Carbon and it’s

Compound

1
Carbon
• Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is non-
metallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical
bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table.

• Covalent Bond: The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic configuration is

2, 4. It requires, 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas electronic configuration. A
covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Covalent Bonding in Carbon

Properties of Co-valent Bond

 Are molecular compounds
 Are gases, liquids or solids
 Have weak intermolecular forces
 Have low melting and boiling points
 Are poor electrical conductors in all phases

Allotropes of Carbon
Allotropy: The phenomenon in which the element exists in two or more different physical
states with similar chemical properties are called Allotropy.
• Carbon has Three Main Allotropes
• Diamond: In this, carbon, an atom is bonded to four other atoms of carbon forming three-
dimensional structures. It is the hardest substance and an insulator. It is used for drilling
rocks and cutting. It is also used for making jewellery.

Diamond
 Diamond has a regular tetrahedral geometry.
 Has a high density of 3.5g/cc.
 Has a very high refractive index of 2.5.
 Is a good conductor of heat.
 Is a poor conductor of electricity.

Graphite
 In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded covalently to three other carbon atoms, leaving
each carbon atom with one free valency. This arrangement results in hexagonal rings in a
single plane and such rings are stacked over each other through weak Van der Waals
forces.
 Has a density of 2.25 g/cc.
 Has a soft and slippery feel.
 Is a good conductor of electricity.
 Buckminster Fullerene
 C60, also known as Buckminsterfullerene, is the very popular and stable form of the known
fullerenes.
 It is the most common naturally occurring fullerene and can be found in small quantities in soot.
 It consists of 60 carbon atoms arranged in 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons, like in a soccer ball.

Hydrocarbon
 A hydrocarbon is an organic chemical compound composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon
atoms.

 Saturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have all carbon-carbon single bonds. These are
known as alkanes.

 Unsaturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have at least one carbon-carbon double or

triple bond.(Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes,
Carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes)

Naming carbon chains up to Eight

• methane (1 carbon) CH4.
• ethane (2 carbons) C2H6.
• propane (3 carbons) C3H8.
• butane (4 carbons) C4H10.
• pentane (5 carbons) C5H12.
• hexane (6 carbons) C6H14.
• heptane (7 carbons) C7H16.
• octane (8 carbons) C8H18.
Saturated – Alkanes
Unsaturated- Alkenes and Alkynes

Functional Group

 Hydroxyl group (-OH): All organic compounds containing -OH group are known as
alcohols. For example, Methanol (CH3OH), Ethanol (CH3−CH2−OH)

 Aldehyde group (-CHO): All organic compounds containing -CHO group are known as
aldehydes. For example, Methanal (HCHO), Ethanal (CH3CHO), etc.

 Ketone group (-C=O): All organic compounds containing (-C=O) group flanked by two
alkyl groups are known as ketones. For example, Propanone (CH3COCH3), Butanone
(CH3COCH2CH3), etc.

 Carboxyl group (-COOH): All organic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH). Hence, they
are also called carboxylic acids.
 For example, Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), Propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH), etc.

 Halogen group (F, CI, Br, I): The alkanes in which one or more than one hydrogen atom is
substituted by- X (F, CI, Br or I) are known as haloalkanes. For example, Chloromethane
(CH3Cl), Bromomethane (CH3Br), etc.
 Soaps and Detergents
 Cleansing Action of Soap
 When soap is added to water, the soap molecules
uniquely orient themselves to form spherical shape
micelles.

• The non-polar hydrophobic part or tail of the soap molecules

attracts the dirt or oil part of the fabric, while the polar
hydrophilic part or head,(−COO−Na+, remains attracted to
water molecules.

• The agitation or scrubbing of the fabric helps the micelles

to carry the oil or dirt particles and detach them from the
fibres of the fabric.

