Lab Experiment # 09

ONE WATTMETER METHODE

Name: Roll No:

Score: _Signature of the Lab Tutor: Date:

REPRODUCE A THREE PHASE SYSTEM AND MEASURE TOTAL POWER

CONSUMPTION IN A THREE PHASE SYSTEM BY ONE WATTMETER METHODE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
• Reproduce a three-phase system
• Measure total power consumption in a three-phase system by one wattmeter method

EQUIPMENTS
• Variable Three phase supply (0- 440V)
• Three phase balanced load
• One wattmeter
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Connecting leads

NOTE
• Before making any connection to the circuit makes sure that the power supply is off.
• Take care of equipments they can be damaged by misuse.
• Before switching on the supply, get it be checked by your teacher.

DISCUSSION

In this method of three-phase power measurement, the current coil is connected in any one line and
the pressure coil is connected alternatively between this and the other two lines. The connection
diagram is shown in the figure below.

This method of power measurement is only used for the balanced loads. A balanced load is a load
that draws the same current from each phase of the three-phase system, while an unbalanced load
has at least one of those currents different from the rest. In a balanced 3-wire, 3-phase load circuit
the power in each phase is equal and, therefore, the total power of the circuit can be determined by
multiplying the power measured in any one phase by three. Hence, the power measurement in
three-phase, three-wire circuits can be carried out by using the one wattmeter only.
Thus the,

Total power in balanced load = 3 x Power per Phase

= 3 x Wattmeter reading

32
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 9.1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the equipments according to the figure 9.1.

2. Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of the
loads of the balanced loads.
3. Turn on the supply and increase the voltage from 0%.
4. Measure wattmeter reading.
5. Calculate total power consumption by the formula P = 3𝑉phase𝐼phase.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table: 9.1

MEASURED CALCULATED
S. Phase Phase VALUE VALUE Total Power
No Voltage Current W=3W1
Per phase Per phase
Power Power

33
REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Is it possible to use 1 wattmeter method for unbalanced load? Why.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is a balanced load?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What happens if current coil is connected in parallel?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Write the applications of two wattmeter method for power measurement.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

5. Draw the circuit diagram of one wattmeter method for measurement of three phase power.

FINAL CHECK LIST

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipments and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations and results before the
next laboratory.

34
 Lab Experiment # 10
TWO WATTMETER METHODE

Name: Roll No:

Score: _Signature of the Lab Tutor: Date:

REPRODUCE A THREE PHASE SYSTEM AND MEASURE TOTAL POWER

CONSUMPTION IN A THREE PHASE SYSTEM BY TWO WATTMETER METHODE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
• Reproduce a three-phase system
• Measure total power consumption in a three-phase system by two wattmeter method

EQUIPMENTS
• Variable Three phase supply (0 – 440 V)
• Three phase balanced load
• Two watt meters
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Connecting leads

NOTE
• Before making any connection to the circuit makes sure that the power supply is off.
• Take care of equipments they can be damaged by misuse.
• Before switching on the supply, get it be checked by your teacher.

DISCUSSION

This is most the general method for calculating power in a 3-phase, 3-wire system because it can
be employed for both unbalanced loads (ZR ≠ ZY≠ ZB) and balanced (ZR = ZY = ZB) connected in
either star/delta. The current coils are connected in series with the two lines. One end of each
voltage coil is connected to the line in which current coils are placed and the other ends of two
voltage coils are brought out and are connected to the third line as displayed in the below diagram.
A three phase balanced voltage is applied on balanced three phase load when the current in each
phase lags by an angle Φ behind corresponding phase voltages.
The power measured by the Two Wattmeter at any instant is the instantaneous power absorbed by
the three loads connected in three phases. In fact, this power is the average power drawn by the
load since the Wattmeter reads the average power because of the inertia of their moving system.
The watt meters connected in the phases 1 and 2 measures the power consumption as W1, and W2
respectively. The total instantaneous power absorbed by the three loads is equal to the sum of the
powers measured by the two-watt meters, W1 and W2.

