2022 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)

Secure Password Using EEG-based BrainPrint

System: Unlock Smartphone Password Using Brain-
2022 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) | 978-1-6654-6819-0/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/BIBM55620.2022.9995304

Computer Interface Technology

Zuwaina Alkhyeli1, Ayesha Alshehhi2, Mazna Alhemeiri3, Salma Aldhanhani3, Khalil AlBalushi2, Fatima Ali
AlNuaimi4, Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem3

Dep. Computer Science and Software Engineering, CIT, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
1

2
Dep. Information Systems and Security, CIT, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
3
Dep. Computer & Network Engineering, CIT, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.
4
Autonomous Robotics Research Center, TII, Abu Dhabi, UAE.

Abstract—As security becomes a strong factor in daily
activities, finding secure ways to unlock machines and
smartphones is a challenge due to hardware limitations and the
high risk of hacking. Considering the level of security and privacy
in the digital world, attackers tend to be one step ahead. Therefore,
this technical paper introduces a brain-computer interface (BCI)
for increasing subject-based security using unique biometric
features as a solution to build complex passwords. The BCI
measures brain changes and extracts relevant bio-features from
each subject using non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG)
tests. The proposed system allows users to gain access to their
devices using brain waves (bypass) instead of inserting their
password manually (normal path), which saves the user time and
upgrades the level of privacy as no physical actions are required
during this process. This system is also well suited for individuals
with mobility impairments. We used the P300-based BCI
controlling paradigm which depends on reading the electrical
brain activity of the user when observing a particular object. The
other feature of the system is that it can extract unique features of
each individual brain to produce a network that uniquely
identifies them, which is used as a security layer. Users need to
enter their unique network to access their device with failed
attempts requiring an EEG test to identify the user. The system
plays an active role in facilitating user processes for authentication
while accessing devices. The system establishes an urgent call
whenever the user’s brain currents command it to. The project
outcomes were assessed by simulating the BCI before real-time
implementation to determine errors and resolve the validity of the
project scope.
and allows users to attain their passwords as a network that
represents user preferences (BrainPrint) that the user may not
know. The proposed system can extract unique biometric
features from an individual’s brain to produce different
networks for use as a security layer based on brain-computer
interface (BCI) technology (see Fig. 1). The BCI allows humans
to communicate and send commands from their brain to external
devices, such as computers or drones, for different applications
(medical or non-medical) by measuring brain signals with
electrodes [1–9]. These capture neural signals from a user’s
brain and extract features. These extracted features are then used
to train machine learning (ML) models for different tasks [10–
16].
The security layer can be entered without any physical
reaction (bypass) as the developed system is sufficiently
accurate so that users can enter their passwords without moving
apart. This feature applies to all traditional security layers
available in the market. From a privacy perspective, this adds
significant contributing factors in mitigating violations to users’
privacy during their attempts to access their accounts on public
ATMs or other intelligent devices based on their physical
appearance [17]. At the same time, user access is similar, which

Keywords—Brain-computer Interface, BCI, Robot Operating

System, ROS, Electroencephalogram, EEG.

I. INTRODUCTION
The majority of security systems depend greatly on giving
users the option to shape the security layer on their intelligent
machines, which is a repetitive approach as technology
progresses in this field. The proposed solution breaks this loop Fig. 1 Secure password using EEG-based Brainprint system: Concept for
the proposed traditional BCI and biomarker architecture.

