Mix both approaches.
• Extreme weather • Governments beginning to act.
• Threat to biodiversity
• Food production may decline.
• Change location of agricultural crops
• Threats to human health

REDUCING THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

• Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use
• Shift from coal to natural gas
• Improve energy efficiency
• Shift to renewable energy sources
• Transfer appropriate technology to developing countries
• Reduce deforestation
• Sustainable agriculture and forestry
• Reduce poverty
• Slow population growth
15-6 WHAT CAN WE DO TO SLOW PROJECTED • Decrease CO2 emissions
CLIMATE CHANGE? • Sequester CO2
• Concept 15-6 To slow the rate of projected climate - Plant trees
change, we can increase energy efficiency, sharply - Agriculture
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, rely more on - Underground
renewable energy resources, and slow population - Deep ocean
growth. • Repair leaking natural gas lines
• Reduce methane emissions from animals

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SCIENCE FOCUS: IS CAPTURING AND STORING CO2

THE ANSWER?
• Global tree planting
• Restore wetlands
• Plant fast-growing perennials
• Preserve natural forests
• Seed oceans with iron to promote growth of
phytoplankton
• Sequester carbon dioxide underground and under the
ocean floor

GOVERNMENT ROLES IN REDUCING THE THREAT OF

CLIMATE CHANGE
• Regulate carbon dioxide and methane as pollutants
• Carbon taxes 15-7 HOW HAVE WE DEPLETED OZONE IN THE
• Cap total CO2 emissions STRATOSPHERE AND WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT
• Subsidize energy-efficient technologies IT?
• Technology transfers
• Concept 15-7A Widespread use of certain chemicals has
• International climate negotiations
reduced ozone levels in the stratosphere and allowed
• Kyoto Protocol
more harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth’s
• Act locally
surface.
- Costa Rica
• Concept 15-7B To reverse ozone depletion, we need to
- U.S. states
stop producing ozone-depleting chemicals and adhere to
- Large corporations
the international treaties that ban such chemicals.
- Colleges and universities

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HUMAN IMPACT ON THE OZONE LAYER

• Location and purpose of the ozone layer
- Blocks UV-A and UV-B
• Seasonal and long-term depletion of ozone
• Threat to humans, animals, plants
• Causes – chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

INDIVIDUALS MATTER: BANNING OF

CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS)
• Chemists Rowland and Molina –
- Nobel Prize in 1995
• Called for ban
- Remain in atmosphere
- Rise into stratosphere
- Break down into atoms that accelerate ozone
depletion
- Stay in stratosphere for long periods
• Defended research against big industry

FORMER USES OF CFCS

• Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
• Propellants in aerosol cans
• Cleaning solutions for electronic parts
• Fumigants
• Bubbles in plastic packing foam

REVERSING OZONE DEPLETION

• Stop producing ozone-depleting chemicals
• Slow recovery
• Montreal Protocol
• Copenhagen Protocol
• International cooperation

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