Fluid Transport: Pipes 1st Edition

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Fluid Transport
 There are no such things as applied sciences,
only applications of science.
Louis Pasteur (11 September 1871)

Dedicated to my wife, Anne, without whose unwavering support, none of this

would have been possible.
Industrial Equipment for Chemical Engineering Set
coordinated by
Jean-Paul Duroudier

Fluid Transport

Pipes

Jean-Paul Duroudier
First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:

ISTE Press Ltd Elsevier Ltd

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London SW19 4EU Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB
UK UK
www.iste.co.uk www.elsevier.com

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information
or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for
whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence
or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in
the material herein.

For information on all our publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/

© ISTE Press Ltd 2016

The rights of Jean-Paul Duroudier to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-1-78548-184-0

Printed and bound in the UK and US

 Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Chapter 1. Fluid Ejectors and Gas Ejectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1. Principle of an ejector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Liquid–liquid or gas–gas ejectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1. Parameters of the problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2. Finding the characteristic equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Gas ejectors and thermocompressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1. Parameters of the problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2. Flow and velocity of driving fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.3. Flow and velocity of the suction fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.4. Specific consumption σ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.5. Study of the mixing of two gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.6. Global compression ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4. Practical applications of ejectors
and thermocompressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.1. Value of these devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.2. Compression ratio and mounting ejectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.3. Similarity between suction gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.4. Stability and stall point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.5. Ice formation at the exit of the ejection nozzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.6. Regulation of ejectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.7. Simplified calculation of specific
consumption of an ejector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.8. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
vi Fluid Transport

Chapter 2. Pipe Dimensions, Non-Newtonian

Fluids, Liquid Hammer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1. Establishing pipe diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.1. Exterior diameter of metallic piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.2. Choice of pipe velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.3. Available pressure drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.4. Pressure drop calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.5. Expression in practical units (fluids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.6. Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.1.7. Newtonian viscous fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.8. Non-Newtonian fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2. Establishing pipe thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.1. Mechanical calculation conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.2. Pressure resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.3. Vacuum resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.4. Corrosion allowance and final thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3. Flanges, seals and accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.1. Flanges and mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.2. The choice of flanges and seals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.3. Two types of pipe accessory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4. Sound waves in pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4.1. Wave celerity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4.2. Natural damping of sound waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5. Mechanism of liquid hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5.1. Closure of a valve, pressure equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5.2. Integrated pressure equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.5.3. The complete equations of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.6. Approximate simulation method for simple
pipes (without intermediate accessories and fittings) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.6.1. Assumption of mean values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.6.2. Physical interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.6.3. Boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.6.4. Propagation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.6.5. Calculation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.7. Simplified graphic method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.7.1. Preliminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.7.2. Practical procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.8. Anti-liquid hammer chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.8.1. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.8.2. Influence of the chamber on over-pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
 Contents vii

2.8.3. Fluid-level oscillations inside the tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

2.8.4. Pipe friction equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.8.5. Resolution of the damping equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.8.6. Weakening of a sound wave along
a pipe for a single trip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Chapter 3. Block or Stop Valves and

Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.1. On valves in general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.1.2. The essential parts of a valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.1.3. Sealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.1.4. Protection against corrosion and abrasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.1.5. Protection against pressure and temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2. Different types of valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.1. Valve categorization and study design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.2. Plug valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.2.3. Angle valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2.4. Other plug valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.5. Eccentric shut-off control valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2.6. Ball valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2.7. Membrane valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.2.8. Pinch valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.9. Butterfly valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.2.10. Gate valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.2.11. Knife valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.2.12. Cage valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.2.13. Multipath valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3. Control valve choice and calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.3.1. Purpose of control valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.3.2. Flow in a valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3.3. Thermodynamic approach and
calculation principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.3.4. Calculation of CV with flow in volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.3.5. The KV in the international system of units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.3.6. Calculation of CV with flow in mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.7. Laminar flow of a liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.3.8. The meaning of CV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.3.9. Cavitation of a fluid in a liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.3.10. Limiting flowrate of a liquid
entering at its boiling point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
viii Fluid Transport

