FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

E-ISSN 2158-0715, 2024, VOL. 20, NO. 1, 78–90

https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2023.2298480

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Total Phenolic and Starch Content of Arrowroot Tuber in The Agroforestry

System
Dona Octaviaa,b , Nurheni Wijayantoc , Sri Wilarso Budic , Irmanida Batubarad and
Sri Suhartib
a
Post Graduate Study Program of Tropical Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat,
Indonesia; bResearch Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor,
Indonesia; cDepartment of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia; dDepartment of
Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Indonesia’s tropical forest management faces several challenges owing to the growing Received 20 July 2023
demand for forest resources and increasing population. The forestry sector plays a significant Revised 2 January 2024
role in supporting food security programs by harnessing the potential of forest resources. Accepted 18 December 2023
One solution to sustainable forest management and optimal forest land use is agroforestry
KEYWORDS
techniques. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) is tolerant to heavy shade and is a promising Intercropping; Falcataria
functional food crop that can contribute to food security programs. Starch content in arrow­ moluccana; Maranta
root tuber plays an important role in meeting nutritional requirements and overcoming sev­ arundinacea; medicinal
eral health problems. Arrowroot tubers also contain phenolic compounds, the largest group plant; functional food crops
of compounds that act as natural antioxidants in plants. This study aimed to analyze the
total phenolic and starch contents of arrowroot tubers cultivated in agroforestry systems.
We used a Randomized Complete Block Design with a planting pattern as treatment for the
species combinations of Falcataria moluccana þ arrowroot (FA), F. moluccana þ arrowroot þ
Amomum cardamomum (FAC), and monoculture arrowroot (MA) with three blocks/replica­
tions. The arrowroot tubers were harvested from nine-month-old plants and composite sam­
ples representing each treatment were analyzed for total phenolic and starch contents. The
total phenolic content in the arrowroot tubers was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu
reagent. Starch content was measured using the Modified Somogyi method, which involves
preparing reagents, followed by hydrolysis and the reducing sugar determination methods.
The results revealed that the planting pattern significantly affected starch content. The high­
est starch content was observed in the MA pattern of 23.99%, followed by the FAC and FA
planting patterns of 22.75% and 18.44%, respectively. The planting pattern did not signifi­
cantly affect phenolic content. The MA, FAC, and FA patterns yielded the highest to lowest
phenolic contents of 218.02, 212.62, and 210.04 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the planting
pattern significantly affected the total phenolic of tuber yield per plant, with the highest
value of 214.48 mg yielded by MA pattern. Thus, agroforestry practices can maintain the
phenolic and starch content of arrowroot tubers. The development of arrowroot in agrofor­
estry system will be prospective not only for meeting food demand, but also for supporting
forestry multi-business and social forestry programs to achieve sustainable forest
management.

Introduction forest resources in face of increasing population is

Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelagic country,
with 63% of its total land area amounting to 120.5 mil­
lion hectares, is designated as state forest area
(MoEFRI, 2022). The high community’s demand for
forest resources and the food crisis challenge which
tends to getting worse due to the climate change
impact, requiring efforts to increase forest land prod­
uctivity, including through agroforestry practices.
Farmers depend highly on tropical forest (Njurumana
et al., 2020). Proper management to optimize limited
necessary to meet the community’s increasing needs of
land. The FAO (2021) states that conversion to agricul­
tural land is the main cause of deforestation, reflecting
the heavy communities reliance on these forests.
Recent data indicate an increase in the number of
villages, from 31,957 to 39,147 villages, that interact
closely with their surrounding forest, with 46.76%
(39,147 villages) located on the forest periphery, 3.97%
(3,324 villages) situated within forest areas (BPS, 2020;
KLHK, 2018) and about 48.8 million people depend
on tropical forests (MoEFRI, 2022). In addition,

CONTACT Nurheni Wijayanto, nurheniw@apps.ipb.ac.id Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University,
Bogor, Indonesia
� 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow
the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.
E-ISSN 2158-0715
forestland has a great potential to provide food and
medicinal plant habitat. Furthermore, food security is a
global issue that all nations must address. As per
Government Regulation No. 17 of 2015 concerning
Food Security and Nutrition, forestry sector plays a
crucial role for ensuring Food Security through the
utilization of forest resources.
One promising solution for sustainable forest man­
agement and optimal forest land use to fulfill various
community needs is agroforestry techniques.
Agroforestry can improve land management systems
that reduce deforestation rate and alleviate food crisis
problem simultaneously. Such techniques also align
with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Negash
& Starr, 2021; van Noordwijk et al., 2018). It also con­
tributes to increased community income, enhanced soil
fertility, and conserved soil and water (Kiyani et al.,
2017; Octavia et al., 2022; Octavia et al., 2023a).
Agroforestry also provides environmental services,
including climate change mitigation, and holds signifi­
cant potential for sustainable food production (Bettles
et al., 2021; Bishaw et al., 2022). Developing the best
practice of agroforestry is a strategic recommendations
for achieving balanced environmental, social, and eco­
nomic objectives in sustainable forest and landscape
management. This requires the application of several
silvicultural and crop cultivation techniques, among
others (Octavia et al., 2022) planting pattern arrange­
ment and species selection, the use of legumes and
cover crops, the use of biofertilizers in agroforestry,
and biodiversity enhancement. Optimized and
increased forestland productivity is paramount for
improving food security using diverse, fast-growing,
multipurpose tree species, food crops, and medicinal
plants.
Several widely known agroforestry practices include
intercropping (alley cropping/hedgerow intercropping)
or alley farming, multi-strata agroforestry/forest farm­
ing/multi-story cropping, and grass strip cropping.