978-1-6654-6819-0/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 1982

Authorized licensed use limited to: United Arab Emirates University. Downloaded on January 09,2023 at 05:42:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
prevents stalkers and cameras from sniffing user inputs. If the
user is under threat to draw money or unlock their phone, the
process will fail as this activity creates disorder in brain currents,
which is another security advantage. This can be achieved
through a wearable EEG headset that reads activities in various
channels of the brain. To generate a unique network, users watch
videos of various situations while training the ML system [18].
We depict changes in the electrical currents of users’ brains
by installing eight electrodes on top of the head. Collected data
are gathered, cleaned, and preprocessed to ensure they can be
input into the system. The data are used with two different
approaches. First is the network creation, which is done by
pushing the data through correlation techniques to produce a
spectrogram for the network creation. The network exhibits the
brain-print of each user, which is used as a security layer during
login. The second usage is around user identification. Statistics
and data are fed to an adaptive deep learning model to predict
user authenticity. If a user fails to enter the correct network, an
EEG test will take place to provide data to the model for
authentication. For bypass access (entering a password without
moving any part of your body), once the electrodes are
positioned, the user observes the key they mean to input.
Patterns are produced as the P300 method depends extensively
on reading the EEG while the currents pass between brain lobes,
which is measured by the proposed system to indicate what is to
be performed on the user device.
There are many different BCI applications, such as word
processing, adapted web browsers, wheelchair brain control, and
games [9,19]. The BCI applications have improved the quality
of life for all categories of people, including those with
disabilities, and have served many other industries. Most BCI
systems use non-invasive EEG signals as they provide
acceptable signal quality that utilizes inexpensive and easy-to-
use equipment [20–22].
Several projects are at the valuable emergence between the
brain and security topics, such as the SaS-BCI (Signal
Acquisition Strategy-Brain Computer Interface), which is a new
strategy to predict image memorability that uses mental imagery
as brain-based biometric authentication [23]. Their project
records user brain signals while showing several images that
they are then asked to recall. The user’s brain current reactions
are captured at the instant of recall to generate an ID that
represents the individual. Whenever the user wants to gain
access to their device, the results observed during the
Fig. 2 Traditional P300-based BCI for unlock smartphone password.
1983
Authorized licensed use limited to: United Arab Emirates University. Downloaded on January 09,2023 at 05:42:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
identification phase are matched with their brain currents when
considering the same image.
The common situation we both are willing to address is
maintaining reliability while raising security through unique
features in a user’s brain. Our proposed approach depends on
showing short videos to capture user brain interactions and
generate a network as a protection layer. In comparison, SaS-
BCI project focused on capturing brain interactions while
showing users a picture. Then, during the access phase, the users
must recall the images they saw for identification. Over time,
users’ memorization of an image deteriorates, which forces them
to keep a physical or soft copy on a different device as a
reference whenever they face such difficulty. Alternative
developers can get users back to the traditional way of
authenticating after several attempts.
Another proposed idea is the “Brain-computer Interface-
based User Authentication System for Personal Device
Security” [24]. This process unlocks any device using a
password generated by the user’s brain. The user selects the row
from a 3×3 matrix of flashing circles that contains the circle they
want. The user then selects the circle itself from that row and
will be required to set a number for the chosen item from their
brain waves. This is used to train the machine on the formation
of user currents while setting a password so that when the
headset is placed on the user, the machine can detect whenever
there is a trigger in their brain currents. At the same time, the
user hears a particular integer based on what they set previously.
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS
A. Requirement and Analysis
