Chemistry

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• The branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the
investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new
substances.

• Aqueous solution – When a solute is dissolved in water the solution is called an aqueous
solution. Eg, salt in water, sugar in water and copper sulfate in water.
• Non-aqueous solution – When a solute is dissolved in a solvent other than water, it is called a
non-aqueous solution. Eg, iodine in carbon tetrachloride, sulphur in carbon disulfide,
phosphorus in ethyl alcohol.

• A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute in a large amount of solvent.

• A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute dissolved in a small amount of
solvent.
• A supersaturated solution comprises a large amount of solute at a temperature wherein it will
be reduced, as a result the extra solute will crystallize quickly.
• An unsaturated solution is a solution in which a solvent is capable of dissolving any more
solute at a given temperature.
• A saturated solution can be defined as a solution in which a solvent is not capable of
dissolving any more solute at a given temperature.

Physical State of Matter

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

Boyle’s Law(Pressure volume Relation)

• Robert Boyle—states that, at constant temperature, the pressure P of a gas varies inversely with
its volume V, or PV = k, where k is a constant.

Charles’s Law
• Temp. Volume Relation
• A law stating that the volume of an ideal gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature.

Classification of Matter
• Element
• Compound
• Mixture
Element
• Metal
• Non-metal
• Metalloid

Properties of Metal

• Shiny (lustrous) in nature.

• Metal is a good conductor of electricity and heat.
• Density and melting point is high.
• Mouldable (Malleable)
• Ductile.
• At room temperature, it is in solid form except for mercury.

Properties of Non-metal

• Poor conductors of electricity and heat

• Non-Ductile metals
• Brittle solids
• Maybe solids, liquids or gases at room temperature
• These are not sonorous

Properties of Metalloids
• Metalloids usually look like metals but behave largely like nonmetals. Physically, they are shiny,
brittle solids with intermediate to relatively good electrical conductivity and the electronic band
structure of a semimetal or semiconductor.

Compounds
• Compounds are chemical substances made up of two or more elements that are
chemically bound together in a fixed ratio.
• Organic
• Inorganic

Mixture
• A mixture is made from different substances that are not chemically joined. ... They can be
separated from each other without a chemical reaction, in the way that different coloured
sweets can be picked out from a mixed packet and put into separate piles.
• Homogeneous
• Hetrogeneous
Colloidal Solution
• Colloidal solutions, or colloidal suspensions, are
nothing but a mixture in which the substances
are regularly suspended in a fluid. A colloid is a
very tiny and small material that is spread out
uniformly all through another substance.

What are the types of Colloids?

• Sol is a colloidal suspension with solid particles in a liquid.
• An emulsion is between two liquids.
• Foam is formed when many gas particles are trapped in a liquid or solid.
• Aerosol contains small particles of liquid or solid dispersed in a gas.
• Foams: Soda pop, whipped cream
• Solid foams: Plaster, pumice
• Emulsions: Milk, blood, mayonnaise
• Sols and gels: Gelatin, muddy water, starch solution
Methods of Separation
• Centrifugation
• Evaporation
• Sedimentation and Decantation
• Sublimation
• Chromatography
• Distillation

Centrifugation
• Some common examples of centrifugation include:
• The extraction of fat from milk in order to produce
skimmed milk.
• The removal of water from moist lettuce with the help
of a salad spinner.
• The Spin-drying of water in washing machines in order
to remove water from the clothing.
• The separation of solid blood and urine materials into
forensic and testing laboratories.

Evaporation
• Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a
liquid to a gas or vapor.

Sedimentation and Decantation

Sublimation
• Examples for sublimation process
• Sublime snow and ice without melting during winter.
• Sulphur is sublimated into poisonous and suffocating gases
between 25 degrees C and 50 degrees C.
• Frozen foods are sublime, and inside the package you’ll
find ice crystals.
• Room fresheners, that are found in toilets sublime.
• Moth balls sublime.
• Dry ice sublimes.
• Iodine, which sublimates from solid to poisonous purple
gas at 100 degrees C.
 Chromatography
• 5 Everyday uses for Chromatography
• Creating vaccinations. Chromatography is useful in
determining which antibodies fight various diseases and
viruses. ...
• Food testing. ...
• Beverage testing. ...
• Drug testing. ...
• Forensic testing.

Distillation

Distillation Fractional Distillation

Distillation is a process Fractional Distillation is a
used to separate liquids process used to separate
with boiling points which liquids with closer boiling
comprise gaps around 50 points
degrees at least.
Every vaporization- In a method of fractional
condensation step is distillation, multiple
recognised as simple simple distillation
distillation. processes are carried out
with small losses in one
apparatus.
The experimental set up is The experimental set up is
simple. Needs a simple complex. We need a
apparatus with two simple complex apparatus with a
flasks and a condenser fractioning column.
Used in the purification of Used in crude oil refining
seawater
Questions

The heavier component in a mixture settles after water is added to it, the process is
called ________
A. sedimentation
B. filtration
C. decantation
D. Condensation

During the filtration process, the dust particles which remain on filter paper is called
_________?
A. filter
B. filtrate
C. solution
D. Residue

The process used for separating grains from stalk is called _________.
A. Sieving
B. Decanting
C. Winnowing
D. Threshing

Which of the following is a reversible change?

A. Melting of ice
B. Curdling of milk
C. Burning of wood
D. Ripening of fruits

Transferring the clear liquid into another container using a glass rod is called
___________.
A. sedimentation
B. decantation
C. condensation
D. filtration
Question Answer
1 a
2 d
3 d
4 a
5 b