Alley cropping, sometimes called intercropping, is an
agroforestry practice involving trees within agricultural
croplands, particularly in tropical areas. It was initially
promoted to enhance soil fertility and sustain crop
production in nutrient-depleted soils (Grebner et al.,
2013). Similarly, forest farming, also known as multi-
story cropping, involves the cultivation of high-value
crops under a forest canopy to enhance production,
deliberately maintained to provide shade and favorable
growth conditions. Forest farming involves intention­
ally cultivating edible, spice or medicinal crops in
native/planted woodlands managed for wood and
understory crops (AFTA, 2023). It is mainly appealing
to farmers interested in maximizing multiple crop yield
on the same land to improve whole-farm yield. Some
studies have shown that forest farming involves inter­
cropping practice had successfully enhanced land prod­
uctivity. For example, the intercropping of three tuber
crops (Maranta arundinacea, Canna edulis, Dioscorea
esculenta) with five-year-old teak generated land
equivalent ratio (LER) > 1. Meanwhile, for intercrop­
ping on teak under seven years old, only the
FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 79
combination with C. edulis reached LER > 1, which
means that land productivity generated by agroforestry
practices is higher than that by monoculture
(Maharani et al., 2022). A value of LER > 1 has also
reported for the intercropping and forest farming of
Falcataria moluccana and peanut/Arachis hypogaea
(Swestiani & Purwaningsih, 2013), F. moluccana and
red chili/Capsicum annuum (Rachman & Hani, 2014).
Mainstreaming agroforestry practice have the potential
to sustain community livelihood particularly in social
forestry areas (Octavia & Rachmat, 2020; Octavia et al.,
2020; Yeny et al., 2021; Octavia et al., 2022).
One of the fast-growing legume species with poten­
tial multipurpose is sengon (Falcataria moluccana),
while the spice/medicinal and food plant groups with
significant development potential include arrowroot
(Maranta arundinacea) and cardamom (Amomum car­
damomum). Cardamom is a plant species generally
cultivated in private forests and social forestry pro­
grams and has a high market value as an endemic
plant species in Indonesia (Sanudin et al., 2023). These
species have high community adoptability, economic
value, and promising prospects for development (Hani
and Octavia, 2020; Kusmawati et al., 2018; Mada et al.,
2017; Zakiyah et al., 2017). In recent years, arrowroot
starch has gained increased interest in the food indus­
try, mainly among small producers encouraged by the
international market price and the possibility of its use
in the diet of those with celiac disease and diabetes
(Amante, 2020).
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) is a functional
food crop and an alternative source of carbohydrates
that has great potential to support food security pro­
grams (Oktafani et al., 2018). It also has potential use
as a medicine and other utilization in the industry
(Rohandi et al., 2017). There is increasing interest in
the development of functional foods from local materi­
als. Although it originated in the South American
region of western Brazil (Kusbandari & Susanti., 2017),
arrowroot is a locally well-grown tuber crop in
Indonesia (Lestari et al., 2017). The starch yield of
arrowroot tubers range from 15–20%. Starch is the
principal component of tuber crops. Arrowroot has
various health benefits, including as a prebiotic food
and an immunostimulant that increases immunity,
maintains gastrointestinal health, inhibits degenerative
diseases, nourishes the digestive tract, and prevents
stunting in children (Harmayani et al., 2011;
Kumalasari et al., 2012). Moreover, it has antioxidant,
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antidiar­
rheal, vibriocidal, anticarcinogenic, and immunostimu­
latory properties (Pant et al., 2021). It has also been
reported to have anti-cholesterol effects (Kusbandari &
Susanti., 2017). Flour products have low glycemic
index, therefore, they are easy to digest and very good
for health (Deswina et al., 2021; Deswina & Priadi,
2020; Djaafar et al., 2010; Oktafani et al., 2018).
Arrowroot starch plays an important role in meeting
the nutritional needs and overcoming digestive prob­
lems. It is not only high in carbohydrates and rich in
folate but also high in iron, calcium, phosphorus,
80 D. OCTAVIA ET AL.
potassium, zinc and is gluten free. Arrowroot has
more complex carbohydrates and less sugar, making it
suitable for a diabetic diet.
Arrowroot has a higher protein content than other
tubers and its starch can meet the daily need for folate
about 100%, and can be crucial for pregnant women
(Amante et al., 2020; Kumparan, 2022). Generally,
arrowroot starch has wide applications in the food
industry (Valencia et al., 2015). A higher addition of
arrowroot flour to the cookie resulted in a more easily
crumble texture and lighter color. For example, in the
food industry, the dietary fiber and resistant starch
content of the cookie bar from the substitution of 30%
arrowroot in the mixed ingredient formula was the
highest when compared to substitution of 30% kidney
bean and foxtail millet (Lestari et al., 2017). Snack bars
with 70% arrowroot flour and 30% kidney beans had a
low glycemic index of 25 and glycemic load of 9
(Indrastati & Anjani, 2016). Arrowroot starch contains
15.2% moisture content. The water solubility of arrow­
root starch granules increases above a temperature of
60 � C. Owing to the high starch and amylose contents
of its tubers, arrowroot is also a very promising source
of starch for application in edible films (Nogueira
et al., 2018).
Arrowroot tubers contain phenolic compounds.
The many health benefits of arrowroot can be attrib­
uted to the essential phytoconstituents in their leaves
and rhizomes. The leaves and rhizomes contain phe­
nolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, ste­
roids, and glycosides (Firoskhan & Muthuswamy,
2021). Phenolic is the largest group of compounds
that act as natural antioxidants in plants
(Mar’atirrosyidah & Estiasi, 2015; Muddathir et al.,
2017; Lestari et al., 2022). A previous study reported
that arrowroot tubers contain bioactive phenolic
compounds that can function as antioxidants
(amounting to 0.15 g/100 g). Tubers are potent sour­
ces of natural antioxidants (Ruba et al., 2013).
