Electrical Engineer's Interview Concepts.

COMPILLED BY ENGR.
RASHEED KHAN
COMPILLED by Engr. Rasheed Khan and

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This file to grab all the concepts related to
Electrical Field.
1)Which source is more dangerous for Human Beings

1 AC. Or 2 DC
Talking about higher voltages?
1
COMPILLED BY ENGR. RASHEED KHAN
ANSWER: For higher voltages DC is more dangerous for

Human beings because it doesn't have any zero voltage
level but AC some has zero level for two times in a single
cycle so chances are more in AC to be isolated then DC.
DC has always maximum value and it will not give a

single to isolate your body at higher level.
Both are very dangerous but if we talk about most

dangerous then it's DC in higher level of Voltage.
2)Why usually Transmission Line's voltages are higher ?
Answer:-
To decrease the transmission Line losses we use
high voltages in T/LS.
Explanation; When voltage is increased current is

automatically decreases hence by decreasing the current
transmission line losses also decreases.
V-High, I-Low so I^2R also reduces.
Other benefits are also there for using high voltages in

T/Ls
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1) I^2R also reduces

2) efficiency of transmission line increases
3) stability too
4) V.R improves
5) weight of conductor also reduces as current decreases.
Hope so this will clear your queries regarding above

question for interview.
Now let me ask you the disadvantage if transmission

lines using hight voltages?
Disadvantages of using high voltage for transmission:

1. The initial cost of installation and required material are
very high.
2. More amount of protective devices (such as
transformers, switchgear, overhead components, etc) are
needed.
3. It also requires relay, contractor and circuit breaker to
avoid hazardous situations.
4. A high length tower is needed that creates more
clearance in between conductors and the ground.
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5. More insulations are required.

6. More corona loss occurs in high voltage transmission.
7. While transmitting bulk power, more hissing noise is
created.
8. For the higher transmission installation, huge space is
essential. In today’s world. the cost of land is very high.
3)Why we cannot use DC for Transformer and what's the

main disadvantage for using it in Transformer?
Answer: We cannot use DC for Transformer for two

reasons
1) we know that it works on Faraday's Law of Induction

which means E=N*dphai/dt, so in DC no rate of change of
flux occurs and hence no voltage is induced in secondary
if no voltage is induced in secondary then there is no
purpose to use DC for Transformer.
2) As we know that DC has zero frequency(f=0Hz), so

primery winding of transformer would burn out of low
Impedance of opposition of current, as we know
Z=R+JXL where XL=2*π*f*L here frequency is zero hence
XL=0 Ohm and hence over all impedance drops down to
very low and current becomes high in primery winding
that's why this winding will burn out.
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4)What is Skin Effect and what are it's disadvantages?
Answer;
Skin Effect is the effect of stranded conductor in which
current flows more on its skin/surface and flows less in
the center of conductor, reason is given below.
As we know due to stranded conductors every strand of

conductor has its own flux so flux of all the strands links
higher in center and it links lower on surface that's why
current flows lower inside the conductor and current
flows higher on the skin or surface of conductor.
Disadvantages:
1)It's main disadvantage is that effective area of

conductor for flowing of current is reduced.
2)Due above problem for current it's effective resistance

increases and this resistance opposes higher then
normal.
If we compare it by DC as
Rac greater than Rdc UpTo Rac=(1.2-1.5)Rdc.
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5)Does Skin Effect and Proximity Effect occurs in DC

T/Ls?
What is Proximity Effect and what are it's disadvantages

for transmission lines?
Answer:
No, Skin and Proximity Effects don't occur in DC T/LS as
these are the property of Inductance and in DC we know
that frequency is zero hence XL=2π(0)L becomes zero
that's why the Effective resistance of DC is decreased
and more power can be transmitted in DC as compared
to AC with same rating.
Proximity Effect:
Proximity Effect is the effect of non uniforming the
current of a conductor or a conductor having two
different types of current in it's two sides due to Flux
Linkage of adjacent transmission lines on each other.
Flux of one conductor effects the flux of another

conductor in two ways and hence the current is also
affected explained below.
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1: Fluxes are added if both flux are in same direction

which means flux linkage is higher in that side of
conductor, higher flux opposes the flow of current hence
current decreases on that side of conductor.
2: Fluxes are reduced when both flux are in opposite

direction which means low flux linkage and higher current
can flow through that side of conductor.
Single Conductor having two different types of current on