Difference between soaps and detergents

Soaps Detergents
(i) These are sodium or (i) These are ammonium
potassium salts of long and sulphonate salts of
chain fatty acids. long chain fatty acids.
(ii) Ionic part of the (ii) Ionic part of
soap is —COO–Na+ detergent is —OSO3-Na+.
(iii) Their efficiency is
(iii) Their efficiency
unaffected in hard
decreases in hard water
water.
(iv) Soaps are (iv) Detergents are non-
biodegradable. biodegradable.
Hard Water

 Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates,

chlorides, and sulphates. When soap is added to hard water, calcium and magnesium ions
of hard water react with soap forming insoluble curdy white precipitates of calcium and
magnesium salts of fatty acids.
 2C17H35COONa+MgCl2 → (C17H35COO)2Mg+2NaCl
 2C17H35COONa+CaCl2 → (C17H35COO)2Ca+2NaCl
 These precipitates stick to the fabric being washed and hence, interfere with the cleaning
ability of the soap. Therefore, a lot of soap is wasted if the water is hard.

Compounds
 Methane  Nylon- 66
 Coal  Rubber
 Petrol  Plastic
 Chloroform  Diesel
 LPG  Urea

• Coal
 Also called black gold.
 Found in sedimentary strata [layers of soil].
 Contains carbon, volatile matter, moisture and ash [in some
cases Sulphur and phosphorous]
 Mostly used for power generation and metallurgy.
 Coal reserves are six times greater than oil and petroleum reserves.

• Types of Coal
 Peat, Lignite, Bituminous & Anthracite Coal.
 This division is based on carbon, ash and moisture content.

• Peat
 First stage of transformation.
 Contains less than 40 to 55 per cent carbon = more impurities.
 Contains sufficient volatile matter and lot of moisture [more smoke and more pollution].
 Left to itself, it burns like wood, gives less heat, emits more smoke and leaves a lot of ash.
• Lignite
 Brown coal.
 Lower grade coal.
 40 to 55 per cent carbon.
 Intermediate stage.
 Dark to black brown.
 Moisture content is high (over 35 per cent).

• Bituminous Coal
 Soft coal; most widely available and used coal.
 Derives its name after a liquid called bitumen.
 40 to 80 per cent carbon.
 Moisture and volatile content (15 to 40 per cent)
 Dense, compact, and is usually of black colour.
 Does not have traces of original vegetable material.
 Calorific value is very high due to high proportion of carbon and low moisture.
 Used in production of coke and gas.

• Anthracite Coal
 Best quality; hard coal.
 80 to 95 per cent carbon.
 Very little volatile matter.
 Negligibly small proportion of moisture.
 Ignites slowly == less loss of heat == highly efficient.
 Ignites slowly and burns with a nice short blue flame. [Complete combustion == Flame is BLUE ==
little or no pollutants. Example: LPG]
 In India, it is found only in Jammu and Kashmir and that too in small quantity
Question

• Monazite is an ore of-

(a) Zirconium
(b) Thorium
(c) Titanium
(d) Iron
• Which one of the following types of coal contains a higher percentage of Carbon than the
rest type of?
(a) Bituminous coal
(b) Lignite
(c) Peat
(d) Anthracite
• For the ceiling of diamonds, the unit of weight is carat. One carat is equal to-
(a) 100 mg
(b) 200 mg
(c) 300 mg
(d) 400 mg
• Graphene was in news recently. What is its importance?
1. It is a two-dimensional material and has good electrical conductivity.
2. It is one of the thinnest but strongest materials tested so far.
3. It is entirely made of silicon and has high optical transparency.
4. It can be used as conducting electrodes required for touch screens, LCD’s and organic
LED’s.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
• Which of these consists carbon?
(a) Lignite
(b) Tin
(c) Silver
(d) Iron
• The chemical name of limestone is?
(a) Calcium Carbonate
(b) Magnesium Chloride
(c) Sodium Chloride
(d) Sodium Sulphide
• Which lubricant is used for heavy machines?
(a) Bauxite
(b) Phosphorus
(c) Graphite
(d) Silicon oil
Question Answer

1 b
2 d
3 b
4 c
5 a
6 a
7 c