3.3.11. Conclusion for liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

3.3.12. Relaxation coefficient for gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3.13. Sonic regime for gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.3.14. Flow characteristic of a control valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.3.15. Operating range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.3.16. Installation of a control valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.4. The process parameters of a control valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.4.1. Variation in line pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.4.2. Disturbances on a line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.4.3. Definition of control valves (principles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Chapter 4. Electric Motors: Performance

and Choice of Pumps and Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1. Choice of motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.2. Installed power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.3. Supply voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.1.4. Rotation velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.2. Utilization of motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.2.1. Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.2.2. Power consumption of an installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.3. Turbopumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.3.1. The main types of turbopump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.3.2. Centrifugal pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.3.3. Centrifugal pump yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.3.4. Normal–emergency centrifugal
pump systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.3.5. Liquid flow criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.3.6. Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.3.7. Drive shaft outlet seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.3.8. Cooling requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.3.9. Dry running centrifugal pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.3.10. Hermetically sealed centrifugal pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.3.11. Propeller pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.3.12. Turbopump shaft power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.3.13. Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.4. Volumetric pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.4.1. Need for volumetric pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.4.2. Piston pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.4.3. Gear pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.4.4. Moyno pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
 Contents ix

4.4.5. Double-screw pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

4.4.6. Sealed volumetric pumps (membrane) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.4.7. Volumetric pumps and net suction pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.4.8. Flow regulation of volumetric pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.4.9. Shaft power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.5. Special cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.5.1. Pumps for liquid–gas mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.5.2. Self-priming pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.5.3. Slurry pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.5.4. Sludge pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.5.5. The water screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.6. Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.6.1. Similarity laws and electrical power
consumed by a fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.6.2. Fan flow calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.6.3. Uses of fans outside of pneumatic transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.6.4. Ventilator start time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.6.5. Noise caused by a ventilator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Chapter 5. Polymer Extruder Screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

5.1. Introduction of extrusion screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.1.1. Extruder principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.1.2. Geometrical description of a screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.1.3. Screw rotation direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.1.4. Movement of fluid particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.1.5. Preliminary studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.2. Movement of the polymer in the screw channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.2.2. The viscosity of extruded polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.2.3. Movement equation between two parallel
plates: velocity and flowrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.2.4. Polymer friction on a solid lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.2.5. Cord movement and simulation
of screw operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.2.6. Effect on the cord of the orthoaxial
component of relative velocity VR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.2.7. Leak flowrate between the flight and the barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.2.8. Friction of the barrel on the flight edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.3. Heat for polymer melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.3.1. Melting of polymer particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.3.2. Heat dissipated by viscous friction between
two parallel plates in relative movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
x Fluid Transport

5.3.3. Thermal dissipation due to the liquid

cord rotating by itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.3.4. Preliminary waiting time before
fusion as described by Tadmor et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
5.3.5. Thermal exchange in the fusion zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.4. Shaft electrical power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.4.1. Shaft power of the screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.4.2. Extrapolation of power from
diameter d to diameter D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.5. Practical considerations and screw use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.5.1. Operating variables and
dimensioning variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.5.2. Choosing of certain extruder screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.5.3. Uses of extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.6. Mixing and thermal transfer in the screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Chapter 6. Choice and Performance

of Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.1. About compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.1.1. Energy loss and yields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.1.2. Gas exit temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.1.3. Energetic losses to the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.1.4. Ideal compression power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.1.5. Real gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.1.6. Protecting the machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
6.2. Reciprocating compressors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
6.2.1. Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
6.2.2. Dead space in reciprocating compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.2.3. Energy and yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.3. Open volumetric compression – screw
compressors and lobe compressors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.3.1. Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.3.2. Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.3.3. Yields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.3.4. Internal leak and volumetric yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.4. Turbo compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.4.1. Description and use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.4.2. Flowrate regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.4.3. Energy equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.4.4. Ideal gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.4.5. Real gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
 Contents xi