This section presents the proposed BCI system architecture
with differences between the traditional BCI and the biomarkers
for BrainPrint (shown in Fig. 1) and what the proposed system
requires to achieve its goal. The functional, non-functional, and
support system requirements are also specified under this
section. To build our system, there is some software must be
downloaded, we must download Unicorn software in PC1 and
download Python, Anaconda, AirDroid in PC2, the AirDroid
must be downloaded also in the smartphone and make sure that
we logged in on the same account in the smartphone and PC2
with enabling the remote permissions. PC2 must be connected
on the same LAN as PC1. Using a specific code to control PC’s2
mouse and receiving the command from PC1 and run it on
Anaconda. Install the unicorn brain interface on the user’s head
and make sure they are focusing on the function to specific the
Fig. 3 Implementation steps for BCI-based password unlock.
sending command. There are some conditions must be
implemented to get an accurate data first of all, the unicorn must
be fully charged and make sure that the individual who wears
the unicorn is relaxed and comfortable in a quiet environment,
not to forget that the smartphone also must be full charged and
function appropriately to avoid any issues maybe faced. The
hardware needed to build our system is two PCs, smartphone,
Unicorn Hybrid EEG Electrodes, Unicorn Brain Interface
Hybrid Black, Unicorn USB Charging Cable, Unicorn Sticky
Electrodes, Unicorn Bluetooth Dongle and Unicorn Brain
Interface Hybrid Black. We have used software called “Unicorn
Recorder Hybrid Black”, that has a license for Unicorn Speller
Hybrid Black. Plus, we used AirDroid Application for PC2,
AirDroid Application for Smartphone, Python 3.8, Anaconda,
and MATLAB.
TABLE I. Comparison table between brain bypass and normal path.
Type Bypass Normal path
Security Security-based on Security-based on user
user password choice password choice
User response time Faster Slower
Brain features Not unique Not unique
B. Design and Architecture
This section discusses the project design and architecture.
The user attains a secure password by creating a unique network
from a recorded signal while watching different videos. This is
particularly useful for people with disabilities as they will be
able to unlock their devices without moving any part of their
body. These techniques can be used separately as a bypass to
unlock the password using traditional means. In general, the
Fig. 4 Our proposed framework for secure password using EEG-based Brainprint system.
1984
Authorized licensed use limited to: United Arab Emirates University. Downloaded on January 09,2023 at 05:42:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
bypass has more benefits than conventional approaches (Table
1).
The Unicorn recorder software tracks the status of the
electrodes to ensure they are sensing the currents properly. This
illuminates green lights to indicate proper functioning and
orange for poor functioning. Then, the Unicorn Speller software
is opened, which contains 12 visual items that refer to the actions
needed for the first solution to unlock the smartphone password
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, enter, and delete). The user is asked to
focus on the flashing items so they can choose the correct
password. Calibration is performed before letting the user make
a selection to ensure the results are accurate (see Fig. 2).
C. Implementation and Testing:
The user sits in front of a PC and focuses on flashing items.
Two PCs are used in the solution. The first collects the signals
and the second performs the action on the smartphone
(Android). The second PC has the open-source package
Anaconda installed and a distribution of Python and R for
scientific computing [25]. The laptop runs the Python code and
an AirDroid application that remotely controls the smartphone.
The second laptop should be connected to the same network
as the first laptop through an Ethernet cable. A ping is sent in the
command prompt to check that the two laptops are connected.
The IP address of the first laptop was for instance 192.168.0.1
and that for the second was 192.168.0.3, which Unicorn Speller
wants to customize. After checking and fixing any issues with
the connection between the laptops, the AirDroid client is
opened on the second laptop to control the smartphone, which is
also opened on the smartphone. Fig. 3 shows the system
architecture of the application and the connection between all
devices. After signing in, the smartphone is seen to be
connected, but we must check if it is root or non-root for the
control. If the AirDroid Personal Desktop Client cannot
recognize the phone when running, the non-root needs to
connect the Android device to a computer through a USB cable.

