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Full download College Algebra 3rd Edition Ratti Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
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Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants
6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 5. First write the system as an augmented matrix.
⎧6 x + 8 y − 14 z = 3 ⎡ 6 8 −14 3⎤ ⎡ 8 21⎤
⎪
7. ⎨3x + 4 y − 7 z = 12 ⇒ ⎢ 3 4 −7 12⎥ ⎢1 0 − 5 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ 5
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩6 x + 3 y + z = 0
⎣⎢ 6 3 1 0⎦⎥ → ⎢0 1 −
2 14 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11
⎢ 5 5⎥
Now perform the row operations. ⎢0 0 1 −2 ⎥
⎡6 8 −14 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 4 −7 12⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ 8 ⎡1 0 0 1⎤
⎢⎣6 3 1 0⎥⎦ R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
⎡ 3 4 −7 12⎤ 2
R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢6 8 −14 3⎥
5 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −2⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥ The solution is {(1, 2, −2)}.
⎢⎣6 3 1 0⎥⎦
⎡ 4 7 ⎤ ⎧ x+ z = −1 ⎡ 1 0 1 −1⎤
1 ⎢ 1 3 − 3 4⎥ ⎪
9. ⎨ 3 y + 2 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 0 3 2 5⎥
R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢6 8 −14 3⎥ ⎪⎩3x − 3 y + z = −8
⎣⎢ 3 −3 1 −8⎦⎥
⎢6 3 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 0 1 −1⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0 3 2 5⎥
⎡ 4 7 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 3 − 3 4⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 −3 1 −8⎥⎦
−6 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 0 1 −1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 0 −21⎥
→ ⎢0 3 2 5⎥
−3R1 + R3 → R3
⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 0⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −3 −2 −5⎥⎦
Since the second row is equivalent to 0 = −21, the
system is inconsistent and the solution is ∅. ⎡1 0 1 −1⎤
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 2 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢0 1 ⎥
⎧ 2 x − 3 y − 2 z = 0 ⎡ 2 −3 − 2 0 ⎤ R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎪
8. ⎨ x + y − 2 z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 −2 7 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎣
⎪⎩3x − 5 y − 5 z = 3 ⎢⎣ 3 −5 −5 3⎥⎦ The matrix is in row echelon form. The
⎡ 2 −3 −2 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 −2 7 ⎤ ⎧ x + z = −1
⎢ 1 1 −2 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎪
→ ⎢ 2 −3 −2 0 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2 equivalent system is ⎨ 2 5 . Solving
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ y + 3 z = 3
⎣⎢ 3 −5 −5 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 −5 −5 3⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1 −2 7⎤ for x and y in terms of z, we have x = − z − 1
→ 0 −5 2 −14⎥
⎢
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 5 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ and y = − z .
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 3 3
⎣⎢0 −8 1 −18⎦⎥
⎧⎛ 5 2 ⎞⎫
⎡ 1 1 −2 7⎤ The solution set is ⎨ ⎜ − z − 1, − z , z ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ ⎩ ⎝ ⎠⎭
2 14 ⎥
1
− R2 → R2 3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯5
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ 5 5⎥ ⎧ s = 0.01s + 0.1c + 0.1t + 12.46
⎢ 0 −8 ⎪
⎣ 1 −18⎥⎦ 10. a. ⎨c = 0.2s + 0.02c + 0.01t + 3 or
⎡ 8 21⎤ ⎩⎪t = 0.25s + 0.3c + 2.7
⎢1 0 − 5 5 ⎥ ⎧ 0.99s − 0.1c − 0.1t = 12.46
⎢ ⎥ ⎪
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 2 14 ⎥ ⎨ −0.2s + 0.98c − 0.01t = 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 − ⎪⎩−0.25s − 0.3c + t = 2.7
8 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 5 5⎥
⎢ 11 22 ⎥
⎢0 0 − ⎥ b. 0.99(14) − 0.1(6) − 0.1(8) = 12.46
⎣⎢ 5 5 ⎦⎥ −0.2(14) + 0.98(6) − 0.01(8) = 3
−0.25(14) − 0.3(6) + (8) = 2.7
{
⎧− x + 2 y + 3z = 6
system. ⎪ x− y+ z = 2
26. ⎨2 x + 3 y + z = 2 27.
2 x + y − 3z = 6
3. Two matrices are row equivalent if one can be ⎩⎪4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 1
obtained form the other by a sequence of row
operations. ⎧ x+ y+z = 2
⎪ x− y−z = 4
4. If a matrix is in row-echelon form and each 28. ⎨
2x + 3y + z = 6
leading entry 1 is the only nonzero entry in its ⎪
column, then the matrix is in reduced row echelon ⎩− x + y − z = 8
form.