Natural antioxidant compounds are produce starch,
which contains high levels of carbohydrates (Hidayati
et al, 2016). Starch is the most abundant primary
metabolite in plants and is widely used in the food,
paper and textile industries, and other applications
are reported in pharmacies. The widespread use of
starch of arrowroot tubers in the food industry is
related to the physicochemical properties of starch,
which can form a gel when cooled (Valencia et al.,
2015). The post-harvest leaf, stem, and rhizome resi­
due of arrowroot can be recycled and used in the
food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries
(Ieamkheng et al., 2022). Arrowroot fibers are shorter
than other starches, therefore, they are easily digested
and can be used as food for babies and children with
autism and down syndrome (owing to its gluten
free), as well as diets for the elderly and convalescing
patients. The primacy of arrowroot in the origin,
spread, propagation, benefits, and utilization of plants
by the community has been reported (Deswina &
Priadi, 2020). These two metabolites play an
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important role in providing the health benefits as
described above.
Arrowroot is found in almost all regions of
Indonesia (Wahyurini & Susilowati, 2020). Despite it
has many uses as a source of carbohydrates, arrowroot
has not been seriously cultivated in Indonesia. The
land area for cultivated arrowroot in Yogyakarta ranges
from 6,301 to 17,847 hectares, which is distributed
across four regencies (Bantul, Kulon Progo, Gunung
Kidul and Sleman). Arrowroot is already cultivated in
Central Java (Sragen Regency) in an area of 7,828 ha
and in East Java (Blitar, Malang and Sampang) where
it has been planted in an area of 18,000 ha. Meanwhile,
in West Java, arrowroot plants are found in several
regencies (Garut, Ciamis, Tasikmalaya, Sumedang,
Bogor and Cianjur). However, outside Java (West
Sumatra, South Kalimantan, West Sulawesi, South
Sulawesi and Maluku), they have not been intensively
cultivated (Djaafar et al., 2010). To date, the use of
arrowroot tubers as an alternative source of staple food
especially for those with diabetes and metabolic syn­
drome is still rare. This limited adoption may be
attributed to a lack of knowledge and awareness
regarding arrowroot’s substantial potential, necessitat­
ing broader promotion of its functional benefit and
cultivation.
Although there have been many studies on arrow­
roots’ total phenolic and starch content, they have not
been conducted within agroforestry systems. In add­
ition, there have been no specific studies regarding the
starch and phenolic contents of arrowroot tubers
grown under tree shade of F.moluccana stands. This
research is the first to analyze starch and total phenolic
content in the agroforestry system. Regarding the opti­
mizing of the use of forest land and the importance of
arrowroot as a functional food which has various and
high potential health benefits, the potential of total
phenolic and starch content in arrowroot tubers under
tree shade in agroforestry practices needs to be
revealed to obtain various benefits from this functional
food crop. Given the multitudinous benefits of arrow­
root, this study aimed to analyze the total phenolic
and starch contents of arrowroot in agroforestry
systems.
Materials and Methods
Research Location
The research was conducted from October 2021 to
September 2022 in Cikabayan Forest, IPB University,
Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The research location lies
at coordinates of latitude -6� 32’49” S and longitude
106� 42’59” E with an altitude of 150–200 meters
above sea level (Figure 1).
Site Climate and Characteristics
The planting sites were identified and selected based
on their suitability to meet the growing requirements
of arrowroots, specifically, climatic and edaphic
E-ISSN 2158-0715
Figure 1. The research location at the Cikabayan Forest
conditions including soil properties and nutrients, air
temperature and humidity, rainfall intensity and alti­
tude. Arrowroot grows well at 0–900 m altitudes in
the tropics, optimally at 200–600 m above sea level.
The best temperature for arrowroot’s growth is 20–
30 � C with an annual rainfall of 1500–2000 mm. It
requires crumbly, well-drained and slightly acidic
soils (Reddy, 2015). The climate classification at the
research site according to the Koppen-Geiger is clas­
sified as Af (equatorial climate or tropical rainforest)
with monthly precipitation is more than 60 mm (Beck
et al., 2018). It is characterized by rainfall throughout
the year (non-seasonal forecast area) in the research
area (Briliawan et al., 2022). The average air tempera­
ture was 28.9 � C, humidity of 79%, monthly rainfall
of 290 milimeters and the annual rainfall of
3480 mm. In addition, in the research location, there
were also the three-year-old sengon stands with regu­
lar spacing lines that could be used as shade trees for
arrowroot.
Shade intensity of the sengon canopy was measured
by using two units of light meter. Then, the values
under the sengon canopy and in the open area simul­
taneously were read in five replications for representa­
tive area. The relative percentage of sunlight intensity
was calculated and shade intensity was calculated by
100% minus relative light intensity.
Soil sampling was conducted before planting to
determine soil fertility status. It was carried out com­
positely at the planting site as supporting data for anal­
izing the physical and chemical properties of the soil
which plays an important role in influencing plant
growth. There were included pH, organic carbon (C),
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Cation
exchange capacity (CEC), porosity and soil texture.
FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 81
Planting Design
The experimental design used a Randomized Complete
Block Design, with planting pattern of agroforestry as
the treatment by the species combination in three
models, namely: Falcataria moluccana þ arrowroot
(FA), F. molluccana þ arrowroot þ cardamom (FAC),
and monoculture arrowroot (MA) in three replications,
with observation unit (n) ¼ 3 for each treatment.
Further analysis was performed using Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) if the variance (F-test)
showed a significant effect (P < 0.05). The planting
pattern of combining arrowroot with cardamom takes
into account the shade-tolerant characteristics of car­
damom, apart from being a local species, it is also
popular with farmers and has high economic value.