Fig. 5 EEG decoding flowcharts. a) Traditional BCI-based control for the
BrainPrint entity relationship flowchart. b) Biomarkers for the BrainPrint
flowchart.
The computer may not recognize the Android device via USB
cable, so several steps are followed to address this issue:
1) Enable “USB debugging” from the “developer option”
2) From the developer options, choose “Revoke USB
debugging authorizations” – “OK;” once the USB
cable is reconnected, tab on an “allow” button from the
USB debugging pop-up window
3) Ensure the system is changed to USB mode; in some
cases, this problem was not resolved unless the cable
was changed
The phone is controlled by a remote client, as shown in Fig.
2, which gives complete control. The P300 Speller is used on the
first laptop, and the icon is selected for the item to appear on the
1985
Authorized licensed use limited to: United Arab Emirates University. Downloaded on January 09,2023 at 05:42:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fig. 6 Recording EEG signal during the second solution to unlock a
smartphone password by creating a specific user biomarker.
calibration. The saved calibration set dialog appears once the
items panel is completed or the user has stopped calibration.
This sends the key to the second laptop to unlock the
smartphone. If the calibration is successful, a correct key is
obtained to unlock the password. For example, when the person
selects the icon named Key_8, which is the number eight, the
arrow on the second laptop moves to the position of the number
eight. Anaconda is used to run the Python code, which moves
the pointer to the intended position as an input. An SOS call
option was added so that disabled individuals can easily contact
their family or the police to ask for help or any other condition.
The first part of Fig. 3 illustrates the flowchart of the process
for traditional BCI. The owner sends signals using the EEG to
select the icon. A command is then sent to the PC, and the
smartphone is controlled remotely to unlock the password
through brain signals using the AirDroid application installed on
the PC. As brainwaves in the first part of the project are
associated with more than one person, they are not unique. Thus,
we have been trying to propose a new way for each person to
have individual brain prints. The second part of the project
introduces a biomarker-based password control to solve security
issues by finding particular brain features for each person. For
implementation, different videos were recorded for each person
and a unique network was developed.
We propose two different implementations: one for healthy
people and one for people with disabilities. Healthy users will
enter their unique patterns manually. If the user enters it
correctly, the phone is unlocked. If not, the user must perform
the EEG test by watching the nine videos three times, and the
average for each video is calculated and compared with the
results saved on the network. After matching, the password is
unlocked for the people with disabilities, and the user enters the
unique pattern using bypass technology by attaining brain
signals and doing actions without needing any external help to
enter the password, which is similar to the first type. If the
pattern is entered incorrectly, an EEG test will be required. Fig.
3 presents the process of the project implementations.
III. TESTING AND RELIMINARY RESULTS
To test the implementation, the user sits in front of a PC and
is focused on the displayed video to produce a unique network.
Nine different videos are prepared, and each one has a unique
impact on the user. In the first step, we checked whether the
electrodes are working or not. Then, by ensuring the electrodes
gave a green color, we asked the user not to perform any
movement while playing videos. While the user was watching,
their signals were recorded and saved into a separate file for
subsequent processing, as shown in Fig. 4. This process was
repeated three times to ensure precise readings. Each record
was collected on the sprite excel file. We had 27 excel sheets
with personal information and analyzed the data in MATLAB.
Two graphs (normal signal and spectrogram) to find the
average of the three results from each video are shown in Fig.
4.
The unique network for each user is created by analyzing
the signals in MATLAB. There are five networks as each
frequency band could have different results to make it accurate.
After the average was found, each electrode was correlated to
produce one unique network for each individual. We chose
video 1 as a reference and correlated it with all sampled
frequencies to define the number of samples per second. A total
of 256 sampling frequencies were found (12,800 (rows=
samples) × 8 (columns= electrodes)). We minimized the video
from 60 to 50 s for the 27 videos. We also preprocessed the data
by deleting unnecessary columns that do not represent the
electrodes readings to achieve a better accuracy. The two
