USE OF DISCRETE FIBER IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

SUBMITTED TO

Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Technology, Kakinada

In fulfillment for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

M.Tharakaram sai [19491A0128]

B.Praveen kumar [19491A0106]
K.Venkata sudeer [19491A0120]
K.Venkata sai [19491A0121]
K.Srinivas [19491A0122]
M.Sudarsan reddy [19491A0129]
Under the Esteemed guidance of
Mr. Vijay sekhar , M.Tech.,
Assistant Professor.
Department of Civil Engineering
QIS College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE | Permanent Affiliation: JNTU-Kakinada | UGC- Recognized Accredited by NBA |
Accredited by NAAC | An ISO 9001-2008 Certified Institution & Twice Accredited by NBA, New Delhi
Ponduru Road, Vengamukkapalem, Ongole, Prakasam Dist, A.P – 523272

2019-2023

1
 QIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)

An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution | Approved by AICTE, New Delhi Accredited

by NBA | Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada
Vengamukkapalem, Ongole 523272

Department of Civil Engineering

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is certified that this is bonafide report for final year major project titled “USE OF
DISCRETE FIBER IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION” is being submitted by
M.THARAKARAM SAI (19491A0128), B.PRAVEEN KUMAR (19491A0106),
K.VENKATA SUDEER (19491A0120), K.VENKATA SAI (19491A0121), K.SRINIVAS
(19491A0122), M.SUDARSAN REDDY (19491A0129). Who carried out the work under
my guidance and supervision and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of bachelor of technology degree in civil engineering during the academic year 2019-
2023.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

Mr. Vijay sekhar , M.Tech., Dr. K.HANUMANTHU,Ph.D.,

Assistantprofessor Associate Professor & HOD

Signature of the External Examiner

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank the almighty for giving us the courage and perseverance in completing the project
work, the project work itself is an acknowledgement for all those people who have given us their
heartfelt cooperation in making the main project a grand success.

We would like to express thanks to our principal Dr. Y V HANUMANTHA RAO, MTech.,
PhD., FIE, MISTE, QIS College of Engineering and Technology, Vengamukkapalem,
Ongole for providing us the necessary infrastructure and labs permitting to carry out this
project work.

With extreme jubilance and deepest gratitude, we would like thanks to Dr. K.HANUMANTHU,
MTech., PhD., Professor & Head of the Department of Civil Engineering, QISCollege of
Engineering and Technology, Vengamukkapalem, Ongole for his constant encouragement.

We are greatly indebted to our project guide, Mr. Vijay sekhar , M.Tech., Assistant
Professor Department of Civil Engineering, QIS College of Engineering and Technology,
Vengamukkapalem, Ongole for providing valuable guidance at every stage of this project work.
We are profoundly grateful towards the unmatched services rendered by him.

Our special thanks to all lectures of Civil Engineering for their valuable advices at every stage of
this work. Without their supervision and many hours of devoted guidance stimulating and
constructive criticism, this work would never have come out to this level.

Last but not least we would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and earnest thanks giving
to our dear parents for their moral support and heartfelt cooperation in doing this project.

M.Tharakaram sai ( 19491A0128 )

B.Praveen kumar ( 19491A0106 )
K.Venkata sudeer ( 19491A0120 )
K.Venkata sai ( 19491A0121 )
K.Srinivas ( 19491A0122 )
M.Sudarsan reddy ( 19491A0129 )

3
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this project report entitled “USE OF DISCRETE FIBER IN ROAD
CONSTRUCTION” is a record of work done by us for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement of the award of the Degree Bachelor Of Technology in CIVIL
ENGINEERING affiliated to QIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY.
It is my Own and not Submitted to at other University, nor published any time before.

M.Tharakaram sai ( 19491A0128 )

B.Praveen kumar ( 19491A0106 )
K.Venkata sudeer ( 19491A0120 )
K.Venkata sai ( 19491A0121 )
K.Srinivas ( 19491A0122 )
M.Sudarsan reddy ( 19491A0129 )

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

NO ABSTRACT 7-8

1 INTRODUCTION 10-17
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Problems In Concrete
1.3 Types of failures in Rigid
pavements
1.4 Effects of fiber on concrete

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 19-27

3 FIBERS USED 29-30

3.1 Polypropylene fiber
3.2 Polyester fiber

4 METHODOLOGY 32-33

5 MATERIALS 35-42
5.1 Cement
5.1.1 Physical Properties of OPC
5.1.2 Chemical Properties of OPC
5.2 Aggregates
5.2.1 Fine Aggregate
5.2.2 Coarse Aggregate
5.3 Fibers
5.3.1 Polypropylene Fiber
5.3.2 Polyester Fiber
5.4 Water
5.4.1 Mix Proportion

6 TEST PROCEDURE 43-53

6.1 Compressive strength
6.1.1 Procedure For
Concrete Cube test
6.2 Flexural Strength Test
6.2.1 Preparation of test specimens
6.3 Split Tensile Strength
6.3.1 Procedure for Splitting Tensile test
5
7 RESULT 55-57