Therefore, the total power P consumption of the circuit is.

P = W1 + W2

35
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 10.1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the equipments according to the figure 10.1.
2. Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of the
loads of the balanced loads.
3. The Y- phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-Φ supply.
4. A wattmeter is connected across R-phase & Y-phase as shown in fig. The extreme of B phase is
connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-Φ load.
5. Another wattmeter is connected across Y-phase & B-phase; The extreme of B phase is
connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-Φ load.
6. Internally connect one side of the current coil with that of the potential coil in each wattmeter.
7. Turn on the supply and measure each wattmeter reading.
8. Add the readings of two wattmeter to get the total power in three phase system.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table: 10.1

MEASURED CALCULATED
Line VALUES VALUES
S. Voltage Total power
Current
No V (volts) W=W1+ W2
IL (Amps) W1 W2 W1 W2
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts)

36
REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. In case of lagging load, will this relation of total power measurement (i.e. W1+W2) be valid?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Can we use 2 – wattmeter method of power measurement for balanced load?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Is two wattmeter method is applicable for 3-phase, four wire system?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Write the applications of two wattmeter method for power measurement.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Draw the circuit diagram of two wattmeter method for measurement of three phase power.

FINAL CHECK LIST

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipments and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations and results before the
next laboratory.

37
 Lab Experiment # 11
THREE WATTMETER METHODE

Name: Roll No:

Score: _Signature of the Lab Tutor: Date:

REPRODUCE A THREE PHASE SYSTEM AND MEASURE TOTAL POWER

CONSUMPTION IN A THREE PHASE SYSTEM BY THREE WATTMETER
METHODE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
• Reproduce a three-phase system
• Measure total power consumption in a three-phase system by three wattmeter method
EQUIPMENTS
• Variable Three phase supply (0-440v)
• Three phase balanced load (Resistors 1000 ohm)
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Three wattmeter
• Connecting leads

NOTE
• Before making any connection to the circuit makes sure that the power supply is off.
• Take care of equipments they can be damaged by misuse.
• Before switching on the supply, get it be checked by your teacher.

DISCUSSION
Three wattmeter method is used when the load is unbalanced. For unbalanced load, the power in
each phase will be different, thus three different watt meters for each are used. Here the sum of
three watt meters will give the total power consumed by the load. The connections for three
wattmeter method with star connected load are displayed in the figure 11.1.
The three wattmeter method is mostly used in the three phase four wire system (star connected
load), and can also be used in delta connected load by closed delta connection of watt meters
current coils. In this method, each wattmeter connected in phase measures the power consumed by
the load corresponding to that particular phase. The watt meters connected in the phases 1, 2, and 3
measures the power consumption as W1, W2 and W3 respectively.

W1= V1I1
W2= V2I2
W3= V3I3

Therefore, the total power P consumption of the circuit is.

P = W1 + W2+ W3
= V1I1 + V2I2 + V3I3

38
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 11.1

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the equipments according to the figure 11.1.

2. Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of the
loads of the balanced loads.
3. The current coils of all three-watt meters are connected in series with R-phase, Y-phase & B
phase as shown in fig. And the Pressure coils of all the three-watt meters are connected to
common point at neutral line.
4. Turn on the supply and measure each wattmeter reading.
5. Add the readings of three-watt meters to get the total power in three phase system.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table: 11.1

Line
Voltage W1 W2 W3 Total power
S. No Current IL
V (volts) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts) W=W1+ W2+ W3
(Amps)

39
REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. In case of lagging load, will this relation of total power measurement (i.e. W1+W2+W3) be
valid?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Can we use 3 – wattmeter method of power measurement for balanced load?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How power is measured in star connected loads where there is no availability of neutral point
for the connection of voltage coil by using three wattmeter method.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Write the applications of three wattmeter method for power measurement.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Draw the circuit diagram of three wattmeter method for measurement of three phase power.