⎡ 2 3 5⎤ R1 ↔ R2 ⎡1 2 3⎤
5. False. A 3 × 4 matrix has three rows with four 29.(i) ⎢1 2 3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 5⎦
entries in each row. In other words, the matrix has
three rows and four columns. ⎡1 2 3⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤
(ii) ⎢ 2 3 5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
6. True ⎣ ⎦ ⎣0 −1 −1⎦
7. False. The augmented matrix of the system is
⎡ 1 2 3⎤ − R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤
⎡ 2 3 0 5⎤ (iii) ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯→⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 3 −4 −1⎥ . ⎣0 −1 −1⎦ ⎣0 1 1⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 2 3⎥⎦ 1
⎡ 2 4 2⎤ 2 R1 ⎡1 2 1⎤
30.(i) ⎢1 5 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
8. False. The augmented matrix of the system is ⎣ ⎦ ⎣1 5 7⎦
⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ ⎡1 2 1 ⎤ − R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡1 2 1 ⎤
⎢ 3 1 9⎥ . (ii) ⎢1 5 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 3 6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 5 02 4⎥⎦
1
9. 1 × 1 1× 4 2×4 ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤ 3 R2 ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
10. 11. (iii) ⎢ ⎥
12. 3 × 3 13. 2×3 14. 3× 4 ⎣0 3 6⎦ ⎣ 0 1 2⎦
⎡ 6 −5 5⎤ ⎡ 2 4 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤
18. ⎢ 7 2 4⎥ 19. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1 5 −3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4 R2 + R3 → R3
→
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 −3 1 ⎦ (ii)
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 4 −3 11⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 7⎤ ⎡ 5 −7 11⎤ ⎡1 2 3 4⎤
20. ⎢ ⎥ 21. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1
⎣3 5 11⎦ ⎣ −13 17 19⎦ 5 −3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −23 23⎥⎦
⎡−1 2 3 8⎤
⎡−3 2 10 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
22. ⎢ ⎥ 23. ⎢ 2 −3 9 16 ⎥
⎣ 5 −1 −7 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 −5 −6 32⎥⎦
⎡1 2 3 4⎤ 1 ⎡1 4 1⎤
3
⎢ ⎥
− R3 ⎡1 4 3 1⎤ 1
− R2 ⎢ ⎥
(iii) 0 1 5 −3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 23
→ ⎢0 −3 −2 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ 2
⎢ ⎥ 35. 3
→ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 0 −23 23⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 7 5 −3⎥⎦
3
⎢0 7 5 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤ ⎣
⎢0 1 5 −3⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢1 4 3 1⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−7 R2 + R3 → R3 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 0 −3⎥
32.(i) ⎢ 0 2 3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎣ 3 ⎦
⎢ −2 −1 7 3⎥ ⎡1 4 3 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 3 R3
⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1
2
0⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 −9⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎣
⎢0 2 3 4⎥
36.
⎢⎣0 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1 3⎤
⎢ 2 3 3 8⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢⎣ 1 −3 −2 5⎥⎦
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ 1
⎢ ⎥ 2 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
(ii) ⎢ 0 2 3 4 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
1 1 2⎥
⎢⎣0 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 −3 −2 5⎦⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤
⎢ 1 2 −2 ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
2⎥ ⎢0 1 2⎥
− R1 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1
⎢0 2 3 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 9 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 −4 −3 2⎦⎥
⎢0 3 6⎥ ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
⎣ 2 ⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 1 2⎥
4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 5 7⎤
⎣⎢0 0 1 10⎦⎥
1
⎡ 4 5 −7⎤ 4 R1 ⎢1 4 − 4 ⎥
33. ⎢ 5 4 −2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣ 5 4 −2 ⎦ 37. No. The matrix does not have a step-like
⎡ 5 7⎤ pattern that moves down and to the right.
−5 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1 4 − 4 ⎥ (Property 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 − 9 27 ⎥ 38. No. The leading term of each nonzero row is
⎢⎣ 4 4 ⎥⎦ not 1. (Property 1)
4
− R2 → R2 ⎡ 5 7⎤ 39. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
1 − ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 9
→⎢ 4 4 form.
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 −3 ⎦ 40. No. The matrix does not have a step-like
1 pattern that moves down and to the right.
⎡ 2 6 −8⎤ 2 R1 ⎡ 1 3 −4⎤ (Property 2)
34. ⎢ 3 −1 2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢
2⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3 −1 41. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
−3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡1 3 −4⎤ form.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎣0 −10 14⎥⎦ 42. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
1
− R2 ⎡1 3 −4⎤ form.
⎯⎯⎯ 10 ⎯ →⎢ 7⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ 43. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
⎣ 5⎦ form.
44. No. The matrix does not have a step-like pattern ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤
that moves down and to the right. (Property 2), and 55. ⎢ 2 −1 13⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
3 −9⎥⎦
the leading term of each non-zero row (row 3) is ⎣ ⎦ ⎣0
1
not 1 (Property 1). R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 →⎢ ⇒
1 −3⎥⎦
45. {x + 2y = 1
y = −2
⇒ x + 2(−2) = 1 ⇒ x = 5 y = −3; x − 2(−3) = 11 ⇒ x = 5
The solution is {(5, −3)}.
⎣0
{x=2
1 ⎡ 2 4⎤
⎡ 3 −2 4⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −
46.
y=3 56. ⎢ 4 −3 5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(2, 3)}. ⎣ 4 −3 5⎦
⎡ 2 4⎤
47. { x + 4 y + 2z = 2
z=3
⇒ x + 4 y = −4 ⇒ x = −4 y − 4 −4 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎢1 − 3 3⎥
⎢0 − 1 − 1 ⎥
⎥
⎧x = 4 1 ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎪ ⎡ 3 2 1⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1
52. ⎨ y = 3 58. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎣6 4 3⎦ ⎥
⎩⎪ w = 2 ⎣6 4 3⎦
The solution is {(4, 3, z, 2)}. ⎡ 2 1⎤
−6 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥ ⇒
⎧x = −5 ⎢ ⎥
⎪y =4 ⎣0 0 1⎦
53. ⎨ ⇒ z + 2(0) = 3 ⇒ z = 3 0 = 1 ⇒ there is no solution.
z + 2w = 3
⎪ Solution set: ∅
⎩ w=0
The solution is {(−5, 4, 3, 0)}.
⎧ x=3
⎪ y=2
54. ⎨
z=0
⎪
⎩ =1
0 w
The system is inconsistent.