Then, the phenolic and starch content of arrowroot
tubers harvested from the three planting patterns was
analyzed.
Planting Material and Sample Preparation of
Arrowroot Tuber
The materials used were arrowroot tubers planted
together with cardamom seedlings under three-year-
old sengon stands with a spacing of 1.5 m � 1.5 m in
three planting patterns and manure (organic fertilizer).
The crops (arrowroot and cardamom) were planted in
a 3 m � 3 m plot under the F. moluccana stands (in
the agroforestry system) and monoculture consisted of
16 arrowroot tubers or cardamom seedlings (or their
combination) for each treatment plote (Figure 2).
The arrowroot tubers used were Creol cultivar from
West Java accessions selected (genotype and pheno­
type) from the germplasm collection in the
82 D. OCTAVIA ET AL.
Figure 2. The planting pattern of arrowroot in agroforestry and monoculture
Note: FA¼Falcataria moluccanaþarrowroot; FAC¼F. molluccanaþarrowroot þ cardamom; MA ¼ Monoculture arrowroot
experimental garden of Dawuan at Subang, National
Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). The arrow­
root tubers were harvested from nine-month-old
arrowroot plants and composite samples from arrow­
root plants representing each planting pattern treat­
ment (FA, FAC and MA), for analyzing the total
phenolic and starch content. There are nine composite
samples that represent each planting pattern of FA,
FAC and MA in three blocks/replications.
Analysis of Total Phenolic Content
The total phenolic content in the arrowroot tubers was
determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent
(Sulistiany et al., 2016) and a spectrophotometer at a
wavelength of 765 nm (Benites et al., 2015). Firstly,
100 lL of extracts in methanol (1 g/L) were mixed with
1.0 mL of distilled water and 0.5 mL of Folin-
Ciocalteu’s (1:10 v/v) reagent. Then, 1.5 ml of 2%
sodium bicarbonate was added, and the mixture was
allowed to stand for 30 min with intermittent shaking.
Absorbance was measured at 765 nm using a spectro­
photometer (Benites et al., 2015). The methanol solu­
tion was used as a blank. The total phenolic content
was expressed as a gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in
micrograms per gram (mg/g) of extract. Tubers
weighed 50 g per test sample.
Analysis of Starch Content
Starch content was measured using the modified
Somogyi method, including reagent preparation,
hydrolysis and reducing sugar determination methods.
Starch content was calculated based on the amount of
reducing sugar (RS) in the sample using the formula,
starch content (%) ¼ 0.9 RS (JICA 1980).
Economic Feasibility Analysis
Apart from the above analysis, we also added the eco­
nomic analysis to describe the gained benefit from the
agroforestry planting pattern, including Benefit Cost
Ratio (BCR) and net income provided (benefit minus
cost). A business is supposed to be profitable and feas­
ible if BCR value > 1. The BCR was calculated by
dividing the present value of benefits (total revenue
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per ha) by the present value of costs per ha with the
formula as follows (Dwijo, et al., 2020):
ðPV ÞB
BCR ¼
ðPV ÞC
Remarks:
(PV) B ¼ Present Value of Benefit
(PV) C ¼ Present Value of Cost
Statistical Data Analysis
The total phenolic and starch content of arrowroot
tuber were analyzed with variance analysis (ANOVA)
at a confidence level of 95% (a level of 0.05) using
SAS 9.4 software. Further analysis was performed using
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) when the vari­
ance (F-test) showed a significant effect (P < 0.05).
The productivity estimation of phenolic and starch
from fresh tuber yield per hectare in each treatment
was performed using Microsoft Excel software.
The total phenolic and starch of tuber yield per hec­
tare were obtained as follows:
The total phenolic of tuber yield per ha (kg)
¼ Fenolic content (mg/g) � total fresh weight of
arrowroot’s tuber per ha (ton) � 10−3.
The total starch of tuber yield per ha (ton)
¼ Starch content (%) � total fresh weight of arrow­
root’s tuber per ha (ton).
Total fresh weight of arrowroot’s tuber per ha (ton)
¼ Total fresh weight of arrowroot’s tuber per plant (g)
� arrowroot plant quantity per ha � 10−6
Results
Planting Site Characteristics
Shade intensity of 3-year-old F. moluccana ranged
from 56–73%, averaging 65% (Figure 3). Soil has a clay
texture, with clay content varying between 55–60% and
slightly acid with average pH of 5.9, the cation
exchange capacity values are 16.07–18.37 cmol(þ)/kg
(medium) and has good C-organic content (high cat­
egory, C-org 3,4% generated soil organic matter 5,7%).
Total nitrogen (N) was 0.26% (medium), available
phosphorus (P) is 10.78 mg.kg-1 (medium), available
E-ISSN 2158-0715 FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 83

Figure 3. Canopy of F. moluccana, viewed from above (A) and under (B) the stand

Table 1. The total phenolic and starch content of arrowroot tubers in different planting patterns
Total Phenolic of
tuber yield per Starch of tuber yield Fresh tuber yield per
Treatment Total Phenolic (mg/g) Starch content (%) plant (mg) per plant (g) plant (g)
Planting pattern
FA 210.037 18.443b 130.06b 114.38b 616.64b
FAC 212.617 22.753a 117.56b 125.75b 552.87b
MA 218.017 23.987a 214.48a 237.06a 986.49a
P-value 0.536 0.018� 0.003�� 0.008�� <0.0001��
Note: P-values followed by a small star-like symbol/asterisk (�) and mean values followed by different letters within a column are significantly differ­
ent (P < 0.05) indicating that the treatment has a significantly different effect. P-values followed by a small starlike symbol/asterisk (��) and mean
values followed by different letters within a column indicate that the treatment had a highly significant effect (P < 0.01). Mean values in bold indi­
cate the highest value among the treatments.