it's two sides makes the effective resistance for current
higher hence the losses also increases due Proximity
Effect.
6)What happens if we apply AC supply to DC motors will

motor start and run or not?
Answer:
Answer is quite interesting, if we apply AC supply to DC
motors it can start and run too but at the same time I can
also disagree with my opinion that by applying AC supply
DC motors don't get started.
Explanation.
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We have two to three types of DC motors Series, Shunt

and Compound so
1) DC Series we know that it's a Universal motor it's field

and armature winding's current are in series and in phase
with each other that's why DC series motors starts and
runs too, because of the torque which is unidirectional
due to both currents.
2) but for DC Shunt the current and phase angle both are
different so Torque is not in Unidirectional hence it will
not start and run as well.
3) same is for DC Compound it's the combination of DC

series and Shunt motors so phase angle occurs there, it
won't start as well.
7)What is Feeder loss and how can we reduce it any kind

of solution?
Feeder Loss:
Line losses in Distribution network are known as Feeder
Loss.
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There are two types of Feeder Losses

1) Technical Loss.
2) Non-Technical Loss.
1)TECHNICAL LOSSES:
Mainly these losses are due to the I^2R losses by using of
old feeders OR overloading the feeder.
Loss Reduction Technique:

it can be reduced by adding a separate feeder parrallal to
the first one known as "Bifurcation" or with good
maintenance or by replacing them with new ones and at
the end can be reduced by PF improvement as well.
By adding another feeder means dividing the load in two

different feeders for the load division purpose and it is
known as Bifurcation so it will create less heat and line
losses decreases and and overall efficiency will be
increased of Feeder.
Non-Technical Losses:
Another losses are also there known as Non-Technical
losses due to Theft and other units which are not
measured by the company goes into Non-Technical as
well.
This
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It is reduced by using proper mangament and accurate

digital devices for measuring units.
8)Why we calculate the Resistance as Transmission

Parameters, what is it's benefits for calculating in power
system?
Answer:
As we know that we have to calculate the efficiency of
T/Ls that's why we calculate Resistance as one of the
Parameters of T/Ls because it shows I^2R drop for
efficiency or for efficiency we must have to calculate
these losses as we know the formula.
Efficiency=O/p/input+Losses, where losses are I^2R drop.
If same question is asked about Inductance Parameter of

T/Ls as
Why we calculate the Inductance as Transmission L/s

Parameter, what is it's benefits for calculating in power
system?
Answer:
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As we know that we have to transfer the Power as high as

possible which has formula as,
P=(Vs*VR*SinAlpha)/X,
Power Transfer is inversely proportional to Inductive

Reactance
P=1/X
and Inductive Reactance is directly proportional to

Inductance, XL=2πfL,
hence higher inductive reactance means lower power
transfer capability of tramssion line.
That's why this parameter is very importent as

Transmission Parameter.
9)What is Transposition of T/Ls and why we transpose

the Transmission Lines can you explain the Unbalancing
terms?
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What are it's advantages and explain how it increases

power transfer capability of Power system?
Which system doesn't need transposition and why?
Answer:
Transposition:
Transposition is the trans-pose of Lines mostly in
Transmission lines, trans-pose means changing the
position of T/Ls on same distance.
Reason behind Transposition of T/LS:

As we know that in vertical position of conductors
Current and Voltage Unbalancing occurs by which the
Radio Interferences increases if any radio transmission
line is near and also our system is unbalance so losses
also increases that's why we transpose the Transmission
lines.
Unbalancing Terms:
1) Current Unbalancing:
the center one conductor has more linkage of flux due to
adjacent conductors' flux and its own flux too that's why
the current in middle conductor or centered conductor is
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reduced as we know that flux opposes the current and

hence current unbalancing occurs.
2) Voltage Unbalancing:
The Lower conductor has more capacitance due to
ground capacitance and more voltage occurs in lower
conductor, we know that more capacitance means more
voltage hence Voltage Unbalancing in transmission lines
occurs.
Advantages:
By Transposition all three conductors replaces their
places on a particular distance, while replacing middle
one conductor goes upward and updated goes
downwards to the lower and lower goes to the middle by
this we Balance The Current and Voltage of the
Transmission Lines and hence reduces the Radio line
interference and also reduces the losses of transmission
lines as well.
This process is done again and again on same distances
to balance the T/Ls.
Hence the distance is decreased in Transposition and we

know the formula of Inductance by decreasing
inductance Inductive Reactance is decreased and hence
Power Transfer Capability is increased.
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Triangular System Doesn't need Transposition as the