8 CONCLUSION 59

REFERENCES 60-61

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 ABSTRACT

Concrete roads are very conventional roads and can provide a safe and smooth flow of traffic. Due
to the use of concrete in roads it has become quite an advantage for a greater life span and low
maintenance. But concrete roads may undergo cracking, spalling and concrete is weak in tension and
also little ductility. So as to mitigate these problems Inclusion of fiber can provide a great benefit to
concrete pavement. This Research “The Use of Discrete Fiber in Road Pavements” is done so as to
improve the quality of concrete pavement. In this research the fiber used is polypropylene fiber and
polyester fiber. The concrete mix used is M25. In one specimen only plain, concrete mix is tested for
compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength. In second specimen 1.8% of
polypropylene fiber is added with the concrete mix and again tested for the same three tests. In the
third sample 0.5% of polyester fiber is used in the concrete mix and tested for compressive strength,
flexural strength and split tensile strength. In fourth specimen both 1.8% of polypropylene fiber and
0.5 % of polyester fiber is mixed with the concrete mix and tested for the three tests It was seen a
great increment in the strength which showed the addition of fiber can improve the quality ofconcrete.
Pollution dilemma due to plastic bottle waste disposal and buildup is a growing and persistent
problem in Malaysia. Clearly, innovate use of such wastes through recycling application in
engineering must be found. This research was aimed to utilize waste plastic fiber in problematic road
construction project that can be both economical and environmentally friendly.

Additionally, it has the potency to increase the mechanical strength of commercial sand through
the CBR parameter of the road pavement sub-grades. The sand usually possesses low CBR value
which on its own may not be entirely suitable for the road construction works unless additive or
stabilizer was added. In this study, the specimen used as additive to the sand involved 5 mm wide ×
10 mm wide plastic fiber which was obtained from shredded waste plastic bottles. There were several
percentage of waste plastic fibers that had considered in the research apart from the control specimen
namely at 0 %, 0.1% and 0.5% in conjunction with 5 % cement and water at optimum moisture
content level. Several laboratory tests had been prescribed namely characterization tests,
compressibility test and CBR test.The result shows that as the percentage of waste plastic fiber
increased, the CBR value also increased indicating positive relationship between the two variables.

7
 The benefits of using discrete fibers have made them a popular choice for road construction
projects of all sizes, from residential streets to major highways. This paper will review the current
state of knowledge on the use of discrete fibers in road construction and summarize the benefits they
offer in terms of pavement performance and longevity.

8
CHAPTER 1

9
 1 . INTRODUCTION

Roads are chief means of transportation. It is used for the safe movement of vehicles. It is
important to maintain for its long service. For the safe movement of traffic, the road pavement
should be durable enough. The most important purpose of a pavement is to transfer loads to the sub-
base. The benefit of using rigid pavement is its sturdiness and capability to tolerate hard
environmental conditions. A rigid pavement is created from cement concrete or reinforcement
concrete slab. A rigid road pavement provides an efficient, comfortable, and cost-effective design
for the roadways and highways. Due to its high flexural stiffness and mechanical resistance, a rigid
pavement allows to homogeneously transfer the vehicular loads to the underlying layers, preventing
load and stress concentrations in the subgrade. But concrete pavements may suffer quick weakening,
in the form cracks, fissures and failures, which can cause loss of serviceability and unsafe driving
situation. This occurrence is chiefly due to the stiff behavior of cement concrete together with its
little resistance to fatigue phenomena and its small resilience. Shrinkage cracking of concrete is a
major problem in basic cement concrete pavements. However, these aspects can be diminished
through the implementation of fibers. Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is a concrete which contain
fibrous materials that increase the structural integrity of concrete. Different sorts of fiberscan be
used in concrete to mend the properties of concrete. Each fiber has the ability to improve produce
greater the quality of concrete. The fiber is added during the mixing of the concrete blend. The
amount to be added is expressed in percentage to the total volume.

The fibers that can be used in concrete pavements to improve their strength are steel fiber,
polypropylene fiber, and synthetic fiber. Each fiber has different properties which can enhance the
quality of concrete. It depends on the quantityof the fiber added to the concrete mix by which it can
improve the behavior of the concrete.

The global urbanization process is one of the main factors responsible for the substantial growth
in the generation of solid wastes, demanding attention for the increase in environmental impacts
caused by the accumulation and failures.

10
 Management of solid wastes, developing countries do not have a standard with regard to waste
management practices and this fact contributes to the application of informal process models and,
consequently, favors irregular disposal, such as in open dumps The lack of dumps represents a
challenging factor due to the limited areas available for the implantation of sites for disposal and
contamination risks The generation of solid waste is increasing in China, in addition to other parts of
East Asia and in regions of Eastern Europe and the Middle East Currently, the world generates 2.01
billion tons of solid urban waste per year, at least 33% of which are not managed in an
environmentally safe manner, in addition to a growth forecast of 3.40 billion tons by 2050
Underdeveloped countries and developing countries face a lack of infrastructure and adequate
processing of waste. In developed countries, on the other hand, it is possible to relate the misuse of
resources Sustainable solid waste management has become a necessity for industries seeking to
promote industrialization and sustainable development Japan, for example, uses waste management,
where although almost 44 million tons of waste are generated annually, only 1% is disposed in
dumps, with the rest being recycled or converted into energy in state-of-the-art facilities.

Countries, such as Nigeria, Bangladesh, Sudan, and Ethiopia, are the main contributors to the
production of solid waste among underdeveloped countries. Senegal, for example, produces more
than
2.4 million tons of waste per year. However, about 1.08 million tons are not collected According to
the recent development with respect to environmental policies has led to several sustainable
approaches in relation to integrated solid waste management. In Brazil, the national solid waste
policy was established by law 12.305/2010 and regulated by Decree 7.404 of 23 December 2010.
Oliver emphasizes that strict government regulations around the world have become a factor in
accelerating the adoption of reverse logistics initiatives, thus wastes have gained a new meaning
within their life cycle.