Table 2. Productivity of phenolic and starch from fresh tuber yield per hectare in each treatment
Treatment Total phenolic of tuber yield per ha (kg) Starch of tuber yield per ha (ton) Fresh tuber yield per ha (ton)
FA 2.64 ± 0.278 2.32 ± 0.224 12.59 ± 1.397
FAC 2.40 ± 0.212 2.57 ± 0.084 11.28 ± 0.176
MA 4.39 ± 0.531 4.83 ± 0.210 20.13 ± 1.585
Note: Falcataria moluccanaþarrowroot (FA); F.molluccanaþarrowroot þ cardamom (FAC); Monoculture arrowroot (MA). Mean values in bold indicate
the highest value among the treatments. The values followed by standar deviation (SD).

potassium (K) is 146.1 mg.kg-1 (very high) and soil
porosity of 57.1%. In this research, arrowroots grew up
well at an altitude of 150–175 m above sea level, with
the average temperature of 28.9 � C and the air humid­
ity of 79%.
The Total Phenolic and Starch Content of
Arrowroot Tubers in Agroforestry Systems
The effects of planting pattern on phenolic and starch
contents of arrowroot tubers were shown in Table 1.
Table 1 shows that the planting pattern significantly
affected the starch content, total phenolic and starch of
tuber yield per plant, as well as fresh tuber yield per
plant. However, the planting pattern did not signifi­
cantly affect the total phenolic content. The highest
starch content was generated in the MA planting pat­
tern, amounting to 23.99% which was not significantly
different from the agroforestry FAC planting pattern
of 22.75%. Similarly, the highest total phenolic and
starch of tuber yields per plant, as well as fresh tuber
yield per plant were observed in the MA planting pat­
tern. The highest to lowest phenolic content was gen­
erated by the MA, FAC, and FA patterns. The
productivity of phenolic and starch from the fresh
tuber yield per hectare for each treatment is presented
in Table 2.
Economic feasibility analysis
Apart from ecological benefits in implementing agro­
forestry with a combination of sengon, arrowroot and
cardamom species, we also found that this agroforestry
model provides feasible economic benefits with a bene­
fit-cost ratio (BCR) of 3.21 and a positive annual net
income of Rp. 383,184,375 (equal to USD 24,407) per
hectare in four years period, considering a discount
rate of 9%. Meanwhile, monoculture arrowroot pro­
vides feasible economic benefits with a BCR of 2.36
and a positive annual net income of Rp. 100,346,950
(equal to USD 6,392) per ha. BCR was calculated in
period of 4 years because F. moluccana in Indonesia is
generally harvested after 4 years old.
Discussion
In this research, arrowroot grew well under heavy
shade, at the shade intensity (average of 65%) of 3–4-
year-old F. moluccana. The previous research also
reveals that arrowroot (M. arundinacea) is a shade-tol­
erant food-producing plant species that is adaptive to
84 D. OCTAVIA ET AL.
low light and has a good adaptation rate to heavy
shade > 60% (Murniati, 2020; Oktafani et al., 2018;
Swadija & Padmanabhan, 2013). The average air tem­
perature (28.9 � C) and humidity (79%) on the research
site at the low land (altitude of 150–175 meters above
sea level) were good enough to support plant growth.
Likewise, good physical and chemical soil properties
support their better growth as well. Arrowroot can
grow under tree stands as well as on marginal land,
therefore, this functional food crop has the potential to
be developed in forest land or yards. Arrowroot pro­
duction reaches 17–20 tons/ha (1.7–3.4 tons of starch/
ha), with harvesting ages from 6 months until max­
imum starch is reached at 12 months (Sedyowati,
2011).
The total phenolic content of the arrowroot tuber
generated in the monoculture (MA) planting pattern
was not significantly different from the arrowroot
tubers in the planting pattern with species combination
of F.moluccana þ arrowroot þ cardamom (FAC) and
FA in the agroforestry system. The phenolic content of
the MA pattern of 218.02 mg/g, with a content differ­
ence of 2.5–3.7% is higher than those in the agrofor­
estry system of 212.62 and 210.04 mg/g, respectively.
This result revealed that the two agroforestry models
can sustain the phenolic content of arrowroot tuber,
although this tuber was originated from an arrowroot
crop grown under heavy shade with a mixture with
the other two species. A study in India revealed that
the total phenolic in arrowroot tubers was 160 mg/g
(Ruba et al., 2013), but it was 379 mg/g in nine-month-
old arrowroot in Cambodia (Ieamkheng et al., 2022)
and 388.10 mg/g in Bantul, Yogyakarta, which is lower
than that in its leaf because leaf contain more flavon­
oid (Kusbandari & Susanti, 2017). The total phenolic
content of arrowroot varies in different parts of the
plant (rhizome, leaves or stem residue), plant age, and
sampling locations (Ieamkheng et al., 2022). Harvest
maturity also significantly affects the total phenolic
content (Han et al., 2019). In this research, the phen­
olic content of arrowroot tubers in monoculture sys­
tem was slightly higher than in agroforestry system.
The effects of light intensity on bioactive compounds
vary among plant species and the types of bioactive
compounds. Another study on Flourensia cernua found
a higher content of total phenolic compounds under
partially shaded conditions than under fully irradiated
conditions (Pant et al., 2021). Meanwhile, in Mahonia,
a higher yield of alkaloids was found in 50% of sun­
light followed by 30% of sunlight compared to 10%
and 100% (full) of sunlight (Li et al., 2018).
Table 1 shows that of the two agroforestry planting
patterns implemented, FAC planting pattern (with
combination of 3 species), produced a higher total
phenolic and starch content than those in FA agrofor­
estry planting pattern (with combination of 2 species).
