4th International Conference in Agroforestry 2022 IOP Publishing

IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1145 (2023) 012006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1145/1/012006

Agroforestry as Rehabilitation Strategy System in Orang

Kayo Hitam Peat Swamp Park Forest, Jambi - Indonesia

C Wulandari1 *, D Iswandaru2 and N Novriyanti2

1 Magister Program of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Lampung University, Indonesia
2 Forestry Departement, Faculty of Agriculture, Lampung University, Indonesia

* Corresponding author: christine.wulandari@fp.unila.ac.id and chs.wulandari@gmail.com

Abstract. Tropical peat forest ecosystems are unique and have multiple social, economic, and
ecological benefits. Factors such as excessive drainage and frequent fires cause peatland
degradation. Rehabilitation of deforested and drained tropical peat swamp forests is globally
relevant in the context of deforestation and forest degradation. One management system that can
be implemented in these conditions combines crops and forest plants (agroforestry). The
challenges of the agroforestry application strategy in forest parks are the status of the land, which
is a conservation area, and the characteristics of the surrounding community and field conditions.
Based on these conditions, it is necessary to conduct this research to support the Orang Kayo
Hitam (OKH) forest park development strategy appropriately. The research was conducted in
May – June 2021 and used Force Field Analysis based on the opinions of 231 respondents. Based
on the research results, it is known that respondents stated that the highest internal driving force
is motivation to improve family’s economic from agroforestry products (score 52) and the
external one is availability of endemic plants (score 45). The respondent's opinion about the
highest internal inhibiting factor is related to public knowledge of benefits from endemic plant
species (score 39), while for external is related to market networks for Non Timber Forest
Products (NTFP) market (score 43).

Keywords: rehabilitation, agroforestry, forest park, peat swamp

1. Introduction
Peatlands form a unique and fragile ecosystem because this land is located in a swamp environment.
Nevertheless, peatlands have benefits and functions for the community to provide environmental
resilience in the form of ecological, economic, and social [1]. According to Indonesia’s Government
Regulation (PP) No. 57/2016, concerning the protection and management of peat ecosystems, the
functions of the peat ecosystem are divided into protection and cultivation functions. The protected role
covered at least 30% of the Peat Hydrological Unit (Kesatuan Hidrologis Gambut/KHG) starting from
the top of the peat and added with special characteristics, namely a thickness of 3 meters or more,
protected forest areas, and conservation areas that the government has determined. Peatlands other than
these characteristics include cultivation functions that can be utilized to prevent damage (Article 9 PP
No. 57/2016).
From about 14.95 million hectares of peatland, it is estimated that 6.66 million hectares, or 44.6%,
have been degraded in Indonesia [2]. Improper water management is the main cause of peatland

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4th International Conference in Agroforestry 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1145 (2023) 012006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1145/1/012006