T/Ls are on same distance to each other in triangle
configuration and flux linkage is also same in all
conductor hence no unbalancing occurs and no need of
Transposition.
10)Why Conductors are used in Stranded Form, why don't

we use it in Solid form, talking about both Underground
and overhead T/Ls?
What are the basic advantages of using Stranded

Conductors ?
Conductors are used in stranded form in both overhead

and underground transmission lines for several reasons:
Flexibility: Stranded conductors are more flexible than

solid conductors. This flexibility makes them easier to
install and maneuver around corners, bends, and
obstacles in overhead and underground transmission
lines.
Reduced Skin Effect: Stranded conductors reduce the
skin effect, which is the tendency of an alternating
current to concentrate near the surface of the conductor.
This concentration can cause increased resistance,
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leading to increased energy losses and decreased

efficiency. Stranded conductors reduce the skin effect by
increasing the total surface area of the conductor, which
distributes the current more evenly across the
conductor's cross-sectional area.
Higher Tensile Strength: Stranded conductors have
higher tensile strength than solid conductors, which
makes them less likely to break or snap under tension or
wind load.
Improved Corrosion Resistance: Stranded conductors are
typically made of multiple smaller wires, which increases
the surface area and reduces the likelihood of corrosion.
Corrosion can cause increased resistance and decrease
the conductor's efficiency.
Reduced Vibration: In overhead transmission lines,
stranded conductors can help reduce the effects of
wind-induced vibration. This is because the strands of the
conductor can move independently of each other, which
can help dampen the effects of wind-induced vibration.
Overall, the advantages of using stranded conductors in
transmission lines include improved flexibility, reduced
skin effect, higher tensile strength, improved corrosion
resistance, and reduced vibration. These benefits make
stranded conductors an ideal choice for both overhead
and underground transmission lines.
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11)Why Feeders are mostly 11 kv, why not others values

of voltage level are used such as 33 kv etc.?
Because if we increase or decrease the voltage level cost

of Feeder and Step up and step down T/Formers will
increase.
If we increase the voltage UpTo 33Kv it's insulation cost

tower height other equipments will cost higher and also
the rating of Instruments and T/fs would be required
higher for stepping down to 230v or 400v.
2 if we decrease the voltage below the 11kv it will also

increase the cost of T/F as well as conductors area will
increase too and hence overall cost would be increased,
plus line losses will also increase in lower voltage level.
And also 11kv is the requirements of different industries.
12)How to increase the capacity of transmission line?
By using FACTS' devices.
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These devices are of different types, series and parrallel

which have different types of combination of capacitor
and Inductor. To enhance the power capability of T/Ls.
These Flexible AC Devices mostly cancels or reduces the

effects of reactive elements or according to the reactive
load they give the opposite reactive to cancel their effect
and hence increases the capacity of T/Ls.
13)What is Power Factor, why we call if Factor of Power

and why it is denoted by Cos(Phai) why not sin(Phai)?
Which power is imaginary power and why?
Is it useful for Power system or not and how can we

improve the PF?
Answer.
Power factor PF or Cos(Phai) is the ratio of real power to

apparent power or resistance per impedance.
PF=RP/AP.
PF=R/Z.
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We call it Factor of power because it is the ratio between

two powers or it divides the apparent power into two
powers real and reactive due to reactive components of
circuits.
Factor means ratio or factor means division and power
means Electrical apparent power, so Power Factor means
division of Electrical(Apparent) Power which also means
that if we send 100% of power some if it is used in
reactive power while the useful power we get on load is
the real power and it would be always less then or equal
to 100% of apparent one.
Why it's is called Cos(Phai), let me prove it by using

PF=Real Power/Apparent Power, PF=VICos(Phai)/VI so it
becomes PF=Cos(phai) .
That's why it is not represented by sin(phai).
PF depends upon load only, if it is.