6.5. Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

6.5.1. Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6.5.2. Compression power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6.6. Liquid ring pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
6.6.1. Principle and use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
6.6.2. Shaft power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
6.6.3. Liquid consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Chapter 7. Free Gas Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

7.1. Types of expansion: one-dimensional
flow equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.1.1. Types of expansion and
starting hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.1.2. Free expansion and energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.1.3. Mach number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.1.4. Pipe friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.1.5. General equations of adiabatic flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7.1.6. Flow without friction but with
variable cross-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
7.1.7. Isentropic flow and critical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
7.1.8. Flow at constant cross-section
with friction (gas pipelines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.1.9. Equation of the stationary shock wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
7.1.10. Singular pressure drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.2. Theoretical study of control valves,
safety valves and gas pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.2.1. Modeling control valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.2.2. Modeling valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.2.3. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.2.4. Pressure drop in a gas pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
7.2.5. Overall conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Chapter 8. Safety Valves and Rupture Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

8.1. Pressure around a safety valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.1.1. Operating pressure of a protected device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.1.2. Maximum operating pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.1.3. Pressure calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.1.4. Set pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.1.5. Pressure upstream of the safety valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.1.6. Closing differential (drop) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.1.7. Counter-pressure downstream of the valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
xii Fluid Transport

8.2. Choice between two types of safety valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

8.2.1. Usual valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
8.2.2. Balanced plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.2.3. Choosing a safety valve type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.2.4. Inlet cross-section norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.3. Relationship between flowrate and pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.3.1. Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.3.2. Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
8.3.3. Viscous liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
8.3.4. Flow through valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
8.4. Upstream and downstream connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.4.1. Connection between
valve and protected device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.4.2. Exhaust pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.4.3. Reaction force on the structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.5. Various applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8.5.1. Vacuum-breaking valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8.5.2. Breathing of reservoirs under
atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
8.5.3. Liquid escaping without free
surface (low vapor pressure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
8.6. Rupture disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.6.1. Rupture pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.6.2. Operating ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.6.3. Relationship between pressure and flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
8.6.4. Conventional disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.6.5. Composite disks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
8.6.6. Thick disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
8.6.7. Graphite disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
8.6.8. Rupture indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
8.6.9. Association of a disk with a safety valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Chapter 9. Breathing, Inerting, Gas

Losses and Circulation between
Reservoirs, Tanks and Vats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
9.1. Breather valve specifications: reservoir
filling ratio limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
9.1.1. Types of temperature fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
9.1.2. Set pressure of exhalation valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
9.1.3. Range of filling ratio for operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
 Contents xiii

9.1.4. Outlet valve flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

9.1.5. Pressure reducers and overflow valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
9.1.6. Possible mounting for use of inert
gas under pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
9.2. Assessment of losses to the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
9.2.1. Preliminaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
9.2.2. Possible scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
9.2.3. Raw material storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
9.2.4. Product storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.2.5. Losses on overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
9.3. Circulation of liquid between reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
9.3.1. Transfer by gravity from one reservoir to another . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Chapter 10. Flow in Pipes: Rarified Gas,

Non-Newtonian Liquids, Events, Gas–Liquid Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
10.1. Rarified gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
10.1.1. Viscosity of gas under low pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
10.1.2. Quadratic mean velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
10.1.3. Mean free path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
10.1.4. Gas flow (low-pressure pipe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
10.2. Consistent or plastic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
10.2.1. Pipe flow laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
10.3. Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
10.3.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
10.3.2. Explosion vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
10.3.3. Ambient vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
10.4. Nature of gas–liquid flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
10.4.1. Horizontal flow or slightly
sloping flow at angle α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
10.4.2. Vertical rising flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
10.4.3. Vertical descending flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
10.4.4. Sloping ascending or descending
flow from horizontal to vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
10.5. Pressure drop in gas–liquid flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
10.5.1. The pipe is strictly horizontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
10.5.2. The pipe is inclined, ascending or descending . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
10.5.3. Hold-ups and pressure drop on ascent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
10.6. Critical biphasic flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
10.6.1. Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
10.6.2. Speed of sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
10.6.3. Critical flow without friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
10.6.4. Flow equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
xiv Fluid Transport

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
 Preface

The observation is often made that, in creating a chemical installation, the

time spent on the recipient where the reaction takes place (the reactor)
accounts for no more than 5% of the total time spent on the project. This
series of books deals with the remaining 95% (with the exception of oil-fired
furnaces).