This finding indicates the potential for increasing the
total phenolic content with a greater diversity of plant
species in the agroforestry system. This could be
caused by the efficient use of nutrients and lower com­
petition among the three species for the same
E-ISSN 2158-0715
nutrients, owing to the different nutrient needs of spe­
cies. Different types between the tree roots and crops
root can reduce competition for nutrients in these
plants. Tree roots that grow deeper act as a ‘nutrient
safety net’ by absorbing nutrients not absorbed by
food crops in the lower layers during the growing sea­
son. In an agroforestry system, deep tree roots act as
‘nutrient pumps’, moving nutrients from the lower
layers to the upper layers to be utilized by annual
crops with shallow roots (Allen et al., 2004). The spe­
cies combination of trees and crops found in agrofor­
estry practices can help to achieve food security and
sustain soil fertility from litter decomposition, which
can maintain soil organic C content as well as higher
land productivity and biodiversity (Mulia & Nguyen,
2021; Negash & Star, 2021).
The presence of diverse secondary metabolites,
including phenolic compounds, may contribute to anti­
oxidant activity (Fathoni et al., 2022). Phenolic compo­
nents act as antioxidant agents by donating hydrogen
to deactivate free radicals (Aryal et al., 2019). Several
studies have revealed a strong proportionate correl­
ation between total phenolic contents and antioxidant
capacity (Sari et al., 2015; Muddathir et al., 2017;
Batubara et al., 2023). Thus, arrowroot plant can be an
alternative source of antioxidants for maintaining
immunity. Since it can grow easily and is distributed
in various regions, including on marginal land, the
existence of this functional food crop is very promising
to support food security program.
In Indonesia, considering that more than 50% of
villages are located near and within forest areas
(KLHK, 2018; MoEFRI, 2022), arrowroot plants can be
very promising to be developed by mainstreaming
agroforestry in Social Forestry, which is mostly devel­
oped in the state forest. Besides functioning as an anti­
oxidant owing to its total phenolic content, its high
starch content also can helps reduce stunting in chil­
dren. Based on data from the National Nutrition
Status Survey year 2022 (SSGI), the prevalence of
stunting in Indonesia is still 21.6%. Despite this value
decreased compared to the previous year (24.4%), it
still exceeded the threshold of the World Health
Organization (WHO) of < 20% (Kemenkes, 2023; Eko
& Fariz, 2023). Therefore, arrowroot is also encouraged
to be a promising ‘food agroforestry’ besides coffee,
another important agroforestry crop commodities. A
recent study found that Robusta coffee extract is also a
potential functional food crops because of its high total
phenolic, alkaloid, and flavonoid content as well as
antioxidant activity and as natural compounds against
bacterial infections (Suryanti et al., 2023).
The starch produced in this research was around
17.40–25.81% with an average of 18.44% for FA model,
22.75% for FAC model and 23.99% for monoculture.
Although the highest starch content of the arrowroot
tuber produced from the MA pattern was significantly
different from the arrowroot tubers from the agrofor­
estry FA, it was not significantly different from the
agroforestry FAC (22.75%), which ranged 1.4–9.5%
higher than those in agroforestry system. The fresh
E-ISSN 2158-0715
tuber yield in the MA treatment was significantly
higher than that in the FA and FAC treatments.
Therefore, the starch and total phenolic content of the
tubers produced per plant in the MA treatment were
significantly higher than those in the FA and FAC
treatments. Fresh tuber yield productivity in the mono­
culture treatment ranged from 18.4–21.4 tons/ha with
a phenolic productivity of 4.0–5.0 kg/ha and tuber
starch of 4.3–5.3 tons/ha. Meanwhile, the fresh tuber
yield productivity in the agroforestry treatment ranged
from 11.1–14.2 tons/ha with a phenolic productivity of
2.2–2.9 kg/ha and tuber starch of 2.1–2.6 tons/ha.
In this study, the starch content of arrowroot
planted in agroforestry systems was higher than that
reported in previous research on monoculture pattern
in other regions. A previous study (Valencia et al.,
2015) reported that arrowroot tubers have been con­
sidered as a potential food source with high starch
content, ranging from 17.2–18.9%, cultivated in South
America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean islands,
Philippines and India. Another study on monoculture
practices revealed that the starch yield was around 15–
20%. Resistant starch in arrowroot can be a prebiotic
food (Harmayani et al., 2011). Meanwhile, the starch
content in this research was lower than that reported
by the other study, stating that arrowroot tuber from
the Cibatu population produced the highest starch
content of 27%. In contrast, the fresh weight of tuber
yield in the agroforestry pattern in this study was
higher than that of arrowroot tuber in the Cilawu and
Cikajang populations in Garut District. There are sig­
nificant differences in the morphophysiological charac­
teristics, tuber yield and starch content among
different locations of arrowroot populations (Rohandi
et al., 2017).
Starch content and tuber yield were significantly
affected by location/accession, altitude and tree shade.
Tuber yield and plant biomass tended to decrease with
increasing altitude. The growth parameters also
showed a positive correlation with starch content and
tuber biomass, indicating that arrowroot growth could
be a good indicator for genotype selection to gain a
better quality of starch content. The highest starch
content and tuber biomass were produced by arrow­
root crop cultivated in the lowland area under three-
year-old-sengon stands rather than under one and
two-year-old sengon stands. A light intensity of 25.2%
produces a higher starch content, tuber biomass and
yield (Sudrajat et al., 2023). Another study also
reported that the physicochemical and nutrient con­
tents of arrowroot varied, but there were no significant
differences between monoculture and agroforestry sys­
tem (Handayani et al., 2019). Yet another study con­
firmed that the productivity of arrowroot (Maranta
arundinaceae) tubers under Melia azedarach trees in
agroforestry and monoculture cropping patterns was
not significantly different (Handayani et al., 2019).