1) Resistive Load has Unity PF.
2) Inductive Load has zero to 1 lagging PF.
3) Capacitive load has zero to 1 Leading power factor.
There is another power which is called imaginary power

denoted by Q=VI*Sin(phai) also known as reactive power.
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This Reactive Power is nothing but loss in terms of true

power sending end power is apparent while receiving end
powers are two one is true/useful power another is
reactive or imaginery power, imaginery power is not
present in real but we assume it by using some angle of
sin..
We can improve the power factor from 0 to near 1 by

using capacitor and Capacitive loads otherwise sending
end power would be wasted in inductive loads.
14)What is Electrical Load in an Electrical Circuit why we

call it as Load how load is increased when we add more
appliances in our homes?
Answer:
Electrical Load is actually the Electrical current, as we

know higher load means high current and lower load
means low load so current is represented by Load in any
Electrical Circuit.
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Because our house connections are in parrallel and

voltage is same in parrallel while load increases of every
house or colony which means when appliances are
connected to run it's flowing current increases.
And it's further due to Equivalent resistance which

decreases when another resistance is added in parrallel.
Rather being doubled or increases the total resistance

decreases as we know the formula of parrallel equivalent
resistance that's why current is increased by increasing
load.
15)How many parameters are there for Underground

Cables and what are the benefits for calculating it in
power system?
Why Insulation resistance is inversely proportional to

length?
Answer:
There are 2 Parameters of Underground Cables no

Inductance effect is there Since D/r D for flux radious
and r for conductor radious of underground cables is so
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much less it is due to solid insulation present in

underground cables rather than air in overhead, so now
Parameters are,
1) One is Insulation resistance which is inversely

proportional to length of conductor and another
2) capacitance of lines.
1) Insulation resistance inversely: long line's insulation

will be decreased as the length is increased because of
any long underground cables will have chances to
overheat insulation that's why it is inversely proportional
to length of cable.
While capacitance is almost same as in overhead

transmission lines .
16)Can you explain the following syste and Which

System is most reliable and which is least reliable in
distribution system among the following and why,
Radial system, Ring Main system, Parrallel system and
interconnected system and why?
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How many source of supply or feeders are given in

interconnected system?
Answer:
1) Interconnected system is most reliable system
because different supplies are interconnected if we loss
any of the supply due to fault or maintenance purpose
load is already connected by another supply so continuity
of power is asured in this system that's why it's more
reliable .
Which System is least reliable in distribution system.
2) While Radial has only one feeder from SS to load so

reliability is very low in Radial system if any fault or
maintenance occurs it will make as black out to load
supply would be cut down due to only one feeder or
supply from one end.
3) Ring system is connected in the form of ring and it is

second most reliable after interconnected system.
4) While parrallel has two feeders supplying parrallely if

one breaks other will provide the power while Ring main
has very minimum power loss as it has one supply
coming from a point but in shared in a Ring circle type
manner, so we can say Interconnected system is most
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reliable and Radial is least reliable because

interconnected system has multiple supplies or feeders
while radial has only one end supply or feeder.
17)While designing of T/Ls, Primery Distribution

Lines(also known as Feeder) and secondary
distribution(known as distributor) which characteristics is
mainly considered and why?
Answer:while constructing transmmiso lines we have to

mainly consider the voltage drop as main characteristics
thats why we use higher voltage and lower current and it
is also due to that T/Ls have long distances to travel too.
And in Feeder we consider the Current carrying capacity

due to we know it has to supply more then one different
areas of load and every area of load or distribution has its
own current requirement that's why we consider current
as main characteristic of design while designing primery
distribution or feeder.
Now for secondary distribution known as distributor it is

same like T/Ls that voltage drop is our consideration
while designing it, as we know distributor is in low
voltage and hence higher current so it will drop more
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that's why we have to save this drop so we design it while

considering the voltage drop, here our main purpose is
less voltage drop in distributor that's why it's
characteristics must be according low voltage drop.
18)What is the function of Resistor, Inductor and

Capacitor how they work in AC supply and what are it's
disadvantages when we use DC supply to Inductor and
Capacitor?
Answer:
Resistance opposes the flow of current while Inductor
opposes the change of current and Capacitor opposes
the change of Voltage.
Working on AC:
Resistor works on AC/DC normally and it's main function
is to oppose the flow of current by creating Heat due to
collision of particles
In AC Inductor opposes the sudden change of current

because it creates magnetic flux in and around the
Inductor according to Faraday's law of magnetic
induction, this flux opposes it's cause of generation and
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cause if generation of flux is current so it opposes the

sudden change of current.
It lags the current.
While Capacitor on AC first it stores Electrical charge in

its plates and then the voltage is build up by storing
charge on two different plates of capacitor having
positive and negative charges. That's why it opposes the
sudden change of voltage or it's voltage's fluctuations.
It lags the voltage.
Workin on DC:
Resistor works equally on both AC and DC as well.
Inductor having VL=I*XL which means XL=2πfL we know

frequency of DC is zero(f=0Hz) so XL=0, so Inductor
behaves as short circuit when DC is given and after that
it's winding or could burns due to heavy current flowing
through it.
Capacitor having VL=I*Xc here Xc=1/2πfC and here

