Health and Diseases

1. Classification of diseases on the basis of duration :-

Acute :- Some diseases that last for only very short period of time.
Example - cold
Chronic :- Diseases that last for a long time or life time.
Example – Diabetes, arthritis, cancer.

2. On the basis of infection :-

Infectious :- Such diseases are transmitted from person to person through the transfer of pathogen
(virus, bacteria, fungi).
Example – Cold, chicken pox, small pox.
Non – Infectious :- Such diseases are not caused by pathogen caused due to genetic, environmental
factors or unhealthy life choices .
Example – Diabetes, cancer.

Infectious – communicable diseases.

Non- Infectious – Non- communicable diseases.
Zoonotic diseases- are those which transmit through animals.

VIRAL DISEASES.
1. SARS Corona Virus Air borne
(Severe (Retro virus – RNA, genetic  Respiratory disorders.
Acute Respiratory Syndrome) material)  Affects whole body
Type – Covid
(sea food)
2. Influenza / Flu Haemophilus influenza  Respiratory
Common cold Myxovirus influenzae  Affects whole body
Rhino virus
3. Swine flu (zoonotic) N1H1 virus  Air borne
 (Risk of this disease is
higher in those who
consume pork)
4. Bird flu (Avian influenza) H5N1 virus
5. Dengue (breakbone fever) Caused by DEN 1- 4 virus Platelets count
6. Chikungunya Vector – decrease
Aedes Mosquito(female)
Alpha virus
Vector-
Aedes Mosquito.(female)
7. Yellow fever Caused by Flavi virus Not prevalent in India common
Vector- Aedes mosquito to areas of Africa and South

8. Rabies/Hydrophobia
9. Polio
10. AIDS (Acquired Immuno
deficiency syndrome)
11. Hepatitis (A, E)
(Jaundice)
(results due to incomplete
metabolism of bilirubin
pigment)
12. Measles (Khasra)
13. Smallpox (Chechuk)
14. Chickenpox
America.
Rhabdo virus  Transmitted to human
beings through rabid
(mad) dog,cat,jackals,
Polio virus/ Entero virus  Inflammation of nervous
system (paralysis)
 Infections disease of
infants and children.
HIV( Retro virus )  Affects – WBC-
Genetic material-  T- lymphocytes
(RNA – Single stranded)  Test :- ELISA
 1 December – observed
as AIDS Day
Viral  Food and water borne.
 Affected organ liver.
Rubeola virus
Variola virus
Varicella virus

Viruses :- These are non-cellular/ acellular organism that are having inert crystalline structure
outside the living cell.

i.e. – They are living inside the body non-living outside the body.
 Body of virus is made up of protein coat and they have genetic material.
 Virus that infects plants have single strand RNA as genetic material and virus that infect
animals have either single stranded RNA or ds RNA and ds. DNA as genetic material.
 Viruses having RNA as their genetic material are known as Retro virus.
 Viruses are obligate parasites.
 Associated Scientists :-
 D.J Ivanowsky – Term virus was coined by him.
 Beijerinck – He called viruses as Infectious living fluid.
 Stanely – He stated that viruses are Inert outside the specific host cell.

Viroids :- Discovery – T.O Diener.

 These are infectious agents smaller than viruses.
 They lacked the protein coat.
 Genetic material- free RNA.
 Protozoan Diseases :-
Malaria Plasmodium species Vector –
Female Anopheles
mosquito
Affects – Liver, RBCs,
kidney (Primary site of
infection)
Pyorrhoea Entamoeba gingivalis Bleeding gums
Sleeping sickness Trypanosoma  Tse – Tse fly
vector
 Affects brain
Diarrhoea Entamoeba  Intestinal
(Amoebiasis/Amoebic Histolytica disorders
dysentery
Leishmaniasis (Kala azar) Leishmania  Vector – Sand fly
(Black fever) donovani  Liver and spleen
swelling

Fungal Diseases :-

1. Ringworm Microsporum  Skin disorder

Trycophyton  Reddish and
Epidermophyton white patches on
skin
2. Ringworm of scalp Tinea capitis  Baldness
3. Athlete’s foot Tinea pedis  Cracking of feet
(Ringworm of feets)
4. Asthma Aspergillus  Respiratory
fumigatus disoders.
 Bacteria :-
1. Tetanus Clostridium tetani Nervous System
(lock jaw)
2. Cholera Vibrio cholerae Water borne
(affects intestine)
3. Typhoid Salmonella typhi  Water borne
 WIDAL Test
4. Tuberculosis (T.B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis  White plague
Respiratory disorder
DOTS
(TB control strategy
recommended by WHO)
5. Diptheria Corneybacterium diphtheria  Respiratory disorder
6. Whooping cough Haemophilus pertussis  Respiratory disorder
(Pertussis)
7. Plague Yersinia pestis  Zoonatic disease
Pasteurella pestis (Transmitted through
Rats)
8. Pneumonia Diplococcus pneumonia  Affects - Alveoli
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae
9. Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae  Hansen’s disease
10.Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae  Urinary path (STD)
11.Syphilis Treponema pallidum  Urinary path (STD)
12.Peptic ulcers Helicobacter pylori  Acidity related pain
 Bleeding in stomach
13.Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Zoonotic
14.Skin infectious Staphyococcus
15.Trachoma Chlamydia trachomatis  Eye irritation
 Redness
STDs – sexually transmitted diseases.

Diseases caused by Helminths (worms)

1. Elephantiasis / Filariasis
 Wuchereria bancrofti
 Wuchereria malayi
It is a chronic inflammation of the organs usually lower limb.
Culex mosquito – vector

2. Ascariasis
 Ascaris – Round worm
 Intestinal disorders.
 Vaccination:-

Father of vaccination – Edward Jenner (Small Pox)

 Vaccine provides acquired immunity to human beings.
 Important vaccine :-

DPT – Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus

BCG – Bacillus Calmette Guerin-Vaccine against TB
OPV – Oral Polio Vaccine

Classification of Drugs :-
 Antibiotics:- Are antibacterials produced by microbes like fungi or bacteria.
 Discovery – Alexender Fleming
 first antibiotic – Penicillin.

Tranquilizers/ Analgesics – Pain killers / Neurologically active drugs/ Sleeping pills

Antiseptic – kill or arrest the growth of microbes.
Antihistamine – Anti inflammatory (cure swelling )and Antiallergic
Antipyretic – Reduce fever

Probiotics :- These are products which contain active bacteria. Which have health benefits.
Example – Yakult and yogurt.
 Certain healthy bacteria in our body became inactive due to antibiotics and probiotic make them
active again.