degradation. In addition, peatland degradation can also be caused by fires and mining activities [3]. In
comparison, peat ecosystems are useful for storing 75 Gigatonnes of carbon (C) [4], about 30% more
carbon than all of Indonesia's forest biomass [5]. If forest fires continued, peatlands would contribute to
global climate change due to increased greenhouse gas emissions released into the air [3].
Peat forests are known as fragile or vulnerable natural resources with changes in characteristics that
are not environmentally friendly [6]. Clearing peatlands through land clearing and careless drainage will
cause rapid subsidence, irreversible drying, and flammability [7]. The dry properties of peat irreversibly
make dry peatlands act as fuel in the dry season and vice versa so that peatlands can no longer absorb
water in the rainy season, which causes plants to be stressed due to the lack of water [8]. Dry peatlands
can no longer carry out their ecological function as a water absorber in the rainy season and release it in
the dry season. Therefore, efforts to support sustainable agricultural development included in OKH
forest parks as peatlands area require proper planning and implementation of programs adapted to
appropriate technology and policy [38];[39].
One of the peat ecosystems in the conservation area is the Orang Kayo Hitam (OKH) forest park, the
only forest park with a peat ecosystem in Indonesia [9]. The OKH forest park acts as a buffer zone,
especially in water management, preventing erosion, maintaining microclimate balance, maintaining
soil fertility, and preserving diversity [10]. In addition, the OKH forest park also has the potential to
store carbon and water, provide a habitat for animals and plants, and be a natural tourist attraction [9].
The abundance of possibilities in the OKH forest park is challenging for the surrounding community to
manage by considering the economic, ecological, and social aspects. One of the peatland-specific
management systems can use the agroforestry system [11]. The combination of the concepts of
agriculture and forestry in the agroforestry system in the cultivation function is very important to
develop the economy of peat because it provides multi-layered economic opportunities from fast-
growing to long-producing. Fast-producing crops can support the community's economy by growing
forestry crops with monetary value [12]. With agroforestry, OKH Tahura recovery efforts will be faster,
especially in replacing the dominance of ferns and other pioneer plants after the fire of this Tahura [13].
In areas with a peat thickness of less than 2 (two) meters, it can be continued to be managed by the
community by implementing an agroforestry system and maintaining a moist peat condition so that it is
not easily burned. Communities can work the land with non-timber forest products (NTFP) commodities
such as Liberia coffee, areca nut, and Multi-Purpose Trees Species (MPTS), which play a role in soil
and water conservation [14].
The challenges of implementing agroforestry strategies in forest parks are the status of the land,
which is a conservation area, the characteristics of the surrounding community, and field conditions
[39]. According to a study [11], farmers tend to plant commodities in line with market demand rather
than choosing crops suitable for peatlands' biophysical conditions. Thus, it is important to improve land
management knowledge and select plant species that are economically valuable, marketable, compatible
with peatland biophysics and can be grown using agroforestry techniques. All parties must support the
preservation of the Orang Kayo Hitam Grand Forest Park (OKH), including the people whose daily
needs must be met. Based on the fragility of the peat swamp ecosystem of the OKH forest park, research
that aims to provide recommendations for implementing agroforestry program strategies in the OKH
Forest Park.

2. Research Method
The study was conducted in May – June 2021. Data were collected online from 231 respondents who
were community observers of peat forests at the national level. This research is a case study research
design [15]. Using this method because the forest park of OKH (Figure 1.) is the only forest park in
Indonesia that is a peatland and needs to be managed in the partnership immediately by applying
agroforestry.

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4th International Conference in Agroforestry 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1145 (2023) 012006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1145/1/012006

Figure 1. Research site map.

According to [15], agroforestry is an appropriate method to achieve the ecological sustainability of

a forest while supporting the economic fulfillment of the community that manages it. Based on the field
survey, it is known that currently, the community is given the right to control the land in the OKH forest
park. This research is qualitative, and the data collection is in the form of inhibiting and motivating
factors. Furthermore, the formulation of the data was obtained using Force Field Analysis, also known
as power field analysis. The Force Field Analysis established by Kurt Lewin [15], then developed by
[16], and applied by [17] in a participatory way to analyze the factors supporting and inhibiting the
occurrence of a change.

3. Result and Discussion

The results of this study can be used as a basis for developing management strategies based on four
categories: supporting and inhibiting factors in the implementation of agroforestry programs on
peatlands in OKH forest park. In addition, the results of this study can also be recommended that the
first four variables in each factor are the four main things that must be considered in the sustainable
management of agroforestry in OKH forest park. In more detail, the supporting and inhibiting factors
for implementing the agroforestry program in peat restoration in the OKH forest Park are presented in
Table 1.

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4th International Conference in Agroforestry 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1145 (2023) 012006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1145/1/012006

Table 1. Driving factors and inhibiting factors for implementing agroforestry in peat restoration
Driving Factors Inhibiting factors
Internal (positive) Score Internal (negative) Score
The forest park unit manager has an 28 There are no community leaders who are 16
agroforestry restoration program in committed to the peat restoration program
collaboration with BRGM
Community groups are ready to support 33 The low bargaining position of community 33
restoration programs with agroforestry groups in trading products from peatlands
Communities understand that the 35 Lack of community expertise in managing 34
ecological function of agroforestry affects peatlands in agroforestry
the economic function of their peatland
management
The community really needs the land to be 39 There is still community-managed land in 35
cultivated in agroforestry the OKH forest park
Agroforestry management can provide 44 Communities lack the capital to manage 36
periodic and sustainable income and develop their managed land
Motivation to improve family welfare 52 Communities manage peatlands in OKH 38
(economic) through agroforestry programs forest park without an official permit
on peatlands
The lack of public knowledge about the 39
benefits of endemic plant species in OKH
forest park
External (positive) Score External (negative) Score
Available potential forest resources from 34 The occurrence of price fluctuations for 30
peatlands in OKH forest park which are commodities cultivated by community
ready to be managed with partners groups on peatlands