It is estimated that 6.2% of Brazil’s gross domestic product (GDP) is represented by the civil
construction market. The construction industry is one of the main sectors that have the potential to
reuse solid waste, as a potential raw material for several purposes, such as partial substitutions of
raw materials for the production of concretes and mortars. This industrial sector is responsible for
more than 30% of the extraction of natural resources, in addition to 25% of the solid waste
generated in the world. This is because the industry generally adopts the linear economic model.
Thus, a paradigmshift has been necessary in the industrial scenario with the adoption of a circular
economy model.

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 Considering circular economy practices, it is possible to associate it with life cycle assessment
(LCA) in this process, since the tool helps in identifying the benefits of reusing materials and
reducing the amount of natural resources. LCA classifies environmental impacts through a life cycle
perspective, providing valuable information that determines better strategies for decision making.
Disposal of various types of waste in different place from various sources has been a matter of
concern from a long time. These materials cause different types of pollution to the environment. The
plastic material is non-biodegradable making them inexhaustible in nature and start to collect at an
exponential rate. The cost of extraction of good quality material has increased due to the effect of
existence of these materials in our environment. Exponential increase in the population and the
expansion of industries has resulted into the considerable disposal of the plastic wastes. The plastics
that can be used are polythene, polypropylene, polyamory, polyethylene, poly tetra fluoroethylene
and polyethylene thalassotherapy. Thermoplastics have got properties by the help of which it
expands and softens when heated and regains its normal shape at the room temperature.
Thermoplastics can easily be molded or shaped into various products such as milk jugs, floor
coverings, credit cards and carpet fibers. These types of plastics are known as phenol, melamine,
unsaturated polymers, epoxy resin, silicone and polyurethane. Recent studies tell that plastics remain
unchanged for more than 4500 years depending upon the rise in food demands and essentials. Also,
the increasing population results into more waste generated from the households daily. According to
surveys plastic constitutes 5% in municipal wastes which is toxic. Plastic bags are the most
commonly found sources of plastic wastes, we come to see littering of plastics result into the
choking of drains etc. this results into stagnation of water and results to ill hygiene of the
locality.The only way to overcome these problems is to reuse the plastic effectively. During recent
researches it has been inferred that waste plastic when mixed up with hot aggregate will form a fine
plastic coat over it and when mixed up with the binder gives it a higher strength, high water
resistance and enhanced performance over a period of time. Waste materials usually constitutes of
plastic bags, laminated pouches, disposable cups etc. The use of plastic with bitumen in construction
of flexible pavements not only increases its smoothness and life but helps in reducing the cost of
project and also contributes into an eco- friendly environment. The plastic roads are found to give
better results.Discrete fibers, also known as synthetic fibers, are increasingly being used in road
construction as a means to improve the durability, strength, and longevity of the road surface.

12
 These fibers are typically made from materials such as polypropylene or polyester, and are
added to the concrete mix during the manufacturing process.When used in road construction,
discrete fibers are designed to help prevent cracking and other forms of damage caused by the
effects of weathering, traffic, and other environmental factors. By strengthening the concrete mix,
these fibers can help increase the overall lifespan of the road surface and reduce the need for costly
repairs and maintenance.In addition to their durability benefits, discrete fibers can also help improve
the overall safety of roadways. By reducing the likelihood of cracks and other forms of damage,
these fibers can help prevent accidents caused by potholes, uneven surfaces, and other hazards.

Overall, the use of discrete fibers in road construction is becoming increasingly common due to the
many benefits they offer in terms of durability, safety, and cost-effectiveness. As such, it is likely that
we will continue to see more widespread adoption of these materials in the years to comeperformance
compared to the conventional bitumen roads. The use of bitumen was reduced to 10% on introduction
of plastic waste as filler materials. It also enhances the strength and performance of the roads. Plastic
filling increases the melting point of the bitumen. The plastic waste mixing improves the abrasion and
slip resistance of flexible pavements allows us to calculate splitting tensile strength when the plastic
mixed is beyond 30% of the weight of the mix. There are specified mixing time, mixing temperature
and modifier content for all polymers, in case of not following the specifications it may lead to
premature failures. Plastic roads can prove to be a next step to developing India. This will also
facilitate in overcoming the plastic disposal problems in the World.

The concept of using plastic in flexible pavement has been done sine several years ago in India.
The concept of utilization of waste plastic in construction of flexible road pavement has been done
since 2000 in India. The properties of this modified bitumen were compared to that of ordinary
bitumen. It was noted that penetration and ductility values of modified bitumen was decreasing with
the increase in proportion of the plastic additive, up to 12 % by Weight. Dr. R. Vasudevan states that
the polymer bitumen blend is a better binder compared to plain bitumen. Blend has increased
Softening point and decreased Penetration value with a suitable ductility. The coating of plastics
reduces the porosity, absorption of moisture and improves soundness. Use of plastic bags in road help
in many ways like Easy disposal of waste, better road and prevention of pollution and so on.