This could be caused by the wider planting distance of
M. azedarach trees allowing more sunlight to penetrate
the soil under the shade of the tree canopy, so that
photosynthesis occur optimally under its canopy shade.
FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 85
Arrowroot is adaptive to limited environmental
conditions, tolerant to heavy shade levels, can grow on
marginal lands and as a food source to substitute
wheat flour and rice. The quality of arrowroot flour
can also be influenced by the quality of the site where
it is grown (Sholichah et al., 2019). This condition
proved that arrowroot can adapt with a low input of
fertilizer, and can grow better under the sengon stand
in an agroforestry system. Agroforestry planting pat­
terns through intercropping legume trees provide some
advantages for the crops planted under the stands. The
existence of trees can increase the physical and chem­
ical fertility status of the soil included cation exchange
capacity through litterfall and tree root activity
(Gunawan et al., 2019), which increases the availability
of soil nutrients and minimizes root competition
between trees and crops to obtain nutrients to support
crops growth (Pachas et al., 2019; Wirabuana et al.,
2022).
The presence of trees in an agroforestry system pro­
vides many benefits for supporting crop growth under
tree shade, including (1) as a source of organic mater­
ial, fallen tree leaves and pruned leaves are returned to
the soil where they can be decomposed, so that the
soil becomes more crumbly, therefore, create a better
conditions for root growth. Plant biodiversity in agro­
forestry, like natural forests, is able to maintain soil
carbon balance, soil structure, soil nutrients and water
balance, as well as soil-borne diseases (Widyati et al.,
2022); (2) suppressing weed growth, the tree shade will
reduce the light entering soil thereby maintaining soil
moisture which can suppress the weed growth, espe­
cially alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) and reduce the
risk of fire in the dry season; (3) reducing nutrient
loss, tree roots which generally grow deeper act as a
“nutrient safety net” by absorbing nutrients that can
not be absorbed by food crops in the lower layers, as
well as as a “nutrient pump” which brings and moves
nutrients from the lower to the upper layers so that
can be utilized by annual crops with shallower roots
(Allen et al., 2004); (4) improving the physical, chem­
ical and biological soil properties through root activity
which can improve the soil structure and porosity,
where dead tree roots leave pore holes, thereby
increasing infiltration and reducing run-off. The phys­
ical soil quality of complex agroforestry is similar to
that of natural forest land, which has better structure,
porosity and bulk density (Briliawan et al., 2022;
Purnama et al., 2022). The presence of mycorrhiza at
tree roots in the agroforestry system may have great
potentials to improve soil fertility, and the existence of
trees in the agroforestry system can improve soil pH,
soil organic matter and bulk density (de la Cruz &
Galang, 2006); (5) fixing nitrogen (N) from the air,
especially legume trees that can fix N directly from the
air, thereby reducing the amount of fertilizer that has
to be applied to annual crops; (6) reducing the danger
of erosion, through its effect on improving soil organic
matter content and soil structure; (7) suppressing pest
and disease attacks, the presence of trees can reduce
the population of certain pests and diseases. Species
86 D. OCTAVIA ET AL.
diversity in agroforestry reduce the potential for plant
disease incidence by changing biological control mech­
anisms (Widyati et al., 2022). A study in Indonesia
(Jambi Province) revealed that bird diversity in young
(three-year-old) and old oil palm (20-year-old) agro­
forestry plots was higher than that in oil palm (15-
year-old) monoculture plot (Ridho et al., 2023).
Another study in West Java Province revealed that cof­
fee agroforestry systems generally sustain higher bio­
diversity than sun-exposed fields. However, their study
found that there was no diference in the richness and
abundance of invertebrates in coffee gardens between
sun-exposed and shade-grown coffee (Campera et al.,
2022); (8) maintaining the stability of the microcli­
mate, trees with spacing planted closely enough can
maintain the stability of the microclimate, reducing
wind speed which has the potential causing damage to
annual crops (tree as wind break, avoiding tilting/col­
lapsing of crops), increasing soil moisture through the
positive effects of shading tree canopy and falling litter,
and lowers the air temperature from the high intensity
of sunlight due to the beneficial partial shade of trees;
and (9) tree roots anchoring and binding soil, reducing
landslide in agroforestry area. The tree root systems of
tree species with deep roots and grass mixtures with
intense fine roots serves the highest stability on hill­
slopes and riverbanks (Hairiah et al., 2020).
Economic feasibility analysis in this study revealed
that the agroforestry planting pattern is more econom­
ically profitable for farmers than the monoculture
because in addition to obtaining short-term economic
benefits, the yield of sengon wood is also used as sav­
ings to gain long-term benefits. The other studies also
revealed the economic feasibility of agroforestry sengon
with other crops. Agroforestry of sengon with carda­
mom had the BCR of 1.45 (Indrajaya & Sudomo,
2013), sengon with pineapple had the BCR of 4.86
(Lensari et al., 2021), sengon with clove had the BCR
of 8.39 (Dwijo et al., 2020), arrowroot monoculture in
Malang-East Java had the BCR of 2.07 (Baluk, 2021)
and smallholder sengon plantation in Pati-Central Java
had the BCR of 1.70 (Stewart et al., 2021). Many stud­
ies have confirmed that agroforestry, a sustainable
management system on natural resources that integra­
tes trees on farms in the agricultural landscape, has the
capacity to provide multiple benefits and could be a
viable option for overcoming the challenges of poverty,
hunger and climate change. Diversifying various com­
modities in agroforestry such as wood producer, for­
ages for cattle, crops and palms can also be an
appropriate approach to enhance community liveli­
hood (Burgess et al., 2022; Octavia et al., 2023a).