1 ⎡ 5 4⎤ ⎧ −2 x + y = 1
⎡ 3 −5 4⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 − ⎪
59. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥ 62. Rewrite the system as ⎨ 3x + 2 y = −1.5 .
⎣ 4 −15 13⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ 4 x − 2 y = −2
⎣ 4 −15 13⎦
⎡ 5 4⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤
1 −
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 3⎥ ⎡ −2 1 1⎤ 1 ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 3 2 −1.5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ − R1
2 → ⎢3 ⎥
⎢0 − 25 23 ⎥ ⎢ 2 −1.5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4 −2 −2⎥⎦ ⎢
⎣ 4 −2 −2⎦⎥
⎡ 5 4⎤
3
⎢1 − 3 ⎡ 1 1⎤
− R2 → R2
3⎥ ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯25 →⎢ ⎥⇒ 2
⎢0
1 ⎢ ⎥
1 − ⎥
23 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 − 7 0⎥
⎣⎢ 25 ⎦⎥
3
1
R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 6 ⎥
23 ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ 4 1 4 ⎢0 0⎥⎦
y=− ; x − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ = ⇒ x = − ⎣ 0
25 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠ 3 5 ⎡ 1 1⎤
⎧ ⎛ 1 23 ⎞ ⎫ 6 ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
2
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ . − R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎩ ⎝ 5 25 ⎠ ⎭ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0⎥ ⇒
7 1
⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 1⎤
⎡ −2 4 1⎤ − 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −2 − ⎥ 1 1
60. ⎢ 3 −5 −9⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 y = 0; x − 0 = − ⇒ x = −
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ 2 2
⎣ 3 −5 −9 ⎦
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫
⎡ 1⎤ The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ 1 −2 − 2 ⎥ ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢0 ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
1 − ⎥
15
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ 63. ⎢ 1 −1 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
15 ⎛ 15 ⎞ 1 31
⎢⎣ 2 1 −1 1⎥⎦
y = − ; x − 2 ⎜− ⎟ = − ⇒ x = −
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎧ ⎛ 31 15 ⎞ ⎫ R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 2 0 4⎥
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ . −2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭ ⎢⎣0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡1 −1 1⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
→ ⎢0 3⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
61. 2 1 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0
2
⎢ ⎥ −3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −4 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −1 −1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢0 −1 −3 −11⎦⎥
1 ⎡1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯3
→ ⎢0 1 1⎥ ⇒ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1 1⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
y = 1; x − 1 = 1 ⇒ x = 2 1 ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
− R3 → R3
The solution is {(2, 1)}. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
z = 3; y = 2; x + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ x = 1
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
⎡ 2 4 1 5⎤ ⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡ 1 1 2 4⎤
64. ⎢ 1 1 1 6⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢2 4 1 5⎥ 66. ⎢ 2 −1 3 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 3 1 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 3 1 6⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 −1 −1 2⎥⎦
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
→ ⎢0 2 −1 −7 ⎥ → ⎢0 1⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 −2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −3 −1
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ −3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1 −1 −6⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −4 −7 −10⎦⎥
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 1 7⎥
1
− R2 → R2 ⎢ 1 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢0 1 −1 −6⎥⎦ ⎢0 −4 −7 −10⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 6⎥ ⎢1 1 2 4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 − R3 → R3 1 7 4 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 1 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ − ⎥
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢ 1 5⎥ ⎢ 17 34 ⎥
⎢0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 − − ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
⎢ 7⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
3
2 R3 → R3 1 − R3 → R3 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯17
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥⇒
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 5⎥⎦ ⎢0 0 1 2⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣
1 7 z=2
z = 5; y − (5) = − ⇒ y = −1
2 2 ⎛1⎞ 1
x −1+ 5 = 6 ⇒ x = 2 y + ⎜ ⎟ (2) = − ⇒ y = −1
⎝ 3⎠ 3
The solution is {(2, −1, 5)}. x − 1 + 2(2) = 4 ⇒ x = 1
⎡ 2 3 −1 9 ⎤ The solution is {(1, −1, 2)}.
⎢ 1 1 1 9⎥
65.