13
 The best methods for easy disposal of waste plastics. This technology not only strengthened the
road construction but also increased the road life.
To prevent cracking caused by shrinkage of the plastic, fibers are typically used in concrete.
Additionally, they lessen the permeability of concrete, which in turn lessens water leakage. In
concrete, fibers increase impact, abrasion, and shatter resistance. They tighten control over fracture
width, minimize the need for steel reinforcement, and increase longevity. Fibers increase structural
strength and freeze thaw resistance. Precast lining segments reinforced merely with steel fibers are
used in the majority of fortunetelling. The goal is to offer suggestions for fibre reinforced concrete
constructions like tunnels and bridges in terms of durability and input to service life models. if the
mortar binder or concrete matrix has a larger elastic modulus than the fibers They assist in carrying
the burden of raising the material's tensile strength. According to "ACI committee 544," steel fibre
reinforced concrete is used as a supplemental material to avoid cracking, enhance resistance to impact
or dynamic loading, and prevent material disintegration. Fibers used in concrete have the capacity to
absorb more energy. Pavements made of fiber-reinforced concrete are more effective than those made
of regular cement concrete. "FRC is defined as composite material consisting of discontinuous,
randomly distributed, evenly spaced short length fibers reinforced concrete." Steel, polymer, or
natural materials may be used to make the fibers In contrast to reinforced cement concrete, which is
offered for local strengthening of concrete in tension regions, FRC is thought to be a material with
superior qualities. Steel and organic polymer fibers like polyester or polypropylene are the most
common fibers used in cement concrete pavements.

Polypropylene fiber is a type of synthetic fiber that is commonly used in a wide range of
applications, including road construction, concrete reinforcement, and textiles. It is made from
polypropylene, a thermoplastic polymer that is known for its strength, durability, and resistance to
chemical and environmental degradation.In road construction, polypropylene fiber is often added to
the asphalt mix to improve the performance of the pavement. The fibers are typically added in small
amounts (usually less than 1% by weight of the asphalt) and help to improve the toughness, strength,
and resistance to cracking of the pavement.Polypropylene fibers can also be used as a concrete
reinforcement material, where they help to improve the tensile strength and crack resistance of the
concrete. They are commonly used in concrete applications such as bridge decks, parking garages,
and industrial floors.

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1.1 Objectives:

 To study the variation in compressive strength in concrete pavement with the incorporating
the mixture of different amounts of polypropylene and polyester fibers.

 To control the cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage which is the
majorproblem in the concrete pavements

 To study the changes in tensile strength in concrete pavement with the addition of mixture
of different amounts of polypropylene and polyester fibers.
 To compare the changes in strength in concrete with and without fiber.

1.2 Problems in Concrete

The concrete is quite strong in compressive but weak in tension. Concrete is categorized by
brittle failure, the almost complete harm to the loading ability, once it begins to fail. There are
many defects in concrete pavement but the most common of them is cracking.Errors made during
construction can include adding improper amounts of water to the concrete mix, inadequate
consolidation, and improper curing can cause distress and deterioration of the concrete. Proper
mix design, placement, and curing of the concrete, as well as an experienced contractor are
essential to prevent construction errors from occurring. Construction errors can lead to some of the
problems discussed later in this fact sheet such as scaling and cracking. Honeycombing and
bugholes can be observed after construction.

Honeycombing can be recognized by exposed coarse aggregate on the surface without any
mortar covering or surrounding the aggregate particles. The honeycombing may extend deep into
the concrete. Honeycombing can be caused by a poorly graded concrete mix, by too large of a
coarse aggregate, or by insufficient vibration at the time of placement. Honeycombing will result
in further deterioration of the concrete due to freeze-thaw cycles because moisture can easily work
its way into the honeycombed areas. Severe honeycombing should be repaired to prevent further
deterioration of the concrete surface.

15
 Cracking can be of many types such as plastic shrinkage cracking, drying shrinkage cracking,
expansion concrete cracking and many more. The plastic contraction cracking is common in
concrete pavement. When concrete is in plastic state that is it is fully saturated but when the water
leaves sooner or later, it leaves a big void amongst the solid particles. These voids thus make the
concrete fragile and even more prone to cracks. The drying shrinkage happens when the water
starts to evaporate from an exposed surface and the depth of slab causes strain by which tensile
pressures are induced. Due to this drying shrinkage cracks are provided on the exterior of the
concrete pavement. In concrete, micro-cracks grow before structure is loaded due to drying
shrinkage and other reasons of volume change. The micro-cracks open up when the concrete is
fully loaded and inelastic deformation occur in concrete due to the micro-cracks.

16
1.3 Types of failures in rigid pavements:
Rigid pavements are typically made of concrete and are designed to distribute the load of traffic
over a large area of soil. However, like any other structure, they can experience various types of
failures due to different reasons. Here are some of the most common types of failures in rigid
pavements:

Cracking: Cracking is the most common type of failure in rigid pavements. It can occur due to
various reasons, such as shrinkage, thermal expansion and contraction, excessive loading, and
settlement. Cracks can be classified into different types, such as transverse, longitudinal, and diagonal
cracks.

Faulting: Faulting is a type of failure that occurs when two adjacent concrete slabs are no longer level
with each other, resulting in a vertical offset at the joint. This can be caused by a lack of dowels or
load transfer across the joint. Faulting can lead to roughness and discomfort for drivers.

Spalling: Spalling is a type of failure that occurs when the surface of the concrete breaks off in small
pieces. This can be caused by freeze-thaw cycles, alkali-aggregate reaction, and corrosion of
reinforcing steel. Spalling can lead to a rough surface that can cause discomfort for drivers and also
reduce the pavement's durability.

Corner breaks: Corner breaks are a type of failure that occurs when the corners of the concrete slab
break off. This can be caused by improper joint spacing or inadequate support under the corners.
Corner breaks can lead to a rough surface that can cause discomfort for drivers.