It is conceivable that humans will never understand all the truths of the
world. What is certain, though, is that we can and indeed must understand
what we and other humans have done and created, and, in particular, the
tools we have designed.

Even two thousand years ago, the saying existed: “faber fit fabricando”,
which, loosely translated, means: “c’est en forgeant que l’on devient
forgeron” (a popular French adage: one becomes a smith by smithing), or,
still more freely translated into English, “practice makes perfect”. The
“artisan” (faber) of the 21st Century is really the engineer who devises or
describes models of thought. It is precisely that which this series of books
investigates, the author having long combined industrial practice and
reflection about world research.

Scientific and technical research in the 20th century was characterized by

a veritable explosion of results. Undeniably, some of the techniques
discussed herein date back a very long way (for instance, the mixture of
water and ethanol has been being distilled for over a millennium). Today,
though, computers are needed to simulate the operation of the atmospheric
distillation column of an oil refinery. The laws used may be simple statistical
xvi Fluid Transport

correlations but, sometimes, simple reasoning is enough to account for a

phenomenon.

Since our very beginnings on this planet, humans have had to deal with
the four primordial “elements” as they were known in the ancient world:
earth, water, air and fire (and a fifth: aether). Today, we speak of gases,
liquids, minerals and vegetables, and finally energy.
The unit operation expressing the behavior of matter are described in
thirteen volumes.
It would be pointless, as popular wisdom has it, to try to “reinvent the
wheel” – i.e. go through prior results. Indeed, we well know that all human
reflection is based on memory, and it has been said for centuries that every
generation is standing on the shoulders of the previous one.

Therefore, exploiting numerous references taken from all over the world,
this series of books describes the operation, the advantages, the drawbacks
and, especially, the choices needing to be made for the various pieces of
equipment used in tens of elementary operations in industry. It presents
simple calculations but also sophisticated logics which will help businesses
avoid lengthy and costly testing and trial-and-error.

Herein, readers will find the methods needed for the understanding the
machinery, even if, sometimes, we must not shy away from complicated
calculations. Fortunately, engineers are trained in computer science, and
highly-accurate machines are available on the market, which enables the
operator or designer to, themselves, build the programs they need. Indeed,
we have to be careful in using commercial programs with obscure internal
logic which are not necessarily well suited to the problem at hand.

The copies of all the publications used in this book were provided by the
Institut National d’Information Scientifique et Technique at Vandœuvre-lès-
Nancy.

The books published in France can be consulted at the Bibliothèque

Nationale de France; those from elsewhere are available at the British
Library in London.

In the in-chapter bibliographies, the name of the author is specified so as

to give each researcher his/her due. By consulting these works, readers may
 Preface xvii

gain more in-depth knowledge about each subject if he/she so desires. In a

reflection of today’s multilingual world, the references to which this series
points are in German, French and English.

The problems of optimization of costs have not been touched upon.

However, when armed with a good knowledge of the devices’ operating
parameters, there is no problem with using the method of steepest descent so
as to minimize the sum of the investment and operating expenditure.
This page intentionally left blank
 1

Fluid Ejectors and Gas Ejectors

1.1. General

1.1.1. Principle of an ejector

Consider a convergent followed by a divergent. Between them is a neck

with a constant cross-section, and the driving fluid goes through this
convergent–divergent.

Using the Bernoulli equation, we can describe the flow of an incompressible

fluid:

V2
ρ + P = cste
2

In other words, the more the velocity increases, the more the pressure
diminishes.