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3 2 4 19⎤
⎣⎢ 3 −1 −1 −1⎦⎥ 67. ⎢ 2 −1 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤
⎣⎢ 6 7 −1 17⎥⎦
→ ⎢2 3 −1 9 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎡ 1 3⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1 −
1
⎢⎣ 3−1 −1 −1⎥⎦ 1 ⎢ 2 2⎥
2
R1 ↔ R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 3
2
⎢ 4 19⎥
2
→ ⎢0 1 −3 −9⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢⎣6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 7 −1 17 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣0 −4 −4 −28⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 3⎤
⎢1 − 2 2 2⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 −3 −9⎥
4 R2 + R3 → R3 7 5 29 ⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢⎣ 0 0 −16 −64⎥⎦
−6 R1 + R3 → R3 2 2 2⎥
⎢0 10 −4 8⎥⎦
⎣
1
− R3 → R3
⎡ 1 1 1 9⎤
⎡ 3⎤
→ ⎢ 0 1 −3 −9⎥ ⇒
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
16
⎢1 − 2 2
⎢ ⎥ 2⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 4⎦⎥ 2
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 5 29 ⎥
z = 4; y − 3(4) = −9 ⇒ y = 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
7 1
⎢ 7 7⎥
x +3+ 4 = 9 ⇒ x = 2 ⎢ 0 10 −4
The solution is {(2, 3, 4)}. ⎣ 8⎥⎦
(continued) ⎡ 1 −1 0 1⎤
69. ⎢ 1 0 −1 −1⎥
⎡ 1 1 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 − 2 2 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 −1 3⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
5 29 ⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤
0
→ ⎢0
−10 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
→ ⎢0 2⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1
⎢ −2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
78 234 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 3 1⎥⎦
−1
⎢0 0 − − ⎥
⎣ 7 7 ⎦ ⎡1 0 −1
−1⎤
⎡ 1 1 3⎤ − R2 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 −1 2⎥
⎢1 − 2 2
1
2 ⎥ 3R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
7
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 27 ⎥⎦
5 29 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯78 → ⎢0 1 ⇒ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎢1 0
⎢0 −1 −1⎥
3⎥⎦
1
R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −1
2 1 2⎥
z=3
⎢ 7⎥
⎛5⎞ 29 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
y + ⎜ ⎟ (3) = ⇒ y=2 ⎣ 2⎦
⎝7⎠ 7
1 1 3 ⎡ 5⎤
x − (2) + (3) = ⇒ x = 1 ⎢1 0 0 2⎥
2 2 2
⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. R3 + R1 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 3 ⎥ ⇒
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
− R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ 2⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ 7⎥
3 1
1 2⎥
⎡ 4 3 1 8⎤ 1 R → R ⎢ 4 4 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎢ 2 1 4 −4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 2⎦
68. 4 → ⎢ 2 1 4 −4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 5 3 7
⎢⎣ 3 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 0 1 1⎦⎥ x = ,y = ,z =
2 2 2
⎡ 3 1 ⎤
⎢1 2⎥ ⎧⎛ 5 3 7 ⎞⎫
4 4 The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ ⎥ ⎩⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠⎭
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 − 1 7 − 8⎥
−3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡4 0 5 7⎤ ⎡ 3 4 0 9⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥
9 1 R1 ↔ R3
⎢0 − − 5⎥ 70.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 4 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 4 0 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 5 7⎥⎦
⎡ 3 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢1 4 4
2⎥
⎢1 3 0 3⎥
2⎛ 9 ⎞
− ⎜ − R2 + R3 ⎟ → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 1
R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
31 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 7
→ ⎢0 − − 8⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥
3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢ ⎥ R3 → R3 ⎢4
⎢0
2 2 7⎥
0 1 −2⎥⎦
5
⎣ ⎢ 0 1 ⎥
⎣5 5⎦
⎡ 3 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢1 4 4 2⎥
⎢1 0 3⎥
−2 R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ 4
− R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢
3
⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 −7 16⎥ ⇒ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
→ ⎢0 1 −6 8⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 −2⎦⎥ ⎢ 16 ⎥
z = −2; y − 7(−2) = 16 ⇒ y = 2 ⎢0 − 1 −1⎥
⎣ 15 ⎦
3 1
x + (2) + (−2) = 2 ⇒ x = 1 ⎡ 4 ⎤
4 4 16 ⎢1 3 0 3⎥
R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, −2)}.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
15 → ⎢0 1 −6 8⎥
⎢ 27 113 ⎥
⎢0 0 − ⎥
⎣ 5 15 ⎦
(continued) ⎡ 1 1 1 −5⎤
72. ⎢ 2 −1 −1 −4⎥
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢1 3 0 3⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯27
→ ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥ ⎡ 2 −1 −1 −4 ⎤
→ ⎢1 1 −5⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎢ 113 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 81 ⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡3 0 0 −9 ⎤
⎢1 3 0 3⎥ R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢1 1 1 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
6 R3 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 − 10 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢ 27 ⎥
⎢ ⎡1 −3⎤
113 ⎥
1 0 0
R1 → R1
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1
3
1 1 − 5⎥
⎣⎢ 81 ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 283 ⎤ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢1 0 0 81 ⎥ ⎡1 0 0 −3⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 −2 ⎥
4 − R1 + R2 → R2
− R2 + R1 → R1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 1
→ ⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ ⇒
10 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
⎢ 27 ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢ 113 ⎥ −3⎤
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎡1 0 0
→ ⎢0 −2⎥ ⇒
− R2 + R3 → R3
⎣⎢ 81 ⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 1
⎢ ⎥
283 10 113 ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦
x= , y = − ,z = − 0 0
81 27 81 y + z = −2 ⇒ y = − 2 − z
⎧ ⎛ 283 10 113 ⎞ ⎫ The solution is {−3, −2 − z , z} .
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ ,− ,− ⎟⎬.
⎩ ⎝ 81 27 81 ⎠ ⎭
⎡ 1 2 −1 6 ⎤
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ 73. ⎢ 3 1 2 3⎥
71. ⎢ 1 3 5 10⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 5 3 9⎥⎦
⎣⎢3 5 3 18⎥⎦ ⎡1 2 −1 6⎤
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ −3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 −5 5 −15⎥
→ ⎢0 −2 −6 −6⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R2 −2 R1 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
⎣⎢0 2 6 6⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 1 2 −1 6 ⎤
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 −1 4⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5
→ ⎢ 0 1 −1 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −2 −6 −6⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0⎦⎥ ⎡1 0 1 0⎤
1
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ −2 R2 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −1 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2 → ⎢ 0 1 3 3⎥ R2 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −6 6⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦
1
− R3 → R3
⎡ 1 0 1 0⎤
⎡ 1 0 −4 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 6 → ⎢0 1 −1 3⎥
→ ⎢0 1 3 3⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎦⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤
x − 4z = 1 ⇒ x = 1 + 4z
→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
y + 3 z = 3 ⇒ y = 3 − 3z R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1 + 4 z ,3 − 3z , z )} ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
x = 1, y = 2, z = −1
The solution is {(1, 2, −1)}.