(f=0Hz) so Xc=1/0= Infinite so on DC supply Capacitor is
open circuit no current will flow through it.
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19)Reason behind using Alluminium Conductor in the

place of Copper Conductor?
Why copper is not preferred for power transmission,
distribution purposes?
Answer:
Conductivity of Alluminium is low and also it has higher
area for same resistance of copper but we use it due to
some reasons;
1) Low cost so it's cheaper then copper we can use it for

small, medium and long transmission purposes.
2) Area of Alluminium is high so Corona Loss reduces
hence overall losses reduces.
3) Alluminium is lighter in weight as compared to copper

so sag is also reduced hence we will use low height
towers as compared to copper.
Hence conclussion is that Copper is costlier than

Alluminium and also it has corona Loss higher than in
Alluminium that's why we use Alluminium in the place of
Copper.
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20)What is the difference between earthing and

grounding?
Grounding is to Ground Live part of the system such as

Transformer Neutral while earthing is to ground dead part
of the system such as Transformer body etc.
21)Insulators, it's types and String Efficiency of

suspension type insulator s:-
What are the issues we faced while using Insulators in

T/Ls?
And how can String Efficiency of Suspension type
Insulators be increased?
Let me share working of insulator and it's 3 main

properties also Insulator's types and string efficiency and
how can we improve string efficiency?
Answer:
Insulator works on insulating principle it means that

current continuity from conductor to any surface or pole
is stopped which means it has to hold the voltage, while
27
supporting it on different poles or places to transmit

power from generation to distribution.
It has many properties but it's 3 most properties are as

following;
1)it's insulating property must be equal to switching over
voltages which means any insulator having any voltage
like 132kv uses insulators of just above of that 132kv due
to switching over voltages.
Switching over voltages are due to unbalance connection

of loads they sometime goes on and sometimes goes off
so here if heavy load is off suddenly it will create the
voltage to built up to there nominal voltage and it is
known as switching over voltages.
2) insulation resistance must be very high as that it can

hold the voltage of any line.
3) it's dielectric strength must be very high that no

leakage current flows through it.
There are many insulators but some of them are

discussed below.
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Strain/Tension type Insulator, Suspension type Insulator,

pin Type Insulator.
1)Staring Type Insulator are used as For dead end of lines

as a shackle insulator which is also a type of staring type.
And To bend the conductors and also where sag is less
required due to straighted the conductor or to increase
the tension we also use it And also it can be used for
every type of voltage.
2) suspension type Insulator uses discs of insulator for

any kind of voltage greater than 66kv or equal to that.
Plus it's single disc is used for 11kv voltage we can add
different discs for different voltages in vertical it's Benefit
is that it can be used for high voltages and disadvantage
is height of tower is increased so cost is increased.
3)Pin Type Insulator Pin are used for 33 KV because it

can be used for any voltage equal to or less than 33KV
and it is used for mostly distribution purpose.
Now Let me share you about string efficiency:
As we know that efficiency of string is not hundred

percent, it's due to the capacitance which is made
between Insulator's metal pins and tower which is also
made of metals this capacitance is known as mutual
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capacitance and this is the reason that string efficiency is

reduced as current flows through the mutual capacitance
as well which make the losses in insulator and it's
efficiency decreases, let me explain this in simple words:
Reason and Methods of Improving String Efficiency is
explained below:
Reason behind Inefficiency of String:
The voltage drop across the string of suspension

insulators is not uniform.
The maximum voltage appears across the bottom
insulator or insulator nearest to the line conductor and
decreases progressively as we go to the top.
If the insulation of the highest stressed insulator breaks
down or flashover takes place, the breakdown of other
units will also take place.
This necessitates equalizing the potential across the
various units of the string i.e. to improve the string
efficiency.
String Efficiency is the ratio of how much of voltage in

phase of string of insulators is holding by no of discs
and voltage drop across that insulator which is near to
the.
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Formula:
Efficiency=Vphase/(no.of discs*Vdrop across near

insulator of conductor) which is efficiency=Vp/(n*Vd)
where
N is no of discs, Vd voltage drop of near insulator to
conductor and Vp is Phase voltage.
Two different methods to improve String Efficiency:
1)Guard Ring Method:
Efficiency improvement is very simple method by using