There are other parties who support the 35 The public does not have access to market 38
implementation of partnerships between price information
the community and the private sector such
as universities, NGO’s

There is support from the local government
and BRGM even though the program is not
yet intensive
Community groups know that there is a
non-formal permit to manage peat in OKH
forest park
There is a fairly high market demand for
palm oil commodities planted by the
community in OKH forest park
Endemic plants available in OKH forest
park
36 The government has not issued a legal basis 39
for the operation of conservation
partnerships after the issuance of UUCK
40 Limited investors who are willing to 40
partner with communities that manage peat
in agroforestry in OKH forest park
41 The lack of response from financial 41
institutions or institutions for the
sustainability of the operations of
community groups in OKH forest park
45 The lack of market networks for Non 43
Timber Forest Products (NTFP) from
agroforestry on peatlands owned by the
community and the government

3.1. Internal supporting factors

Data analysis found that the highest internal driving factor was the motivation to increase family welfare
(economics) through agroforestry programs on peatlands. This is evidenced by the highest score of the
internal supporting factors, with a score of 52. This is in line with research [17];[18];[37];[38], which
states that economic factors are the highest reason people apply agroforestry patterns. The second level
score of 44 indicates the respondents' understanding of the benefits of agroforestry in supporting the

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4th International Conference in Agroforestry 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1145 (2023) 012006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1145/1/012006

fulfillment of family needs sustainably. This factor shows that the motivation of the community to
manage peatlands with agroforestry programs is to increase family welfare, especially those related to
economic value. If the community's economic value increases, the community's interest also increases
[18]. In connection with growing community welfare from agroforestry programs with high economic
value, the community needs sustainable and periodic agroforestry programs to provide income. The
agroforestry program can produce a variety of crops and can create continuously so that farmers can
earn income continually or sustainably [19].
People who already have the motivation and desire to manage land will implement agroforestry
programs, so the next supporting factor is the availability of land. The third level, the score 39 indicate
the availability of land needed by the community to be cultivated in agroforestry. Land availability is an
important factor in realizing the community's desire to improve welfare while learning the plans that
have been prepared. The availability of land is an aspect that is needed by the community to implement
land management with agroforestry programs on peatlands. Besides the availability of land, public
awareness regarding the benefits of applying the agroforestry pattern is also an important factor in
implementing the agroforestry pattern on peatlands. The community realizes that the agroforestry
program provides ecological as well as economic benefits for the community [37]. The land use with
agroforestry patterns has environmental and economic impacts on the community [20]. Land
management can create optimal land productivity by implementing agroforestry programs with
ecological, economic, and social functions and aspects. In addition, agroforestry programs can protect
the environment through activities on degraded land, including peatlands [21].
The internal factor that drives the implementation of agroforestry programs on peatlands is the
presence of community groups ready to support peatland restoration programs through agroforestry
programs. The sustainability and success of a program will be realized with the support of community
groups [22]. Therefore, community groups have a role in supporting the success of the agroforestry
program as an effort to restore peatlands through the agroforestry program. Community groups can
participate horizontally in peatland restoration efforts, both physically and non-physically [23]. In
addition, the forest park management unit is also an internal supporting factor in realizing the
implementation of the agroforestry program through the restoration program. The restoration program
used agroforestry in collaboration between the forest park management unit and the Peat and Mangrove
Restoration Agency or Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove (BRGM).

3.2. External supporting factors

The availability of endemic plants, high market demand, non-formal permits known by community
groups, support from the local government and BRGM, support for implementing partnerships, and the
availability of potential forest resources are factors driving the implementation of agroforestry programs
on peatlands externally. The existence of endemic plants in the OKH forest park is the highest external
supporting factor in realizing the agroforestry program in the peatlands of the OKH forest park area.
This factor is mostly chosen by respondents as many as 45 people (score = 45). Endemic plants have
high resistance because they are by the existing growing place in the area, so the success rate in
implementing agroforestry will be higher [24]. Dyera polyphylla and Alstonia pneumatophora are
endemic peatland plants in the OKH forest park area [25].
The community's high market demand for palm oil is the second external supporting factor. This
factor has chosen by 41 respondents (score = 41). Demand for palm oil in the world market is expected
to increase by 300% by 2050, while Indonesia has become the world's largest palm oil producer,
accounting for 60% of the world's palm oil [26]; [27]. So that the demand for palm oil in Indonesia,
including in the OKH forest park area, will remain high. This is an external supporting factor in
implementing the agroforestry program on the OKH forest park peatland. Community is managing the
OKH forest park without formal permit. The 40 respondents known that this is illegal but they still do
that because they earned enough money. Therefore this external supporting factor has score of 40.
People with a management permit will feel safe and comfortable managing the land [28]. In addition,
the community also needs support from the local government and BRGM in working the land. The
district also needs help from other parties, such as universities and NGOs. The willingness of the
community to manage land is also encouraged by the existence of natural resources that can be utilized.