Blowup: Blowup is a type of failure that occurs when the pavement buckles upward due to excessive
compressive stresses. This can be caused by high temperatures, moisture changes, and inadequate
support. Blowups can create a hazardous condition for drivers and cause significant damage to the
pavement.

D-cracking: D-cracking is a type of pavement distress that occurs due to freeze-thaw

17
cycles. It appears as small cracks that intersect at right angles to form a pattern that resembles the
letter "D". D-cracking can lead to a rough surface that can cause discomfort for drivers.

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR): ASR occurs when the alkalis in the concrete react with certain types of
aggregates, causing expansion and cracking of the concrete. ASR can significantly reduce the
pavement's durability and lifespan.

Proper maintenance and repair of rigid pavements can help prevent these types of failures from
occurring and ensure their longevity. Regular inspections, timely repairs, and appropriate design and
construction practices can go a long way in avoiding pavement failures

1.4 Effects of Fiber on Concrete

To resist plastic shrinkage cracking and drying shrinkage cracking the fiber are provided as
reinforcement in concrete. The sponginess of concrete and reduction of bleeding of water can also
be achieved by fibers. The resistance to impact, abrasion can be provided by various fiber in
concrete.Fibers help to recover the post peak ductility performance, pre-crack tensile strength,
fatigue strength, impact strength and eradicate temperature and shrinkage fissures. Each fiber used
in concrete benefits to avoid the tiny fissures that can occur when concrete’s tensile strength is
weakest. FRC satisfies two of the much-demanded requirements of pavement material in India,
economy and reduced pollution. The other many advantages of fiber are low maintenance cost, less
fuel intake, longer life, improved load capability, impermeability of water over flexible pavements
and good riding feature. One of the properties that fiber providesto concrete is the energy
absorption ability to the concrete and the surge in its ductility and the preventing of the crack
development. If the length or amount of the fiber is increased, the energy concentration
measurements of plate concretes also increase. It has been observed that the incorporation of steel
fibers and polypropylene fiber shows higher strength than non fiber is concrete. The use of fibers
also re calibrates the behaviour of the fiber-matrixcomposite after it has cracked through refining
its toughness.

18
CHAPTER 2

19
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

In this review paper, we have studied about the discrete fiber, and conclusion are given below:
Kanalli et.al: PFRC has advantages over traditional concrete pavement. Polyester and polypropylene
are two examples of polymeric fibers that are employed because they are affordable and corrosion-
resistant. For PFRC to operate at its best, special design considerations and construction techniques are
needed. Due to reduced maintenance and rehabilitation costs, PFRC is 30-35 percent less expensive
than flexible pavement while having a 15-20% higher starting cost. Road networks in a big, rapidly
growing nation like India provide resource movement and communication, which in turn promotes
growth and development. Because resistance to change, no matter how minor, disrupts our society, we
are never willing to accept even the best. It's time to push through the obstacles and aim for the
summits. The PFRC offers fresh hope for improving and globalizing the standard of the "True Indian
Roads" and changing their appearance. Ricky: Polypropylene chips might be converted into polymer
fibre using the laboratory mixing extruded (LME) and the Rand castle fiber line (RFL) drawing
apparatus. Reliance Industries provided the raw materials for the PP chips and transported them
directly from their manufacturing facility in India. Using a two-stage method, a fibre with the desired
diameter of 0.5 mm was produced.

According to Chapter 3, the extrusion process utilizing LME produced an amorphous state fibre
with a greater diameter, while the drawing process using RFL produced a crystalline state fibre. To
ensure the quality and homogeneity of extruded fibre, machine parameters were improved. However,
it was found that the delayed drawing procedure had an impact on the rate of fibre creation. An effort
to alter the fiber's surface in an effort to enhance its performance. The extruded fibre was successfully
coated with a thin layer of Aluminum Oxide sol gel, but the pull-out performance of these coated
fibers in concrete matrices was subpar. This happened as a result of the coating layer and fiber's
adhesive bonding failing during testing. Fiber characteristics were improved by adding silica fume
(SF) powder during the fibre extrusion process. The SF extruded fibre possessed unique surface
roughness,

20
elasticity, and appearance. The extruded polymer's shift in hue was equally intriguing to see. However,
the enhancement of the fiber's surface properties was the most crucial component. During the
extrusion process, silica fume particles effectively mixed with the polymer to create an amorphous
fibre with a rough surface. The crystalline fibre surface still displayed this property. Pull-out tests
showed that the bonding ability of SF extruded PP (SFPP) fibre in concrete matrix was noticeably
superior than that of regular PP (RPP) fibre. The enhanced surface roughness of the fibre and
probable polarization response were credited with this improvement. The presence of silica on the
fiber's surface was verified using SEM.

Rakesh et.al: The following are the main results that were drawn from the experimental work: Multi
filament fibre is less effective than fibrillated fibre at reducing concrete settlement. At the same fibre
content, it has a less significant impact on slump reduction than multi filament fibre. The 28- day
compressive strength of concrete is not adversely affected by the inclusion of multi filament and
fibrillated fibre. Concrete drying shrinkage is better controlled by fibrillated fibre than by multi
filament fibre. In terms of developing abrasion resistance, concrete with fibrillated fibre performs
similarly to concrete having multi filament fibre. Concrete pavements may be built using concrete that
has been reinforced with polypropylene fibrillated fibre. Ahmad: The results of the material test made
it clear that adding fibers to plain concrete had a significant impact on its mechanical performance in
terms of compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The performance improved
as the percentage of fibers increased from 0.5 to 2.0, and the SFRC 2.0 percent performed best of
these volume fractions. The addition of 2.0% fibers led to a 44.1 percent improvement in flexural
strength. Additionally, the strength of the split tensile and compressive components also rose by 53.3
and 4.8 percent, respectively. Since the fibers span fissures, increasing concrete's capacity to
withstand tensile loads, their impact on flexure and tensile strength was more noticeable and effective.
Steel fibre content should ideally be 2.0 percent since it has a significant impact on mechanical
performance. Additionally, the literary and business community view the 2.0 percent as a workable
and economical percentage. However, greater volume fractions have also been investigated for ultra-
high performance concrete, which is an extremely brittle material in comparison to standard plain
concrete, up to 3 percent and in some cases 5 percent. It should be noted that this