⎡ 2 4 −1 9⎤ ⎡1 3 −3 4⎤ ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
⎢ 1 3 −3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ c. ⎢ −0.2 1 780⎥⎦
→ ⎢2 4 9⎥
R1 ↔ R2
74. −1 ⎣
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 1 2 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 1 2 7 ⎥⎦ 0.2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎡1 3 −3 4⎤ ⎣ 0 0.98 980⎦
→ ⎢ 0 −2 1⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 100
R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
−3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
98
→⎢
⎣⎢0 −8 11 −5⎥⎦ ⎣0 1 1000⎥⎦
⎡ 1 3 −3 4⎤ 0.1R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡1 0 1100⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⇒
→ ⎢ 0 −2 5
−4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1⎥ ⎣0 1 1000⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −9 −9⎥⎦ a = 1100, b = 1000
⎡ 1 3 −3
{
1 4⎤ a = 0.5a + 0.2b + 50, 000
− R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯9 → ⎢ 0 −2 5 1⎥ 80. a.
b = 0.6a + 0.3b + 40, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦
b. Rewrite the system as
{
⎡1 3 0 7⎤
⎢ 0 −2 0 0.5a − 0.2b = 50, 000
−4⎥
3R3 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⇒
−5 R3 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ −0.6a + 0.7b = 40, 000
⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎡ 0.5 −0.2 50, 000⎤
1 ⎡1 3 0 7⎤ ⎢ −0.6 0.7 40, 000⎥
− R2 → R2 ⎣ ⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 0.5 −0.2 50, 000⎤
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦ c. ⎢ −0.6 0.7 40, 000⎥
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎣ ⎦
→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
−3R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 100, 000⎥
5
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 1)}. ⎢− 6 7
40, 000⎥
⎣⎢ 10 10 ⎥⎦
75. a. There is one solution: {(2, 3)}. ⎡ 2 ⎤
6
R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1− 100, 000⎥
b. There are infinitely many solutions: 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
10 →⎢ ⎥
{(−2 y + 2, y, 2)} . ⎢0 23
100, 000⎥
⎣⎢ 50 ⎦⎥
c. There is no solution.
⎡ 4,300, 000 ⎤
⎢1 0
20
76. a. There is one solution: {(−1, 2, 3)}. R2 + R1 → R1
23 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
23
50
→⎢ ⎥⇒
b. There is no solution. 23
R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 5, 000, 000 ⎥
⎢⎣ 23 ⎥⎦
c. There are infinitely many solutions. 4, 300, 000
a= ≈ 186,957
77. False. Each row of matrix A has seven entries. 23
5, 000, 000
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ b= ≈ 217,391
78. False. For example, ⎢ ⎥ is in reduced row- 23
⎣ 0 1 0⎦
⎧ l = 0.4t + 0.2 f + 10, 000
echelon form. ⎪
81. a. ⎨ t = 0.5l + 0.3t + 20, 000
6.1 Applying the Concepts ⎩⎪ f = 0.5l + 0.05t + 0.35 f + 10, 000
30 + T2 + T4 + 20 ⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤
84. T1 = ⇒ 4T1 − T2 − T4 = 50 ⎢
4 75 ⎥
T + 30 + 50 + T3 ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
T2 = 1 ⇒ −T1 + 4T2 − T3 = 80 R2 + 4 R3 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 2⎥
4 R2 + R4 → R2 ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥
T + 50 + 40 + T4 1
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
T3 = 2 ⇒ −T2 + 4T3 − T4 = 90 15 ⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
4 1
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
T + T + 40 + 20
T4 = 1 3 ⇒ −T1 − T3 + 4T4 = 60 ⎡1 0 0 0 30⎤
4 ⎢ 75 ⎥
⎡ 4 −1 0 −1 50⎤ ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢ −1 4 −1 0 80⎥ R1 + 4 R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − R3 → R1 ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
⎣ −1 0 −1 4 60⎦ ⎣⎢
1
2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ 75 65
⎢ 4 −1 0 −1 50⎥ T1 = 30, T2 = , T3 = 40, T4 =
R1 ↔ − R2 2 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎧ x− y = 270 − 200
⎪
⎣ −1 0 −1 4 60⎦ 85. a. ⎨− x + z = 180 − 300
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ ⎪⎩ y − z = 40 + 70 − 60
⎢ 0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ ⎧ x− y = 70
R1 + R4 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⇒ ⎨− x + z = −120
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ y − z = 50
⎣ 0 −4 0 4 −20⎦
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ ⎡ 1 −1
0 70⎤
⎢ 0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ b. ⎢ −1 01 −120⎥
−4 R3 + R4 → R4 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −1
1 50⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 −10 70⎤
⎣ 0 0 −16 8 −380⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −50⎥
R1 + R2 → R2
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ −1
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎢0 −1 50⎥⎦
1
R2 +15 R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 0 56 −16 1720⎥ ⎡ 1 0 −1 120⎤
R4 → R4 ⎢ ⎥ R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 0 −1 1 −50⎥ ⇒
8
⎢ 0 0 −2 95 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
1 − ⎥ R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎡ −1 4 1 0 − ⎤
80 x − z = 120 ⇒ x = z + 120
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥
⎢ ⎥ − y + z = −50 ⇒ y = z + 50
28 R4 + R3 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
→ ⎢0 0 56 −16 1720⎥ The solution is {( z + 120, z + 50, z )} .
R4 → R4
12 ⎢ ⎥ There are 300 + 200 + 60 = 560 cars
⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
1
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ entering the system, so
0 ≤ ( z + 120) + ( z + 50) + z ≤ 560
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ 0 ≤ 3z + 170 ≤ 560
R3 +16 R4 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 0 ≤ 3z ≤ 390
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥ 0 ≤ z ≤ 130
56
R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ Thus, the system has 131 solutions.