FINAL CHECK LIST

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipments and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations and results before the
next laboratory.

40
 Lab Experiment # 12
POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT BY TWO WATTMETER METHODE

Name: Roll No:

Score: _Signature of the Lab Tutor: Date:

REPRODUCE A THREE PHASE SYSTEM AND MEASURE POWER FACTOR OF A

THREE PHASE SYSTEM BY TWO WATTMETER METHODE
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
• Reproduce a three-phase system
• Measure power factor of a three-phase system by two wattmeter method
EQUIPMENTS
• Variable Three phase supply (0 – 440 V)
• Three phase balanced load
• Two watt meters
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Connecting leads
NOTE
• Before making any connection to the circuit makes sure that the power supply is off.
• Take care of equipments they can be damaged by misuse.
• Before switching on the supply, get it be checked by your teacher.
DISCUSSION
In electrical engineering, the power factor (PF) of an AC electrical power system is defined as the
ratio of working power (measured in kilowatts, kW) absorbed by the load to the apparent power
(measured in kilovolt amperes, kVA) flowing through the circuit. Power factor is a dimensionless
number in the closed interval of −1 to 1. The “ideal” power factor is one (also referred to as
“unity”). This is when there is no reactive power through the circuit, and hence apparent power
(kVA) is equal to real power (kW). A load with a power factor of 1 is the most efficient loading of
the supply.
The power factor of the three-phase system can by measured by power factor meter or by two
wattmeter method. This method when applied to measure power in a three-phase balanced circuits,
provides information that help us to calculate the power factor of the load.
The variation in readings of two-watt meters with change in power factor is given as:
CASE :1 If load power factor is unity i.e 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =1. Then
Both watt meters will give equal and Positive deflection (reading).
CASE :2 If load power factor is in between 0.5 and 1. Then
Both watt meters reading will be positive but one watt meter reading will be greater than
another watt meter.
CASE :3 If load power factor is 0.5 i.e 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =0.5. Then
Both watt meter one reading will be positive and second watt meter reading will be Zero.
CASE :4 If load power factor is Zero i.e 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =0. Then
Both watt meters will give equal deflection (reading) BUT watt meter one reading will be
positive and second watt meter reading will be negative. (Total power is ZERO.)
41
We can also calculate the load power factor angle from the measurement of W1 and W2.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 12.1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the equipments according to the figure 12.1.
2. Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of the
loads of the balanced loads.
3. The Y- phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-Φ supply.
4. A wattmeter is connected across R-phase & Y-phase as shown in fig. The extreme of B phase is
connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-Φ load.
5. Another wattmeter is connected across Y-phase & B-phase; The extreme of B phase is
connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-Φ load.
6. Internally connect one side of the current coil with that of the potential coil in each wattmeter.
7. Turn on the supply and measure each wattmeter reading.
𝑊1−𝑊2
8. Calculate the 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 by applying the formula 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = √3 .
𝑊1+𝑊2
9. From the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 calculate angle and the value of power factor 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table: 12.1
Voltage V Line Current W2
S. No W1 (Watts) tanΦ CosΦ
(volts) IL (Amps) (Watts)

42
REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What will be the load power factor, when both watt meters have identical readings? Explain.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What will be the load power factor, when the reading of one of the watt meter is zero? Explain.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. In two wattmeter method of power factor measurement, is it possible that one wattmeter shows
negative value? What does it indicate in terms of power factor?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Write the formula of load power factor angle from the measurement of two wattmeter.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Do the calculations of power factor from the observation table Sr. No.1 to 2 using the readings
of W1 and W2.
CALCULATION ≠ 01:

CALCULATION ≠ 02:

FINAL CHECK LIST

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipments and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations and results before the
next laboratory.
43
 Lab Experiment # 13
POWER AND POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF LOADS

Name: Roll No:

Score: _Signature of the Lab Tutor: Date:

MEASURE THE ACTIVE, REACTIVE, APPARENT POWER AND POWER FACTOR

OF RESISTIVE, INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE LOADS.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
• Measure active, reactive and apparent power of resistive, inductive and capacitive loads.
• Measure the power factor of resistive, inductive and capacitive loads.