At the neck, the speed is at its maximum and the pressure is at its
minimum. Consequently, this location can be used for the arrival of suction
fluid piping.

We will see that, for a simple fluid, the conservation of momentum

should be employed.

Gases require:
– the conservation of energy;
– the conservation of momentum.
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chants for the
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States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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eBook.

Title: Chants for the Boer

Author: Joaquin Miller

Release date: October 16, 2023 [eBook #71889]

Language: English

Original publication: United States: The Whitaker & Ray

Company, 1900

Credits: Tim Lindell, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHANTS

FOR THE BOER ***
CHANTS
FOR THE
BOER
By
JOAQUIN MILLER

“And whether on the scaffold high,

Or in the battle’s van,
The fittest place for man to die
Is where he dies for man.”

San Francisco
The Whitaker & Ray Company
(Incorporated)
1900
 Copyright, 1900
by
The Whitaker & Ray Company
(Incorporated)
 CONTENTS.
TO THE BOERS.
TO YE FIGHTING LORDS OF LONDON TOWN.
MOTHER EGYPT.
ANGLO-SAXON ALLIANCE.
INDIA AND THE BOERS.
AT THE CALEND’S CLOSE.
AS IT IS WRITTEN.
TO OOM PAUL KRUGER.
USLAND TO THE BOERS.
THAT USSIAN OF USLAND.
FIGHT A BOY OF YOUR SIZE.
For the right that needs assistance,
For the wrong that needs resistance,
For the glory in the distance,
For the good that we can do.
Find here not one ill word for brave old England; my first, best friends
were English. But for her policy, her politicians, her speculators, what
man with a heart in him can but hate and abhor them? England’s
best friends to-day are those who deplore this assault on the farmer
Boers, so like ourselves a century back. Could any man be found
strong enough to stay her hand with sword or pen in this mad hour?
That man would deserve her lasting gratitude. This feeling of
abhorrence holds in England as well as here. Take for example the
following from her ablest thinker to a friend in Philadelphia:
“I rejoice that you and others are bent on showing that
there are some among us who think the national honor is
not being enhanced by putting down the weak. Would that
age and ill health did not prevent me from aiding.
“No one can deny that at the time of the Jameson Raid the
aim of the Outlanders and the raiders was to usurp the
Transvaal Government, and he must be willfully blind who
does not see what the Outlanders failed to do by bullets
they hope presently to do by votes, and only those who,
while jealous of their own independence, regard but little
the independence of people who stand in their way, can
fail to sympathize with the Boers in their resistance to
political extinction.
“It is sad to see our Government backing those whose
avowed policy is expansion, which, less politely
expressed, means aggression, for which there is a still
less polite word readily guessed. On behalf of these, the
big British Empire, weapon in hand, growls out to the little
Boer Republic, ‘Do as I bid you.’
“I have always thought that nobleness is shown in treating
tenderly those who are relatively feeble and even
sacrificing on their behalf something to which there is a
just claim. But, if current opinion is right, I must have been
wrong.”
Herbert Spencer.
CHANTS
FOR THE BOER
BY
JOAQUIN MILLER

TO THE BOERS.
“For Freedom’s battles once begun,
Bequeathed from bleeding sire to son,
Though baffled oft, are ever won.”
—BYRON.

The Sword of Gideon, Sword of God

Be with ye, Boers. Brave men of peace
Ye hewed the path, ye brake the sod,
Ye fed white flocks of fat increase
Where Saxon foot had never trod;
Where Saxon foot unto this day
Had measured not, had never known
Had ye not bravely led the way
And made such happy homes your own.

I think God’s house must be such home.

The priestess Mother, choristers
Who spin and weave nor care to roam
Beyond this white God’s house of hers,
But spinning sing and spin again.
I think such silent shepherd men
Most like that few the prophet sings—
Most like that few stout Abram drew
Triumphant o’er the slaughtered Kings.
 Defend God’s house! Let fall the crook.
Draw forth the plowshare from the sod
And trust, as in the Holy Book,
The Sword of Gideon and of God;
God and the right! Enough to fight
A million regiments of wrong.
Defend! Nor count what comes of it.
God’s battle bides not with the strong;
And pride must fall. Lo, it is writ!