21
number of fibers reduces the consistency and work ability of the concrete, which might be undesirable.
As a result, it would be crucial to employ additives to improve the work ability. In conclusion, it is
thought that using 2.0% fibers by volume of concrete is a sufficient amount.

Mansi, Kartik: One of the most significant and practical characteristics for the building of roads is
the compressive strength of bituminous mix. Bitumen is largely used in structural applications to
resist compressive loads. Because of this, the qualities of various mix elements that go into generating
bituminous mixtures are often quantified in terms of compressive strength. The findings show that
adding fibre had a considerable impact on the bituminous mix's characteristics. It is evident that for
improving the properties of bitumen from the penetration test results of conventional bitumen &
Bitumen with Nylon Fiber that & Bitumen with Nylon Fiber has highest penetration value with 109
cm and from the ductility test results of conventional bitumen & Bitumen with Nylon Fiber that &
Bitumen with Nylon Fiber has lowest penetration value with 14 cm. Although the results of the
current investigation clearly indicate that nylon fibre influences bitumen properties, it is deemed
necessary to expand the current studies using various types of aggregate and binders in order to draw
the precise conclusion that the relationships hold true regardless of the constituent types. .

Shrikant: It has been noted that as the proportion of steel fibers increases, the work ability of steel
fibre reinforced concrete decreases. Compressive strength keeps rising as the proportion of steel fibre
increases until it reaches its maximum level. One percent was discovered to be the ideal fibre
percentage for steel fibre reinforced concrete. With an increase in fibre content, concrete's flexural
strength keeps rising until it reaches its maximum level. One percent was discovered to be the ideal
number for steel fibre reinforced cement concrete's flexural strength. The plain cement concrete
specimens had a normal fracture propagation pattern during testing, which resulted in the breaking of
the beam into two pieces. However, the adding of steel fibers to concrete causes the cracking to stop,
which causes SFRC to behave ductility. Although the compression and flexural strengths of flat
crimped steel fibre for 28 days are slightly lower than those of hooked steel fibre, they nevertheless
have a lower cost (26%) than hooked steel fibre.

22
Ayyappan et.al: The engineering behaviour of soil-fly ash mixtures was significantly influenced by
the presence of fibers. The following are the main findings of our investigation on the engineering
behaviour of soil-fly ash mixes with fibre reinforcement. Due to the inclusion of fibers, the moisture-
density relationship of soil- fly ash mixes was dramatically impacted. In fly ash and soil-fly ash mixes,
the MDD rises and the OMC falls. The soil, however, exhibits a less pronounced reversal tendency.
The peak compressive strength and ductility of soil-fly ash specimens were both improved by the
fibre inclusion. The UCS of the unenforced specimens determines how much the UCS of soil-fly ash
specimens increases. As the UCS in the un reinforced condition declines, the relative gain in UCS rises.
While enhancing the ductility or energy absorption capacity of soil-fly ash specimens, an increase in
fibre length decreased its contribution to peak compressive strength. For all soil-fly ash specimens, the
relative advantage of fibers on CBR values only rises by up to 1.00 percent by dry weight and length
up to 12mm. According to the findings of a study on randomly oriented fibre reinforced soil-fly ash
mixes, the best performance was obtained using 12 mm fibers at the ideal dosage of 1.00 percent by
dry weight of the mixtures.

Sirisha et.al: Over the past seven or eight years, performance concrete has experienced amazing
growth. Practically all continents have come to adopt high performance concrete. The technical
community seems to have agreed on a broad definition of high performance concrete. Such a
definition is predicated on the concrete meeting specific performance standards or qualities for a
particular application that are otherwise impossible to get from regular concrete as a commodity
product. It is required to employ fibre in various applications. The use of HP-SFRC is still primarily
used in the construction of high-rise structures and long-span bridges. In Europe and Japan, it is used
more for bridges than for buildings, but in the US, it is utilized more for buildings than for bridges.
However, things are evolving. HPC is increasingly being used in structures today. Concrete durability
is becoming more important than concrete strength. High strength concrete is frequently utilised for
purposes other than those requiring strength because of its high level of durability. The mechanical
characteristics of high and very high strength concretes with and without fibers and their structural
applications continue to be the subject of much investigation.

23
 Several national codes of practise are now incorporating the findings of this research. On the
behaviour of the concrete at an early age and its connection to long-term performance, additional
knowledge is needed. Two notable recent advancements in the field of high performance fibre
reinforced concrete are the Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON) and the developed delivery
mechanism for non- metallic fibers. The use of continuous fibre reinforcement for enhancing
concrete's behaviour has seen substantial interest and development. For pre stressed and non-
prestressed concrete applications, fibre reinforced polymers (FRP), also known as fibre reinforced
plastic, are being recognized as a substitute for undercoated and epoxy-coated steel reinforcement.
Western nations have seen an increase in the use of compact reinforced concrete and reactive powder
concrete (Ductal). International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:
2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 08 | Aug 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET |
Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 663 Finally, only laboratories
and research facilities in India are using these high performance new generation fibre concretes. To
see it in action, many years will pass.