EQUIPMENTS
• Single phase supply (0-220v)
• Resistive load
• Inductive load
• Capacitive load
• Power meter
• Connecting leads

NOTE
• Before making any connection to the circuit makes sure that the power supply is off.
• Before switching on the supply, get it be checked by your teacher.

DISCUSSION
In DC Circuits, power supply to the DC load is simply the product of Voltage across the load and
Current flowing through it i.e., P = V I because in DC Circuits, there is no concept of phase angle
between current and voltage. In other words, there is no frequency (f) or Power factor in DC
Circuits.
But the situation in Sinusoidal or AC Circuits is more complex because of phase difference
(θ) between Current and Voltage. So, there are 3 forms of powers in AC circuits. They are
➢ Active power or True power or Real power
➢ Reactive power
➢ Apparent power

ACTIVE POWER (P)

The actual amount of power being dissipated or performs the useful work in the circuit is called as
active or true or real power. It is measured in watts, practically measured in KW (kilowatts) and
MW (megawatts) in power systems. It is the desired outcome of an electrical system which drives
the circuit or supplied to the load.
Active power is given by P = VI cos ϕ
OR

P = √ (S2 – Q2)

44
REACTIVE POWER (Q)
The powers that continuously bounce back and forth between source and load is known as reactive
Power. Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to as
Reactive power.
Reactive Power represent that the energy is first stored and then released in the form of magnetic
field or electrostatic field in case of inductor and capacitor respectively.
Reactive power is given by
Q = V I Sinθ
OR

Q = √ (S2 – P2)
which can be positive (+ve) for inductive loads and negative (-ve) for capacitive load.

APPARENT POWER (S)

The Product of voltage and current if and only if the phase angle differences between current and
voltage are ignored. Total power in an AC circuit, both dissipated and absorbed/returned is referred
to as Apparent power
The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power.
Apparent power is given by
S=VI
OR
S = √ (P2 + Q2)
POWER FACTOR (COS Φ)
Power factor may be defined by three definitions,
➢ Cosine of angle between Current and Voltage
➢ Ratio between Resistance and Impedance in AC Circuit
➢ Ratio between Active Power and Apparent Power in volts-amperes
By Formula.
Cosθ = P / V I Cosθ = R /Z Cosθ = kW / kVA
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 13.1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the equipments according to the figure 13.1.
2. Connect single phase supply with the source terminals of power meter (Ph and N).
3. Connect the load terminals of power meter with the loads i.e resistive, inductive and
capacitive.
4. Turn on the supply and note down the readings of voltage, current, active power and power
factor for different types of loads.
5. From the readings of voltage, current, active power and power factor for different types of
loads calculate the value of reactive and apparent power.
45
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table: 13.1

Line Power Active Reactive Apparent

Type of Voltage
S. No Current IL Factor Power P Power Q Power S
Load V (volts)
(Amps) Cos ϕ (Watts) (Var) (VA)
Resistive
1

Inductive

Capacitive

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Is active power consumed in inductive and capacitive loads?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. A power factor of 1, 0.6 and 0.8 what does it mean?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. What is true power, apparent power and reactive power?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Write the practical examples of resistive, inductive and capacitive loads.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
FINAL CHECK LIST
1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.
2. Set all equipments and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations and results before the
next laboratory.

46
 Lab Experiment # 14
Z AND Y PARAMETERS OF A TWO PORT NETWORK

Name: Roll No:

Score: _Signature of the Lab Tutor: Date:

REPRODUCE A TWO PORT NETWORK AND MEASURE THE IMPEDANCE (Z) AND
ADMITTANCE (Y) PARAMETERS OF A TWO PORT NETWORK
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
• Reproduce a two port network
• Measure the Impedance (Z) and admittance (Y) parameters of a two port network.
EQUIPMENTS
• Variable DC Supply (0-30v)
• Resistance Box
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Connecting leads

NOTE
• Before making any connection to the circuit makes sure that the power supply is off.
• Take care of equipments they can be damaged by misuse.
• Before switching on the supply, get it be checked by your teacher.