Great England’s Gold! how stanch she fares

Fame’s wine cup pressing her proud lips—
Her checkerboard of battle squares
Rimmed round by steel-built battleships!
And yet meanwhiles ten thousand miles
She seeks ye out. Well, welcome her!
Give her such welcome with such will
As Boston gave in battle’s whir
That red, dread day at Bunker Hill.

San Francisco, September, 1899.

TO YE FIGHTING LORDS OF LONDON
TOWN.
CHRISTMAS MORNING, 1899.
“The equipment of the Maine hospital ship by our
American cousins warrants us in saying at least that they
wish us well.”

We wish you well in all that’s well,

Would bind your wounds, would clothe, would feed—
Lay flowers where your brave men fell
In desert lands, exalt each deed
Of sacrifice; would beg to lay
White lilies by the gray hearthstone
Where, bowed in black this Christmas day,
She wails her brave dead far away
And weeps, so more than all alone:
Weeps while the chime, the chilly chime,
Drops on her heart, drops all the time
As one might drop a stone.

But you, ye lords and gentlemen

High throned, safe housed at home, fat fed,
When ye say we approve ye, when
Ye say this blood so bravely shed
Is shed with our consent, take care,
Lest Truth may take ye unaware;
Lest Truth be heard despite these chimes.
This hearthstone, brother’s blood that cries
To God is Freedom’s blood. Take care
Lest all sweet earth these piteous times
Not only hate ye for your crimes,
But scorn ye for your lies!

We would forgive could we forget:

We could forget all wrongs we knew
Had ye stayed hand some little yet—
Left to their own that farmer few
So like ourselves that fateful hour
Ye forced our farmers from the plow
To grapple with your tenfold power.
They guessed your greed, we know it now;
And now we ward ye from this hour!
Now, well awake no more we sleep,
But keep and keep and ever keep
To Freedom’s high watchtower.

Not all because our Washington

In battle’s carnage, years and years,
And this same Boer braved ye as one—
Blent blood with blood and tears with tears:
Not all because of kindred blood,
Not all because they built a town
And left such names of true renown.[A]
Not all because of Luther, Huss:
But most because of Brotherhood
In Freedom’s Hall; the holy right
To fight for Home, as freemen fight—
Who Freedom stabs, stabs Us!

This Nation’s heart, say what men may

Who butcher Peace and barter Truth,
Beats true as on its natal day,
Beats true as in its battle-youth,
Beats true to Freedom, true to Truth,
Whatever Tories dare to say.
Of all who fought with Washington
One Arnold was and only one.
Christ chose but twelve, yet one poor soul
Sold God for silver. Ever thus
Some taint, and even so with Us:
But Freedom thrills the whole.

My Lords, ye lead, through Him who died,

Your dauntless millions. Ye are wise
And learned. Ye are, beside,
As God’s anointed in their eyes,
Ye sit so far above their reach.
Such trust! But are ye truly true
To what He taught, to what ye preach,
To those who trust and look to you?
Then why mocked ye that manly Russ,
That august man, that manliest man
That yet has been since time began?
Ye mocked, as ye mock Us!

My Lords, slow paced and somber clad

Ye all will fare to church to-day
And there sit solemn faced and sad
With eyes to book, as if to pray.
And will ye think of Him who came
And lived so poor and died so lorn—
Came in the name of Peace, the name
Of God, that fair first Christmas morn?
My Lords, ye needs must think to-day—
Your eyes bent to the Holy Book
The while the people look and look—
For dare ye try to pray?

And while ye think of Christ the child

Think of the childless mother, she
Whose dead boy has his desert wild,
While yours his Christmas tree;
Think of the mother, far away,
Who sits and weeps with hollow eyes,
Her hungry child that cries and cries
Forlorn and fatherless to-day:
Think of the thousand homes that weep
All desolate, who but for ye
To-day had decked their Christmas tree;
Then fare ye home and—sleep?