⎢0 0 0 1 65 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎧ x − y = 450 − 350
⎪ y − w = 350 − 550
86. a. ⎨ ⇒
z − x = 370 − 350
⎪
⎩− z + w = 200 − 120
⎧ x− y = 100
⎪ y − w = −200
⎨ −x + z = 20
⎪
⎩ − z + w = 80
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
b. ⎢ ⎥ 1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 0 1 0 20⎥ 3 ⎣⎢ 0 −2 1 10⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 −1 1 80⎦ ⎡ 1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100 ⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0 1 −200 ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
R1 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ −⎥
⎢0 −1 1 0 120 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0 1 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎣0 0 −1 1 80 ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
⎢ 0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −1 −80⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
⎣ 0 0 −1 1 80⎦
Thus, a = 2, b = −3, and c = 4. The equation is
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤
⎢0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ y = 2 x 2 − 3x + 4.
R3 + R4 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢0 0 1 −1 −80⎥ 88. a. 31 = (0.5 2 )a + 0.5b + c = 0.25a + 0.5b + c
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 0⎦ 51 = (12 )a + b + c = a + b + c
z − w = −80 ⇒ z = w − 80 67 = 2 2 a + 2b + c = 4a + 2b + c
y − w = −200 ⇒ y = w − 200
⎡0.25 0.5 1 31⎤
x − y = 100 ⇒ x − ( w − 200) = 100 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 1 51⎥
x − w = −100 ⇒ x = w − 100 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {( w − 100, w − 200, w − 80, w)} . ⎣⎢ 4 2 1 67 ⎦⎥
There are 350 + 550 + 120 + 350 = 1370 cars ⎡ 1 2 4 124⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1 1 1 51⎥
4 R1 → R1
entering the system. So, ⎢ ⎥
( w − 100) + ( w − 200) + ( w − 80) + w ≤ 1370 ⎣⎢ 4 2 1 67 ⎦⎥
4w − 380 ≤ 1370 ⎡1 2 4 124⎤
4w ≤ 1750 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 ⎢ 1 3 73⎥
w ≤ 437.5 −4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
From the diagram, we see that 200 cars leave the ⎣⎢ 0 −6 −15 −429⎦⎥
system through w, so 200 ≤ w ≤ 437. Thus, the ⎡ 1 2 4 124⎤
⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 3 73⎥
6 R2 + R3 → R3
system has 238 solutions.
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 3 9⎥⎦
87. 9 = a ( −1) + b ( −1) + c = a − b + c
2
3c = 9 ⇒ c = 3
3 = a (1) + b (1) + c = a + b + c
2
b + 3(3) = 73 ⇒ b = 64
6 = a (2) + b (2) + c = 4a + 2b + c
2 a + 2(64) + 4(3) = 124 ⇒ a = −16
The equation is h = −16t 2 + 64t + 3.
⎡ 1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢ 1 1 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ b. −16t 2 + 64t + 3 = 0 ⇒
⎢⎣ 4 2 1 6⎥⎦
−64 ± 64 2 − 4(−16)(3)
⎡ 1 −1 1 9⎤ t=
−32
→ 0 2 0 −6⎥
⎢
− R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −64 ± 4288
−4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 6 −3 −30⎥⎦ = ≈ 4 seconds
−32
c. The maximum occurs at t = 2.
h(2) = 67 feet.
(continued) ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎢ 1 −1 1 2⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ 92. a.
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 −3 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 −1 1⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 1 0⎥ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
→ ⎢ 1 −1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 ↔ R3
0 −2⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎣2 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 1 1 1 6⎦⎥
⎢0 2 0 −1⎥ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ R1 − 2 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥
2 R1 − R4 → R4 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥ R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎣0 1 −6 4⎦
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ ⎢
R2 + 3 R3 → R3
⎢0 −1⎥
R2 − 2 R4 → R4 2 0 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 −12 −36⎥⎦
⎢0 1 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 0.5 −0.5 0.5⎤
⎣0 0 12 −9⎦ 1
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 −1 −1⎥ = B
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣0 3⎥⎦
1⎥
3 0 1
1
1
R2 → R2
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ − R3 → R3
→⎢
2⎥ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
z = 3; y − 3 = −1 ⇒ y = 2,
1
R4 → R4 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
12 ⎢ ⎥ 1 1
x + (2) − (3) = ⇒ x = 1
1
⎢0 0 1 −
3⎥ 2 2 2
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ 1 −1 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
1⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 1 −1 1⎥⎦
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
R2 − R3 → R3
⎢ 2⎥ ⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ 1⎥ ⎢0 2 0 4⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎢0 0 −1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎢ 3⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − ⎥
4⎦ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0
2 ⎢ 2⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 −3 −11⎦⎥
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
R3 + R4 → R4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢0 0 −1 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
⎢ 5⎥ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎢⎣0 0 0 − ⎥ 1
− R3 → R3
4⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3 → ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ = C
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 3⎥⎦
1⎥ z = 3; y = 2; x + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ x = 1
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
→⎢
− R3 → R3 2⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ =C The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
4
− R4 → R4 ⎢ 1⎥
5 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥ b. Using a calculator, we find that the reduced
⎢ 2⎥
row-echelon form of both matrices is
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤
b. Use a calculator to show that the reduced row- ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ .
echelon form of all three matrices is ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥.