DISCUSSION
A pair of terminals between which a signal may enter or leave the network is known as port.
If a network has one such type pair of terminals it is known as One-Port Network and that
have two such type of ports is known as Two-Port Network.
If we relate the voltage of one port to the current of the same port, we get driving point
admittance. On the other hand, if we relate the voltage of one port to the current at another
port, we get transfer admittance. Admittance is a general term used to represent either the
impedance or the admittance of a network. We will consider a general two-port network
composed of linear, bilateral elements and no independent sources. The voltage and current
at port -1 are V1 and I1 and at port -2 are V2 and I2. The position of V1 and V2 and the
directions of I1 and I2 are customarily selected. Out of four variables only two are
independent. The other two are expressed in terms of the independent variable of network
parameters. The relation between the voltages and currents in terms of Z and Y parameters
are as follows.

Z PARAMETERS Y PARAMETERS

V1=Z11 (I1) +Z12 (I2) Z11 = V1/ I1, I2=0 Y11 = I1/ V1, V2=0
V2=Z21 (I1) +Z22 (I2) Z12 = V1/ I2, I1=0 Y12 = I2/ V1, V1=0
Z21 = V2/ I1, I2=0 Y21 = I2/ V1, V2=0
Z22 = V2/ I2, I1=0 Y22 = I2/ V2, V1=0
I1=Y11 (V1) +Y12 (V2)
I2=Y21 (V1) +Y22 (V2)

47
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 14.1
When V1=0. (Short Circuit the Port -1)

Figure 14.2
When V2=0. (Short Circuit the Port -2)

Figure 14.3
When I1=0. (Open Circuit the Port -1)

Figure 14.3
When I2=0. (Open Circuit the Port -2)

Figure 14.5
48
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram in Figure 14.1.

2. Short circuit the port-1 i.e. V1 =0, as shown in Figure 14.2. Find the values of V2, I1and I2.
3. Short circuit the port-2 i.e. V2 =0, as shown in Figure 14.3. Find the values of V1, I1and I2.
4. Open circuit the port – 1 i.e., I1=0, as shown in Figure 14.4. Find the values of V1, V2, and I2.
5. Open circuit the port – 2 i.e., I2=0, as shown in Figure 14.5. Find the values of V1, V2 and I1.
6. Find the Z and Y parameters of the given two port network.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table: 14.1

Port to MEASURED VALUES CALCULATED VALUES

be Open
S.
circuited
No
OR Short
circuited V1 V2 I1 I2 V1 V2 I1 I2

1 V1 = 0 ----- -----

2 V2 = 0 ----- -----

3 I1 = 0 ------ -------

4 I2 = 0 -----
-------

Z PARAMETERS:

Table: 14.2

S.NO: Z PARAMETER MEASURED VALUES CALCULATED VALUES

1 Z11 = V1/ I1, I2=0

2 Z12 = V1/ I2, I1=0

3 Z21 = V2/ I1, I2=0

4 Z22 = V2/ I2, I1=0

49
Y parameters:
Table: 14.3

S.NO: Y PARAMETER MEASURED VALUES CALCULATED VALUES

1 Y11 = I1/ V1, V2=0

2 Y12 = I2/ V1, V1=0

3 Y21 = I2/ V1, V2=0

4 Y22 = I2/ V2, V1=0

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Define Port?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the Z and Y parameters?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the condition for symmetry in case of Z and Y parameters?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is characteristic impedance?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the condition for reciprocity in case of Z and Y parameters?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

FINAL CHECK LIST

1. Before you leave, clean all your equipment’s/materials and workbenches.

2. Set all equipments and materials to their proper storage area.
3. Submit your answers to questions, together with your data, calculations and results before the
next laboratory.
50