Sayyed et.al: Direct shear experiments, unconfined compression testing, and traditional tri axial
compression tests have shown that the addition of discrete fibers to the soil increases shear strength
and decreases post-peak strength loss. The peak shear strength, post peak strength decrease, axial
strain to failure, and, in some situations, the stress-strain behaviour can all be greatly improved by
discrete, randomly dispersed fibre inclusions. Additionally, fibre inclusions hinder the compaction
process, which lowers the maximum dry density of reinforced specimens as their fibre content
increases. With fibre reinforcement, the strength losses brought on by in- service saturation are greatly
decreased. Overall, it is important to note that there has been less study on the use of fibers with
cohesive soils. Although it has been noted that fibre reinforcement increases the strength of cohesive
soils, further research is required to fully assess this reinforcement since it is unclear how loads are
transferred across the interface between fibers and clayey soils. The combined impact of fibre and
various chemical binders (such as fly ash, cement, lime, poly vinyl acetate, poly vinyl alcohol, and
urea formaldehyde) on granular or clayey soils has lately attracted the attention of several researchers.
The primary explanation is that while chemical binders increase soil stability, they also reduce the
soil's ductile nature.

24
 Approach, fibers aid in lowering the composite soil's brittleness factor. As a result, a brittleness
factor with a scale of 1 to 0—where 0 denotes fully ductile behavior—was established in this study.
The authors come to the conclusion that the three main executive issues with the short composite soil
manufacturing are the absence of scientific standards, clumping and balling of fibers, and adherence of
fibre to soil. The advantages of short fibre composite soils are that they are readily available,
affordable, quick and simple to use, and practical in all weather situations. The use of fibers in soil
reinforcement has several technical advantages, such as preventing the development of tensile cracks,
increasing hydraulic conductivity and liquefaction strength, decreasing thermal conductivity and
building material weight, reducing the tendency of expansive soils to swell, and reducing soil
brittleness. The use of natural and/or synthetic fibers in geotechnical engineering has also
demonstrated to be practical in six disciplines, including pavement layers (road construction),
retaining walls, earthquake engineering, railway embankments, slope protection, and soil- foundation
engineering.

Ravindra et.al: A cement-bound road base with fibre reinforcement has the potential to perform
better by extending the base's fatigue life and strengthening its ability to withstand reflective cracking
of the asphalt. The experiments also show that hardened SFRCC's qualities, such flexural strength, are
noticeably superior to those of traditional RCC. Therefore, it is possible to recommend positively the
use of steel fibre for efficient pavement construction. James et.al: In Portland cement concrete,
naturally occurring reinforcing elements can be employed successfully as reinforcement. For poor
nations, natural fibre reinforced concrete is ideal since it may be used for inexpensive construction.
The usage of indigenous materials must be strongly pursued by researchers, design engineers, and the
building sector. Natural fibre reinforced concrete is a feasible alternative for cost-effective technical
solutions to a range of issues, and it has to be thoroughly explored and utilized. Asbestos has been
effectively replaced by wood fibers obtained from the Kraft process, which offer very desirable
performance-to-cost ratios, in the manufacture of thin-sheet cement products including flat and
corrugated panels and non pressure pipes.

Manoj, Ganesh: The volume fraction of 0.2 percent, 0.4 percent, 0.6 percent, 0.8 percent, and 1
percent of Polypropylene fibre, Polyvinyl alcohol fibre, and Recon 3s

25
fibre combinations were used to make the M35 grade of synthetic hybrid fibre reinforced concrete
using a 0.41 water to cement ratio. The compressive strength of PP 0.4 percent, PVA 0.4 percent, and
0.6 percent, the tensile strength of PP 0.4 percent, PVA 0.4 percent, and Recron 0.6 percent, and the
flexural strength of PP 0.4 percent, PVA 0.4 percent, and Recron 0.6 percent were observed to be
obtained as the maximum strength, then the strengths will decrease as the fibre content increases.
Deepa et.al: The results of various laboratory investigations are listed below, and they are discussed
as follows: It is understood that adding fibers to the concrete mix influences new concrete's slump
value, compressive strength, and flexural strength. The table shows how the presence of steel fibre
influences the hardened qualities of concrete mix, including its 28-day compressive strength. It is
clear that the compressive strength of concrete mixes increases up to the addition of 1% steel fibers
before gradually declining after that. While the compressive strength of a mix with 2% steel fibers is
higher than that of a mix with 1% steel fibers, from an economic standpoint, it is much more expensive.
The addition of steel fibre demonstrates a consistent improvement in flexural strength with an increase
in steel fibre content. The maximum is two percent, although from an economic standpoint, two
percent mix costs more than one percent mix does. Because the modulus of elasticity of the specific
mix increases as the fibre content does, it is observed that the radius of relative stiffness increases
with an increase in fibre content in concrete mixes up to 1 percent, reaching 338378.48 kg/cm2 for R3
mixes, which is higher than the value of R0 mixes, which is only 317411.4 kg/cm2. Higher
compressive strength and a solid matrix bond, which cause the bond to endure less strain for a given
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology | Impact Factor value:
7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 664 load, are the major causes of this rise. The ideal
slab thickness, or 1 percent of fibre, is being reached since mechanical qualities of fibre rely on
factors including fibre form, quantity, and aspect ratio. The ratio of the corrugated fiber's length (30
mm) to thickness determines the aspect ratio, which is calculated as having a value of 42. (0.7 mm).
The outcome indicates that, when compared to conventional concrete, the thickness achieved at 1
percent is optimal, or 33.5 cm (37 cm). According to the experiment, the proportion of fibers
increases together with the concrete section's capacity to withstand temperature stress. As temperature
stress is primarily influenced by the area's temperature difference, concrete's modulus of elasticity,
thermal expansion coefficient, and coefficient of temperature differential.