spectrograms and the average signal for the volunteers (video
6) are shown in Fig. 4. The results are different and unique
based on examining the average signal. Fig. 4 also shows the
correlation between two volunteers for all the videos they
watched in step 4. The data using the MATLAB correlation are
considered based on video 1 as a reference for the database.
After the above step, the K-nearest neighbor approach is used
to check the similarity between the two datasets. The algorithm
stores the existing data and categorizes new data based on the
similarities. This is typically used to categorize data points
based on how their neighbors are grouped. Thus, in the first
step, all the data are added to one excel sheet from EEG-1
through EEG-8. Then, a row is added to link each data with its
corresponding video number. Moreover, the data are uploaded
to the python code. Once the code is executed, the data are
divided into two sections, 75% for training data and 25% for
the testing data. The produced model predicts which video the
user watched based on their brain data with an accuracy of 31%.
Most classes were classified as two possible solutions, either
yes or no. In our case, the data included six different classes that
considers a high range of classifications to check if the accuracy
was acceptable. We divide one by the number of classes, which
is 1/6, so if the accuracy exceeds 16%, we consider it
acceptable. Fig. 5 shows two diagrams to describe the used
algorithms for both traditional BCI and the Biomarkers for
BrainPrint. The user signal is detected while showing them
videos (see Fig. 6), and the data are analyzed using MATLAB
software. Afterward, the average is applied for the three
attempts. We then compared the signals for each video, and the
final network results for user 1 and user 2. The proposed
framework was designed to avoid several BCI cybersecurity
risks [26].
1986
Authorized licensed use limited to: United Arab Emirates University. Downloaded on January 09,2023 at 05:42:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have highlighted the major role our project
plays in making authentication processes an extraordinary
experience by raising the standards of security, and privacy. In
that, users will experience cutting-edge technology that has not
taken place in the area of security earlier. As this technology
strength relies on recognizing complex patterns a user's brain
generates, we have mentioned how to make the best use of these
measurements to serve in the generation of a new security layer
for locking smart devices. The concept has taken two paths. One
provides nonphysical interaction (brainwaves) for gaining
access to a smart device (Unlocking password as user command,
bypass). Whereas the other concern is pointing out the unique
features of each individual brain wave, by examining their
encephalography’s behavior during the observation of nine
videos. We highly believe that this innovative idea will
contribute to making a noble addition to the field of security
owing to the joy and flexibility it adds during authentication
procedures. This keeps pace with the aspiration of nations and
the technology market in the field of security.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
AB acknowledges support from the United Arab Emirates University and
ASPIRE (AYIA20-002, 21T057).
REFERENCES
[1] D. M. Taylor, S. I. H. Tillery, and A. B. Schwartz, “Direct cortical control
of 3d neuro prosthetic devices,” Science, vol. 296, no. 5574, pp. 1829–
1832, 2002.
[2] F. A. Al-Nuaimi, R. J. Al-Nuaimi, S. S. Al-Dhaheri, S. Ouhbi, and A. N.
Belkacem, “Mind Drone Chasing Using EEG-based Brain Computer
Interface,” 2020 16th International Conference on Intelligent
Environments (IE), pp. 74–79, Jul. 2020, doi:
10.1109/ie49459.2020.9154926.
[3] H. Wang and A. Bezerianos, “Brain-controlled wheelchair controlled by
sustained and brief motor imagery bcis,” Electronics Letters, vol. 53, no.
17, pp. 1178–1180, 2017.
[4] Q. Gao, L. Dou, A. N. Belkacem, and C. Chen, “Noninvasive
electroencephalogram based control of a robotic arm for writing task
using hybrid bci system,” BioMed research international, vol. 2017, 2017.
[5] L. Shao, L. Zhang, A. N. Belkacem, Y. Zhang, X. Chen, J. Li, and H. Liu,
“Eeg-controlled wall-crawling cleaning robot using ssvep-based brain-
computer interface,” Journal of Healthcare Engineering, vol. 2020, 2020.
[6] A. N. Belkacem, S. Nishio, T. Suzuki, H. Ishiguro, and M. Hirata,
“Neuromagnetic decoding of simultaneous bilateral hand movements for
multidimensional brain–machine interfaces,” IEEE Transactions on
Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1301–
1310, 2018.
[7] J. R.Wolpaw, N. Birbaumer, D. J. McFarland, G. Pfurtscheller, and T. M.
Vaughan, “Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control,”
Clinical neurophysiology, vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 767–791, 2002.
