BERNOULLI'S THEOREM

AIM:
● To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally.
● To plot the total energy line Vs distance.

THEORY:
This is the energy equation and is based on the law of conservation of energy. This
equation states that at two sections of flow field the total energy remains the same.
Provided that there is no loss or gain of energy between the two sections. This
equation is valid only for steady flow. This equation is expressed as:
2
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝐸= ρ𝑔
+ 2𝑔
+ 𝑍1
2
𝑃2 𝑉2
= ρ𝑔
+ 2𝑔
+ 𝑍2

Where:
E = Total Energy
𝑃1
ρ𝑔
= Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point
2
𝑉1
2𝑔
= Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at point 1

𝑍1 = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head at point 1

𝑃2
ρ𝑔
= Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point
2
𝑉2
2𝑔
= Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at point 2

𝑍2 = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head at point 2

𝑃1 = Pressure of fluid at point 1

𝑃2 = Pressure of fluid at point 2

𝑉1 = Velocity of fluid at point 1

𝑉2 = Velocity of fluid at point 2

DESCRIPTION:
The present experimental set-up for Bernoulli's Theorem is self-contained
re-circulating unit. The set-up accompanies the Sump tank, Constant Head Tank,
Centrifugal Pump for water lifting, Measuring tank etc. Control Valve and By-Pass
Valve is provided to regulate the flow of water in Constant Head Tank. A conduit,
made of Perspex, of varying cross section is provided, which is having converging
and diverging section. Piezometer tubes are fitted on this test section at regular
interval. The inlet of the conduit is connected to constant head tank. At the outlet
of conduit, a valve is provided to regulate the flow of water through the test
section. After achieving the steady state, discharge through test section can be
measured with the help of measuring tank and Stop Watch.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
● U Power supply: Single Phase, 220 Volts, 50 Hz, 5 Amp with Earth
connection.
● Water Supply.
● Space required: 1.6m x 0.5m
● Drain

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Starting Procedure:
● Clean the apparatus and make all the tanks free from Dust.
● Close the drain valves provided.
● Fill Sump tank ¾ with Clean Water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
● Close Flow Control Valve given at the end of Test Section.
● Open Flow Control Valve and By-Pass Valve given on the water supply line
to Overhead Tank.
● Ensure that all On/Off Switches given on the Panel are at OFF position.
● Now switch On the Main Power Supply (220 V AC, 50 Hz).
● Switch on the Pump.
● Regulate Flow of water through Test Section with the help of given Gate
Valve at the end of Test Section.
● Measure Flow Rate using Measuring Tank and Stop Watch.

Closing Procedure:
● When experiment is over, Switch off Pump.
● Switch off Power Supply to Panel.
● Drain water from all tanks with the help of given drain valves.
STANDARD DATA:
g = Acceleration due to Gravity =9.81 m/s^2
A = Area of Measuring Tank = 0.1 m^2

S.N. of test Cross-sectional Area of test section A Distance from Reference

points 2
(𝑚 ) point S (m)

1 6.1575 x 10
−4 0.03
2 4.7143 x10
−4 0.07
3 3.463 x10
−4 0.11
4 2.405 x10
−4 0.15
5 1.539 x10
−4 0.19
6 2.405 x10
−4 0.23
7 3.463 x10
−4 0.27
8 4.7143 x10
−4 0.31
9 6.1575 x10
−4 0.35
 FORMULAE:
1. Total Energy (E):
2
𝑃 𝑉
𝐸= ρ𝑔
+ 2𝑔
+𝑍

2. Velocity of Fluid (V):

𝑄
𝑉= 𝑎

3. Discharge (Q):
𝑣
𝑄= 𝑡
(v= A x R)

4.
𝑃
ρ𝑔
=ℎ

E= Total Energy.
𝑃1
ρ𝑔
= Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head.
2
𝑉
2𝑔
= Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head.

Z= Potential energy per unit weight of potential head.

p= Pressure of fluid (m of water).
V= Velocity of fluid (m/s).
Q= Discharge through test section.
v=Volume of water collected in measuring tank.
R=Rise of water level in Measuring Tank.
t=Time taken for R

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.N. R t h (cm)
(cm) (sec) at Piezometric Tube No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.
2.
3.

CALCULATION TABLE:
Run No: =
3
Discharge = 𝑚 /𝑠

Tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
No.
V
(m/s)
𝑃
ρ𝑔
2
𝑉
2𝑔
Z
E
PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:
● Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
● Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
● Always keep apparatus free from dust.
● To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
● Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
● Always use clean water.
● If apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely, and fill pump with cutting oil.

TROUBLE SHOOTINGS:
● If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft
manually.
● If pump gets heat up, switch off the main power for 15 minutes and avoid
closing the flow control valve and by pass valve simultaneously during
operation.