Likewise, the land equivalent ratio (LER) value for
these two agroforestry cropping patterns (FA and
FAC) was 2.08 to 2.44 (LER > 1), indicating that land
productivity of agroforestry models is higher than
monoculture (Octavia et al., 2023b), which correlated
to higher economic advantages. Another study also
reported that combination of arrowroot with teak tree
(Tectona grandis) provided LER > 1 (Maharani et al.,
2022). It means the agroforestry models were beneficial
E-ISSN 2158-0715
than monoculture pattern ecologically and economic­
ally. Applying agroforestry enables farmers to have the
opportunity to work and earn from various plant spe­
cies throughout the year in a daily, monthly, yearly
base from fruits, cash crops, food, wood and other by-
products, for their families (Murniati et al., 2022). In
social-economic aspects, many studies reported that
livelihood was the most significant driving factor for
developing agroforestry in Indonesia (Parhusip et al.,
2019; Octavia & Rachmat, 2020). Further advantages,
arrowroot is a sturdy crop, easy to grow and can with­
stand extreme climatic conditions such as typhoons
and long dry seasons. In Philippines, tuber starch from
this crop directs a good market price and it is used
widely by cookie makers (Malinis & Pacardo, 2012). So
far, there is not many references cencerning financial
analysis of arrowroot in agroforestry have been
studied.
The above results showed that the species diversity
in agroforestry FAC planting pattern can sustain the
phenolic and starch content of arrowroot tuber, which
were not significantly different from the monoculture.
Although the tuber yield of the monoculture planting
pattern was higher than that of agroforestry pattern,
but the land equivalent ratio for these two agroforestry
models is > 1 (Octavia et al., 2023b), which indicated
the increase of land productivity by implementing
agroforestry systems. Likewise, more diversity of spe­
cies can provide more benefits to the farmers from the
increase in income and other ecological benefits. The
recent study reported that soil organic matter in the
agroforestry plot was still relatively high, reaching
5.03% in 10 months after planting. Even though there
was a small decrease in soil organic carbon, the occur­
rence was lower in agroforestry plots compared to
monoculture. In addition, agroforestry model can
increase the 1.8-cineol content and essential oil yield
of cardamom leaf combined to arrowroot plant under
F. moluccana shade trees (Octavia et al., 2024). The
growth of arrowroot tubers requires greater nutrient
uptake including organic carbon in starch formation.
Tuber crops are wasteful in absorbing nutrients
(Agusalim et al. 2022), therefore, the agroforestry
planting pattern for this species are considered more
capable of maintaining land fertility and productivity,
than monoculture. This may be caused by the positive
effect of leaves litter and root activity of legume trees
which provided soil nutrients. Agroforestry FAC also
provides feasible economic benefits with a benefit-cost
ratio (BCR) of 3.21 and a higher positive annual net
income than monoculture.
Trees in agroforestry systems play an important role
in maintaining soil fertility through root activity and
litter input. Agroforestry practice can maintain better
growth of arrowroot in generating good phenolic and
starch contents. Agroforestry FAC provides more eco­
logical and economic benefits to the community and
environment to achieve sustainable development goals,
especially goal 1 (no poverty), goal 2 (zero hunger),
goal 13 (climate action) and goal 15 (life on land).
This will encourage its development, not only to
E-ISSN 2158-0715
support food security, but also to support forestry
multi business and social forestry programs to achieve
sustainable forest management.
Conclusion
Overall, this research concluded the total phenolic and
starch contents of the arrowroot tuber generated from
agroforestry planting pattern of F.moluccana þ arrow­
root þ cardamom (FAC) are not significantly different
from that of the arrowroot tuber generated from
monoculture (MA) planting pattern. The MA pattern
gave the highest phenolic content of arrowroot tuber
of 218.02 mg/g, with a total phenolic content difference
of 2.5-3.7% higher than those in agroforestry system.
The highest starch content of the arrowroot tuber of
23.99% was generated from the MA pattern. However,
it was not significantly different from the FAC pattern
in the agroforestry system of 22.75%, with a starch
content difference of 1.4-9.5% higher than those in
agroforestry system. Likewise, the integration of arrow­
root under agroforestry not significantly reduced the
quality of arrowroot tubers. The agroforestry practice
can maintained the total phenolic and starch content
of arrowroot tubers as well as provided more eco­
logical and economic benefits to the farmers.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed equally to the discussion of conceptual
ideas, conducted literature reviews, analyzed the data and final­
ized the manuscript. D.O performed the experiment, prepared
the original draft, reviewed and edited the manuscript. N.W,
S.W.B, I.B and S.S provided critical comments and feedback on
the manuscript. All the authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was partially funded by the Center for
Standardization of Sustainable Forest Management Instruments
– the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the National
Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN).
Acknowledgments
The authors express their sincere gratitude to the National
Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Center
for Standardization of Sustainable Forest Management
Instruments, Forest Research and Development Center -
Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Tropical Biopharmaca
Research Center for supporting this research, and the Faculty of
Forestry and Environment - IPB University for providing the
research location. The authors acknowledge the facilities, scien­
tific and technical support provided by the Laboratory of the
Department of Food Science and Technology (LDITP) of IPB
University, and the Laboratory of Starch Technology through E-
Layanan Sains (ELSA) of BRIN. The authors would like to thank
Dr. Puspita Deswina and Nurhaidar Rahman for their support
in providing the arrowroot tubers as planting material in this
research, Anisa Putri Maulidya for technical data processing,
Fariz Choirul Wildan for providing the map, and Etik Erna
Wati Hadi for the initial formatting of the references.
FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 87
Conflict of interest The authors declared no conflicts of
interest.
ORCID
Dona Octavia http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0108-3237
Nurheni Wijayanto http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0770-2948
Sri Wilarso Budi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-4261
Irmanida Batubara http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8201-7807
Sri Suharti http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-5451
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