[8] G. Schalk, P. Brunner, L. A. Gerhardt, H. Bischof, and J. R. Wolpaw,
“Brain–computer interfaces (bcis): detection instead of classification,”
Journal of neuroscience methods, vol. 167, no. 1, pp. 51–62, 2008.
[9] N. Birbaumer, C. Weber, C. Neuper, E. Buch, K. Haapen, and L. Cohen,
“Physiological regulation of thinking: brain–computer interface (bci)
research,” Progress in brain research, vol. 159, pp. 369–391, 2006.
[10] A. Agarwal et al., "Protecting Privacy of Users in Brain-Computer
Interface Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and
Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1546-1555, Aug. 2019, doi:
10.1109/TNSRE.2019.2926965.
[11] T. L. Bonaci, J. Herron, and H. J. Chizeck, “How susceptible is the brain London, United Kingdom: IntechOpen, 2019 [Online]. Available:
to the side-channel private information extraction,” Amer. J. Bioethics, https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/66160 doi:
Neurosci., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 82–83, 2015. 10.5772/intechopen.84621
[12] M. Inzlicht, I. McGregor, J. B. Hirsh, and K. Nash, “Neural markers of [20] S. G. Mason, A. Bashashati, M. Fatourechi, K. F. Navarro, and G. E.
religious conviction,” Psychol. Sci., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 385–392, Mar. Birch, “A Comprehensive Survey of Brain Interface Technology
2009. Designs,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 137–169,
[13] M. Poel, C. Mühl, B. Reuderink, and A. Nijholt, “Guessing what’s on Nov. 2006, doi: 10.1007/s10439-006-9170-0.
your mind,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Brain Inform., Aug. 2010, pp. 180–191. [21] L. R. Hochberg and J. P. Donoghue, "Sensors for brain-computer
[14] Z. G. Doborjeh, M. G. Doborjeh, and N. Kasabov, “Attentional bias interfaces," in IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, vol.
pattern recognition in spiking neural networks from spatio-temporal EEG 25, no. 5, pp. 32-38, Sept.-Oct. 2006, doi:
data,” Cogn. Comput., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 35–48, Feb. 2018. 10.1109/MEMB.2006.1705745.
[15] X. Qian et al., “Brain-computer-interface-based intervention RE- [22] C. Chen, P. Zhou, A. N. Belkacem, L. Lu, R. Xu, X. Wang, W. Tan, Z.
normalizes brain functional network topology in children with attention Qiao, P. Li, Q. Gao et al., “Quadcopter robot control based on hybrid
deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” Transl. Psychiatry, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 149, brain–computer interface system,” Sensors and Materials, vol. 32, no. 3,
2018. pp. 991–1004, 2020.
[16] D. Wu, V. J. Lawhern, S. Gordon, B. J. Lance, and C.-T. Lin, “Driver [23] F. Yousefi, H. Kolivand, and T. Baker, “SaS-BCI: a new strategy to
drowsiness estimation from EEG signals using online weighted predict image memorability and use mental imagery as a brain-based
adaptation regularization for regression (OwARR),” IEEE Trans. Fuzzy biometric authentication,” Neural Computing and Applications, Aug.
Syst., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1522–1535, Dec. 2017. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00521-020-05247-1.
[17] V. Malathi, B. Balamurugan and S. Eshwar, "Achieving Privacy and [24] T. Hossain, A. rakshit and A. Konar, "Brain-Computer Interface based
Security Using QR Code by Means of Encryption Technique in ATM," User Authentication System for Personal Device Security," 2020
2017 Second International Conference on Recent Trends and Challenges International Conference on Computer, Electrical & Communication
in Computational Models (ICRTCCM), 2017, pp. 281-285, doi: Engineering (ICCECE), 2020, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/ICRTCCM.2017.36. 10.1109/ICCECE48148.2020.9223069.
[18] A. A. Khan, A. A. Laghari, A. A. Shaikh, M. A. Dootio, V. V. Estrela, [25] S. R. White, L. M. Amarante, A. V. Kravitz, and M. Laubach, “The Future
and R. T. Lopes, “A blockchain security module for brain-computer Is Open: Open-Source Tools for Behavioral Neuroscience Research,”
interface (BCI) with Multimedia Life Cycle Framework (MLCF),” eneuro, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. ENEURO.0223-19.2019, Jul. 2019, doi:
Neuroscience Informatics, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 100030, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1523/eneuro.0223-19.2019.
10.1016/j.neuri.2021.100030. [26] A. N. Belkacem, “Cybersecurity framework for P300-based brain
[19] K. Sumi, K. Yabuki, T. J. Tiam-Lee, A. N. Belkacem, Q. Ferre, S. Hirai, computer interface,” IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man,
and T. Endo, "A Cooperative Game Using the P300 EEG-Based Brain- and Cybernetics (SMC), 1-6
Computer Interface", in Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering.

1987

Authorized licensed use limited to: United Arab Emirates University. Downloaded on January 09,2023 at 05:42:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.