⎢ 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 1⎦
⎡ b m⎤ w = 3, v = 2, u + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ u = 1
1 1 log x = 1 ⇒ x = 10;
⎡ a b m ⎤ a R1 → R1 ⎢ a a ⎥
93. a. ⎢ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎥ 1 → ⎢ ⎥ log y = 2 ⇒ y = 100
⎣ c d n ⎦ c R2 → R2 ⎢1 d n ⎥
log z = 3 ⇒ y = 1000
⎣⎢ c c ⎦⎥
The solution is {(10, 100, 1000)}.
⎡ b m⎤
⎢ 1
R1 − R2 → R2 a a⎥ 96. Using the hint suggested, we have
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 b − d m − n ⎥ ⎡ 4 −3 1 1⎤
⎣⎢ a c a c ⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 4 −2 10⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ b m⎤
⎢1 ⎣⎢ 2 −2 3 4⎦⎥
a a⎥
=⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎢ 0 bc − ad cm − an ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢ 4 −3 1 1⎥
⎣⎢ ac ac ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ b m⎤ ⎢⎣ 2 −2 3 4⎥⎦
⎢1 a
ac
bc − da
R2 → R2
a⎥ ⎡1 4 −2 10⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
→ 0 −19 9 −39⎥
⎢
R2 − 2 R3 → R3
⎢0 1 cm − an ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ bc − ad ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 −5 −7 ⎥⎦
⎡ dm − bn ⎤ ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎢ 1 0 ad − bc ⎥
b
− R2 + R1 → R1
→ 0 0 −86 −172⎥
⎢
19 R3 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a →⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 cm − an ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 −5 −7 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ bc − ad ⎦⎥
1 ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎛ dm − bn cm − an ⎞ − R2 ↔ R3
The solution is ⎜
⎝ ad − bc bc − ad ⎟⎠
, . ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 86 → ⎢ 0 1 −5 −7 ⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 2⎥⎦
b. (i) There is a unique solution if bc ≠ ad . w = 2, v − 5(2) = −7 ⇒ v = 3
(ii) There is no solution if bc = ad and u + 4(3) − 2(2) = 10 ⇒ u = 2
m n 2 = 2 x ⇒ x = 1; 3 = 3 y ⇒ y = 1
≠ . ln 2
b d 2 = 5 w ⇒ ln 2 = w ln 5 ⇒ w =
ln 5
(iii) There are infinitely many solutions if ⎧⎛ ln 2 ⎞ ⎫
m n The solution is ⎨ ⎜1, 1, ⎟⎬ .
bc = ad and = . ⎩⎝ ln 5 ⎠ ⎭
b d
94. Answers may vary. ⎧a (1) 3 + b(1) 2 + c(1) + d = 5
⎪
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎪a (−1) 3 + b(−1) 2 + c(−1) + d = 1
⎢ 0 1 0 0 ⎥ , ⎢ 0 1 0 0⎥ , ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ 97. ⎨ ⇒
⎪a (2) + b(2) + c(2) + d = 7
3 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 4 −8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎪⎩a (−2) 3 + b(−2) 2 + c(−2) + d = 11
⎧ a+ b+ c+d =5
95. Using the hint suggested, we have ⎪ −a + b− c+ d =1
⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤ ⎨ 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 7
⎢ 3 −1 3 10⎥ ⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎩−8a + 4b − 2c + d = 11
⎢⎣5 5 −4 3⎥⎦ Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 − 4 0 − 8⎥
−5 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −9 −27 ⎥⎦
1
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 → ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ The equation is y = − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 .
9 ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 3⎦⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎡
⎢ 1
b ⎤ ⎡
a ⎥ ⎢
⎥=⎢
1
b ⎤
a ⎥
⎥
107. {2x − y = 5
x + 2 y = 25 (2)
(1)
108. { x − 3y = 1
2 x + y = −5 (2)
(1)
From equation (1) we have x = 3y + 1. Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
2 (3 y + 1) + y = −5 ⇒ 6 y + 2 + y = −5 ⇒ 7 y = −7 ⇒ y = −1
Substitute y = −1 in equation (1) and solve for x.
x − 3 ( −1) = 1 ⇒ x + 3 = 1 ⇒ x = −2
Solution set: {(−2, −1)}
109.
{ x + 3y = 6
2x + 6 y = 8
(1)
(2)
Multiply equation (1) by −2, then add the two equations.
−2 x − 6 y = −12
2x + 6 y = 8
0 = −4 False
Solution set: ∅
110. {2 x − y = 3 (1)
6x − 3y = 9 (2)
From equation (1) we have y = 2x − 3. Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
6 x − 3 (2 x − 3) = 9 ⇒ 6 x − 6 x + 9 = 9 ⇒ 0 = 0
The system is dependent and the solution set can be expressed as {(x, 2x − 3)}.
111. True 112. False
113. True. This is an example of the distributive property.
1.
⎡ 1
⎢x + y
⎣
2 x − y ⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤
5 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2x − y = 1
{
⎥ = ⎢ 2 5⎥ ⇒ x + y = 2 ⇒ x = 1, y = 1
⎡ 2 −1 4⎤ ⎡ −8 2 9⎤ ⎡ −6 1 13⎤
2. ⎢ 5 0 9⎥ + ⎢ 7 3 6⎥ = ⎢ 12 3 15⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 41⎤
6. N = [S C M ] = [10 30 45] ; P = ⎢ 26⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 19⎦⎥
⎡ 41⎤
NP = [10 30 45] ⎢ 26⎥ = 10(41) + 30(26) + 45(19) = $2045 thousand
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 19⎥⎦
⎡ −2⎤
⎢ 0⎥
7. [3 −1 2 7 ] ⎢ ⎥ = [3(−2) − 1(0) + 2(1) + 7(5) ] = [31]
⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 5⎦
8. AB is not defined because A is a 2 × 2 matrix and B is a 3 × 2 matrix.
⎡ 8 1⎤ ⎡ 8(5) + 1(2) 8(0) + 1(−1) ⎤ ⎡ 42 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 5 0⎤ ⎢
BA = −2 6 ⎢ = −2(5) + 6(2) −2(0) + 6(−1) ⎥ = ⎢ 2 −6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 2 −1⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(5) + 4(2) 0(0) + 4(−1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 −4⎥⎦
⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
10. AD = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎥
⎣ 1 0.25 ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6)⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣1(0) + 0.25(0) 1(4) + 0.25(0) 1(4) + 0.25(1) 1(1) + 0.25(1) 1(1) + 0.25(6) 1(0) + 0.25(6)⎦
⎡0 0 1 1 6 6⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 4 4.25 1.25 2.5 1.5⎦
1. Two m × n matrices A = ⎡⎣ aij ⎤⎦ and B = ⎡⎣bij ⎤⎦ are equal if aij = bij for all i and j.
2. Let A = ⎡⎣ aij ⎤⎦ , B = ⎡⎣bij ⎤⎦ , and C = ⎡⎣cij ⎤⎦ . If A + B = C, then cij = aij + bij for all i and for all j.
4. If A is an m × n matrix and B is an n × p ⎡x + y 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ −1 2 3⎤
matrix, then AB is defined and is an m × p 14. ⎢ 2 x− y 4 ⎥ = 2 5 4⎥ ⇒
⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
matrix. ⎣⎢ 3 4 2 x + 3 y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 −5⎦⎥
5. False. It is possible that AB = BA, but not ⎧ x + y = −1 ⎡ 1 1 −1⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
necessarily true. ⎨ x − y = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 1 − 1 5⎥
6. False. The matrices must have the same order. ⎩⎪2 x + 3 y = −5 ⎣⎢ 2 3 −5⎦⎥
⎡ 2 0 4⎤
⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
→ ⎢ 0 2 −6⎥ ⇒ x = 2, y = −3
R1 − R2 → R2
7. ⎢ −3⎥ = ⎢u ⎥ ⇒ x = 2, u = −3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 + R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 2 3 −5⎥⎦
⎡ y⎤
⎢ − 2 ⎥ = ⎡ 4⎤ ⇒ − y = 4 ⇒ x = 3, y = −8 ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 ⎤
8.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦ 15. a. A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ x⎦
2 ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦
⎡ 2 x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
b. A− B = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
9. ⎢ y −3⎥ = ⎢ 3 −3⎥ ⇒ x = −1, y = 3 ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 1 7⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡2 − x 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −3 −6⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
10. ⎢ −2 3 + y ⎥ = ⎢ −2 −3⎥ ⇒ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ −9 −12⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
{ 2 − x = 3 ⇒ x = −1
3 + y = −3 ⇒ y = −6
⎡1 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦
⎡ −1 0 ⎤
− 2⎢
⎣ 2 −3⎦
⎥
⎡2 x − 3 y −4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 3 6 ⎤ ⎡ −2 0 ⎤ ⎡ 5 6 ⎤
⎢ 5 = ⇒ =⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
3x + y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣5 7 ⎥⎦
11.
⎣ ⎣9 12⎦ ⎣ 4 −6⎦ ⎣5 18⎦
{ 2x − 3y = 1
3x + y = 7
⇒ x = 2, y = 1
e.
⎛ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎞
( A + B) 2 = ⎜ ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥
2
⎝ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎟⎠
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡3x + y −17 ⎤ ⎢ − −17 ⎥ ⎛ ⎡ 0 2⎤ ⎞
2
⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2⎤
⎢ 19 = ⇒
2 ⎥⎦ ⎢
12. 2 = ⎜⎢
⎣ ⎥ ⎥ ⎟ = ⎢ 5 1⎥ ⎢ 5 1⎥
⎣ 19 2 x + 3 y ⎦ ⎝⎣ 5 1⎦⎠ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎧⎪ 1 ⎡0(0) + 2(5) 0(2) + 2(1) ⎤
3x + y = − 1 =⎢ ⎥
⎨ 2 ⇒ x = − , y =1 ⎣ 5(0) + 1(5) 5(2) + 1(1) ⎦
⎪⎩2 x + 3 y = 2 2
⎡10 2⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎡x − y 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 1 2⎤ ⎣ 5 11⎦
13. ⎢ 4 3x − 2 y 3 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 −1 3⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤
⎢⎣ 5 6 5 x − 10 y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 6 6⎥⎦ f. A2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 3 4⎦
⎧ x − y = −1 ⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡1(1) + 2(3) 1(2) + 2(4) ⎤ ⎡ 7 10 ⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢
⎨3x − 2 y = −1 ⇒ ⎢ 3 −2 −1⎥ ⎥=⎢ 22⎥⎦
⎪⎩5 x − 10 y = 6 ⎣3(1) + 4(3) 3(2) + 4(4) ⎦ ⎣15
⎣⎢5 −10 6⎦⎥ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤
⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ B2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦
→ ⎢0 1 2⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎡ −1(−1) + 0(2) −1(0) + 0(−3)⎤
−5 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 −5 11⎦⎥ ⎣ 2(−1) − 3(2) 2(0) − 3(−3)⎦
⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 2⎥ ⇒ 0 = 21
5 R2 + R3 → R3 =⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −8 9⎦
⎣⎢0 0 21⎦⎥ ⎡ 7 10 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 6 10⎤
A2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢
There is no solution. ⎣15 22⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣ 23 13⎥⎦
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