[A] Note.—“I thank God there is not a drop of

Saxon blood in my veins. I am a Dutchman; Boer,
if you please.”—Rough-rider Roosevelt, Governor
of New York and heir apparent to the Presidency
of Us.
 MOTHER EGYPT.
Dedicated to England on her invasion of North Africa.

Dark browed, she broods with weary lids

Beside her Sphinx and Pyramids,
With low and never-lifted head.
If she be dead, respect the dead;
If she be weeping, let her weep;
If she be sleeping, let her sleep;
For lo, this woman named the stars!
She suckled at her tawny dugs
Your Moses while you reeked in wars
And prowled your woods, nude, painted thugs.

Then back, brave England; back in peace

To Christian isles of fat increase!
Go back! Else bid your high priests bear
The sword and curse the sweet plowshare;
Take down their cross from proud Saint Paul’s
And coin it into cannon-balls!
You tent not far from Nazareth,
Your camps trench where his child-feet strayed.
If Christ had seen this work of death!
If Christ had seen these ships invade!

I think the patient Christ had said,

“Go back, brave men! Take up your dead;
Draw down your great ships to the seas;
Repass the gates of Hercules;
Go back to wife with babe at breast,
And leave lorn Egypt to her rest.”
Or is Christ dead, as Egypt is?
Ah, England, hear me yet again;
There’s something grimly wrong in this—
So like some gray, sad woman slain.

What would you have your mother do?

Hath she not done enough for you?
Go back! And when you learn to read,
Come read this obelisk. Her deed
Like yonder awful forehead is
Disdainful silence. Like to this
What lessons have you writ in stone
To passing nations that shall stand?
Why, years, as hers, will leave you lone
And level as yon yellow sand.

Saint George? Your lions? Whence are they?

From awful, silent Africa.
This Egypt is the lion’s lair;
Beware, brave Albion, beware!
I feel the very Nile should rise
To drive you from this sacrifice.
And if the seven plagues should come?
The red seas swallow sword and steed?
Lo! Christian lands stand mute and dumb
To see thy more than Moslem deed.
 ANGLO-SAXON ALLIANCE.
England’s Colonial Secretary, who must bear a great part
of the blame and shame of this Boer war, has said publicly
that there is something like alliance between England and
the United States. Our Secretary of State says there is
nothing of the sort, and we know there is not, nor can be,
until “We, the People,” choose to have it, and that will not
be until this crime against the Boer is forgotten, as well as
Bunker Hill and the Fourth of July.

Alliance! And with whom? For what?

Comes there the skin-clad Vandal down
From Danube’s wilds with vengeance hot?
Comes Turk with torch to sack the town
And wake the world with battle shot?
Come wild beasts loosened from the lair?
No, no! Right fair blue Danube sweeps.
No, no! The Turk, the wild beast sleeps.
No, no! There’s something more than this—
Or Judas’ kiss? Or serpent’s hiss?
There’s mischief in the air!

Alliance! And with whom? For what?

Did we not bear an hundred years
Of England’s hate, hot battle shot,
Blent, ever blent, with scorn and jeers?
And we survived it, did we not?
We bore her hate, let’s try to bear
Her love; but watch her and beware!
Beware the Greek with gifts and fair
Kind promises and courtly praise.
Beware the serpent’s subtle ways—
There’s mischief in the air!

Alliance! And for what? With whom?

She burned our Freedom’s Fane. She spat
Vile venom on the sacred tomb
Of Washington; the while she sat
High throned, fat fed, and safe at home,
And bade slaves hound and burn and slay,
Just as in Africa to-day;
Just as she would, will when she dare
Send sword and torch and once again
Make red the white rim of our main—
There’s mischief in the air!

Alliance! Twice with sword and flame:

Alliance! Thrice with craft and fraud:
And now you come in Freedom’s name.
In Freedom’s name? The name of God!
Go to—the Boers. For shame, for shame!
With wedge of gold you split us twain
Then launched your bloodhounds on the main;
But now, my Lords, so soft, so fair—
How long would this a-lie-ance last?
Just long enough to tie Us fast—
Then music in the air!