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4th International Conference in Agroforestry 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1145 (2023) 012006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1145/1/012006

This is in line with the results of research conducted by [29] and [30], which state that the community
will commit to sustainably managing land if biological natural resources are available and can meet the
needs of their families.

3.3. Internal inhibition factor

In addition to having driving factors, efforts to implement agroforestry programs also have inhibiting
factors. The highest internal inhibiting factor is the lack of community knowledge regarding the benefits
of endemic plant species in the OKH forest park scored 39. Community knowledge related to plants is
influenced by several factors, including formal education, information handed down from parents,
neighbors, print media, and others [31]. Implementing agroforestry programs requires community
knowledge about plant species' potential and the benefits of endemic plant species. Based on the research
conducted by [24] states that knowledge about the types and uses of plants has a significant effect on
peatland restoration efforts. The existence of management carried out by the community on peatlands
without permits, and the lack of capital is different internal inhibiting factors in managing and
developing agroforestry programs in the OKH forest park. The absence of an official license to manage
the land is the second factor, with a score of 38 (chosen by 38 respondents), and the lack of capital to
manage and develop the ground is the third factor, with a score of 36. As reported in past research [32];
[33];[37], the household resources, including the capital, became an inhibiting factor in land
management because it could reduce community enthusiasm.
The community's lack of expertise in managing peatlands in agroforestry is a further inhibiting factor.
Seeing these problems, the community urgently needs guidance on peatland management with
agroforestry patterns. Advice for the community in managing appropriate land will provide benefits in
the form of increased productivity, increased quality and selling price of products, improved land
quality, and increased farmers' enthusiasm in managing land [34]. The low bargaining ability of
community groups in trading crops and the commitment from community leaders to the peat restoration
program are also internal inhibiting factors. These factors reduce the community confidence and ability
in managing the peatlands.

3.4. External inhibiting factor

The next inhibiting factor is the external inhibiting factor in implementing the agroforestry program on
the OKH forest park peatland. The limited market network for marketing forest products is the highest
external inhibiting factor for implementing agroforestry programs on the land, scoring 43. This also
occurs in implementing social forestry programs by partners, but it is not the highest external inhibiting
factor [29]. The minimal response from financial institutions for the sustainability of the community
group of operations, the limited number of investors willing to partner with the community, and no clear
legal basis after the Labor Development Laws or Undang Undang Cipta Kerja (UUCK) are external
inhibiting factors in a row. The 42 respondents stated that lack of supporting is from financial
institutions. This means this is the second factor and has a score of 42. The limitations of investors
willing to partner is the third external inhibiting factor based on opinion of 40 respondents, and has a
score of 40. In addition, the public does not have access to information related to market prices. Science
and technology are needed to make it easier for farmers to access market information [35]. The last
external factor that becomes an obstacle in implementing the agroforestry program in OKH forest park
is the occurrence of price fluctuations. Production prices that always fluctuate affect production
planning, which farmers will have difficulty [36].

4. Conclusion
The first four variables in each factor are the four main things that must be considered in land
management with agroforestry programs. Internal supporting factors in supporting land management
with agroforestry programs in order from the highest are the improvement of family welfare, periodic
and sustainable income contributions from the program, and the existence of land to be managed. The
external supporting factors are the availability of endemic plants, high market demand, and the presence
of non-formal permits. In addition to considering the supporting factors, the management of peatlands

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4th International Conference in Agroforestry 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1145 (2023) 012006 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1145/1/012006

with the agroforestry program in the OKH forest park also considers the internal and external inhibiting
factors, which are the lack of community knowledge, the absence of an official permit, and the lack of
capital to manage the land; lack of forest product market network, lack of response from financial
institutions, and limited investors willing to partner.

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Management in Lampung Province, Indonesia 1-16.

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