Gaurd Ring for with insulators it provides the opposite
mutual capacitance between insulator and Gaurd Ring
which cancels the effect of mutual capacitance of pole
and insulator hence String's efficiency is improved and
we get some voltage which is near to the ideal one.
2)Using longer Cross-Arms of transmission Towers:
The value of string efficiency depends upon the ratio of

shunt capacitance to mutual capacitance (K).
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The lesser the value of K, the greater is the string

efficiency and more uniform is the voltage distribution
and vice-versa.
The value of K can be decreased by reducing the shunt
capacitance.
In order to reduce shunt capacitance, the distance of the
conductor from the tower must be increased by means of
using longer cross-arms.
It has limitations of cost and the strength of the tower
does not allow the use of very long cross-arms.
In this method, the value of the ratio of shunt capacitance
to mutual capacitance (K) is achieved up to 10%.
22)Important Formulas:
Common Electrical Engineering Formulas:
1. Ohm’s Law: V = I * R
- V: Voltage (in volts)
- I: Current (in amperes)
- R: Resistance (in ohms)
2. Power in a DC Circuit: P = V * I
- P: Power (in watts)
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3. Power in an AC Circuit: P = V * I * cos(θ)

- P: Power (in watts)
- θ: Phase angle between voltage and current
4. Capacitance: C = Q / V
- C: Capacitance (in farads)
- Q: Electric charge (in coulombs)
5. Inductance: L = Φ / I
- L: Inductance (in henries)
- Φ: Magnetic flux (in webers)
6. Impedance of a Resistor: Z = R
- Z: Impedance (in ohms)
- R: Resistance (in ohms)
7. Impedance of a Capacitor: Z = 1 / (jωC)
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- j: Imaginary unit (√-1)
- ω: Angular frequency (in radians per second)
- C: Capacitance (in farads)
8. Impedance of an Inductor: Z = jωL

- j: Imaginary unit (√-1)
- ω: Angular frequency (in radians per second)
- L: Inductance (in henries)
9. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): Σ(Voltage drops) =

Σ(Voltage sources)
- The sum of voltage drops across components in a
closed loop is equal to the sum of the voltage sources in
that loop.
10. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): Σ(Currents entering a

node) = Σ(Currents leaving a node)
- The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of currents leaving that node.
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23) Other Important Topics and Links of Youtube Channel

for preparation.
For Electrical Engrs. two portions are very importent for
interview preparations.
1 is Technical and another is General Portion. Let's talk

about the first one in detail.
Note:- General Portion may be asked less or more, that

depends upon the interviewer (So prepare mostly your
Technical portion for 80% of your time).
1) Technical:
Power System's importent topics like Generation,

Transmission and Distribution
Corrona Loss, Ferranti Effect, Proximity Effect, Distributed
Parameters(R,L and C) why are they called distributed, In
Control System CBs and Relays specially SF6,
furthermore Power T/F and it's conservator with Breather
and Silica Gel, Distribution T/F as well, Basic Concepts of
DC source and AC source and Synchronisation of
Generators/machines, Current T/F & Potential T/F etc.
And also the following,
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1. What is difference between surge arrestor and

lightening arrestor?
2. Transformer protection
3. Generator protection
4 what is Neutral, Grounding and Earthing
5 what is difference between Isolator and Circuit breaker
6 what is difference between Fuse and circuit breaker
7 what is synchronization parameters
8 why starting current of motor is high?
9 what is Relay, Circuit breaker, CT , PT and types of
Circuit Breaker?
10 what is Distance protection?
11 what is differential protection
12 what will happen if DC supply to primary of
transformer?
13 how many types of motors? And also explain ac and
DC motors?
14 what is advantages of HVDC?
15 generation voltage level in Pakistan?
Some Basic Laws:

Faraday, Ohm's, KVL, KCL, difference between Node and
Junction, Resistor, Inductor and capacitors knowledge
how they store energy except resistor,
36
2)Technical(Discussion) Questions:
What happens when we apply DC source to our

household Bulbs, what is the relationship between
Frequency(f) and Voltage(v), How Western countries are
using 110V AC in the place of 220V AC, Does Electricity
has colour if yes then which, does human body is a
conductor or insulator for electricity etc.
I will recommend you Some YouTube Channels for this

portion, Insha'Allah this will help you more than your
needs.
NoMoreRattamaar
https://youtube.com/@NOMORErattamaar
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_Nmy9wNmO7g-LIB
wKMhvmcUWOoRmwae9
And for General Portion.
37
1) Pakistan Study, Pre-Partition 1857-1947 and Post

Partition as well from 1947-2023. (Overall 1857 to 2023).
https://youtube.com/@csspmswithamna919
2)Life Of Prophet MUHAMMAD PBUH with Ghazwat and

4 Caliphs with major events of their periods of Caliphate
& 6 Authentic Books of Hadees with their Auther Names,
Pillers of Islam and it's Farz Date in Hijry or Nabvi Year.
https://youtu.be/VdMmw9GiwAg
3) General Knowledge (About Mountains, Rivers, Oceans,

Dams and it's capacity of Generation, countries names
with capitals, World Population, Muslim Countries and
their Population etc).
4)Current Affairs.
a: Domestic Current Affairs of Pakistan.
What is internally going
b:World Current Affairs.
It's about External.
Etc.
38
https://www.youtube.com/live/VqFs0CVvBd8?feature=s
hare
You are welcome to add something about this.

If you like our work must follow us on FB.
Engrs. (Electrical).
And Do Help Others in Need.
And for WhatsApp group text on 03063341881 its free of

cost.
Thank you so much, May Allah Bless

you with all success you need in this
life and Akhrah too.
Ameen sum ameen.
39

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COMPILLED BY ENGR.

COMPILLED by Engr. Rasheed Khan and

1)Which source is more dangerous for Human Beings

ANSWER: For higher voltages DC is more dangerous for

DC has always maximum value and it will not give a

Both are very dangerous but if we talk about most

2)Why usually Transmission Line's voltages are higher ?

Explanation; When voltage is increased current is

Other benefits are also there for using high voltages in

1) I^2R also reduces

5) weight of conductor also reduces as current decreases.

Hope so this will clear your queries regarding above

Now let me ask you the disadvantage if transmission

Disadvantages of using high voltage for transmission:

5. More insulations are required.

3)Why we cannot use DC for Transformer and what's the

Answer: We cannot use DC for Transformer for two

1) we know that it works on Faraday's Law of Induction

2) As we know that DC has zero frequency(f=0Hz), so

4)What is Skin Effect and what are it's disadvantages?

As we know due to stranded conductors every strand of

1)It's main disadvantage is that effective area of

2)Due above problem for current it's effective resistance

5)Does Skin Effect and Proximity Effect occurs in DC

What is Proximity Effect and what are it's disadvantages

Flux of one conductor effects the flux of another

1: Fluxes are added if both flux are in same direction

2: Fluxes are reduced when both flux are in opposite

Single Conductor having two different types of current on

6)What happens if we apply AC supply to DC motors will

We have two to three types of DC motors Series, Shunt

1) DC Series we know that it's a Universal motor it's field

3) same is for DC Compound it's the combination of DC

7)What is Feeder loss and how can we reduce it any kind

There are two types of Feeder Losses

Loss Reduction Technique:

By adding another feeder means dividing the load in two

It is reduced by using proper mangament and accurate

8)Why we calculate the Resistance as Transmission

Efficiency=O/p/input+Losses, where losses are I^2R drop.

If same question is asked about Inductance Parameter of

Why we calculate the Inductance as Transmission L/s

As we know that we have to transfer the Power as high as

Power Transfer is inversely proportional to Inductive

and Inductive Reactance is directly proportional to

That's why this parameter is very importent as

9)What is Transposition of T/Ls and why we transpose

What are it's advantages and explain how it increases

Which system doesn't need transposition and why?

Reason behind Transposition of T/LS:

reduced as we know that flux opposes the current and

Hence the distance is decreased in Transposition and we

Triangular System Doesn't need Transposition as the

10)Why Conductors are used in Stranded Form, why don't

What are the basic advantages of using Stranded

Conductors are used in stranded form in both overhead

Flexibility: Stranded conductors are more flexible than

leading to increased energy losses and decreased

11)Why Feeders are mostly 11 kv, why not others values

Electrical Engineer's Interview Concepts.

Electrical Engineer's Interview Concepts.

Electrical Engineer's Interview Concepts.