26
 Here, the practical coefficient of thermal expansion and temperature differential are constant, but
the elastic modulus and concrete mix have changed, and the value of the coefficient of temperature
differential has also changed because it depends on the value of the radius of relative stiffness, which
has decreased by up to 1%. There is a variation in the stress caused by temperature change. According
to the experiment, the corner region experiences the most stress since it is discontinuous in both
directions. Wheel load, slab thickness, radius of contact area, and radius of relative stiffness are the
key factors influencing corner stress.

Vijay: Steel and polypropylene fibers can be added to conventional concrete to enhance its
mechanical properties. We can draw the conclusion that steel and polypropylene fibers can be used to
increase the durability of conventional concrete. The ideal dose for polypropylene fibers is 0.3 percent,
whereas the ideal dosage for crimped steel fibers is 1.5 percent. Compared to polypropylene fibers,
concrete reinforced with crimped steel fibers performs better.

Krushna et.al: Concrete's ductility and load-carrying ability were both increased by the inclusion of
fibre in reinforced concrete. In comparison to the other two mixes, which contain 3% each of
polyester and polypropylene fibre, the compressive strength of regular concrete is lower. The split
tensile strength and flexural strength tests are also equivalent. Compared to polypropylene fibre,
polyester fibre has a higher strength. It is less expensive and ought to be practical. Polyester and
polypropylene fibre were used without any work ability issues. Concrete with fibre reinforcement is
resistant to cracking and distortion.

Shilpa, Mrudula: Maximum flexural and compressive strength can be attained with very little cost
increase by combining 0.3 percent polypropylene fibers, 2% steel fibers, and 0.3 percent synthetic
fibers. It is simple to study the differences between regular concrete and fibre reinforced concrete
after slabs have been cast and have had time to cure for 28 days. The crack arresting phenomena
shown is noticeably amplified when 0.3 percent of polypropylene fibers are added to regular concrete.

27
CHAPTER 3

28
 3 . FIBERS USED

3.1 POLYPROPYLENE FIBER

The Polypropylene fiber, correspondingly known as polypropylene or PP, is a synthetic fiber, altered
from 85% polypropylene, and is used in a variety of uses. . As we know concrete provides a strong
road pavement but it may undergo plastic and shrinkage cracking. So to mitigate these problems
polypropylene fiber- reinforced concrete (PFRC) has provided for improving these deficiencies. The
accumulation of fibers in concrete increases the stiffness, flexural strength, tensile strength and
bearing strength. The polypropylene fiber also reduces the steel reinforcement requirement and also
improves the ductility.

Fig -1 Polypropylene fiber

29
3.2 POLYESTER FIBER

Polyester fiber is an artificial fiber which can be used in the pavement construction to avert micro
cracking andalso helps to increase flexural strength, compressivestrength of pavement. These fiber
also reduce drying shrinkage as well. The use of polymeric fiber has been increased nowadays
because there is no menace of decay and is very cost effective. There is no risk of corrosion because
polyester fiber are alkali resistant. Generally polyester fibers can be used in industrial and warehouse
floor, pavements and even in overlays and pre-cast products. Polyester macro-fibers can be used as a
true substitute to welded wire fabric, steel fibers and conventional light gauge steel reinforcing for
pre-cast slabs on grad and shotcrete applications [4]. The properties of polyester fiber-reinforced
concrete concluded that by adding polyester fiber at 1% (by size) of concrete improved the impact
strength by 75%, the split tensile strength by 9%, and the flexural strength by 7%, and the
compressive strength by 5%

Fig-2 Polyester

30
CHAPTER 4

31
 4 . METHODOLOGY

Mixing of fiber in concrete can be achieved in many different ways or methods. Paired to plain
concrete, Fibre ferro concrete mixtures are distinguished by greater cement factor, greater fine
aggregate content, and smaller size coarse aggregate. The fiber mixture properly unites the concrete.
External vibrations are better than others to prevent fiber segregation .trowels, floats, and revolving
power floats of metals are also used to polish the surface. The same equipment and procedures can be
used for standard concrete. The tests necessary to perform are the flexural test, Compressive strength
test, and split tensile strength test. Every test is performed on a set of 3 samples for every mix.
Polypropylene and polyester fiber have used in the test while performing. For the casting of the
specimen the materials used are:-

Mixing of FRC can be accomplished by lots of methods. Most importantly the mix should have a
unvarying scattering of the fibers in order to avert segregation or balling of the fibers during mixing.
Most balling happens for the duration of incorporation of fiber process. Upsurge of aspect ratio,
capacity percentage of fiber, and size and quantity of coarse aggregate will surge the balling affinities
and decline the work ability. So as to coat the huge surface area of the fibers with paste, practice
directed that a water cement ratio between 0.4 and 0.6, and least cement content of 400 kg/m are
required. Matched toplain concrete, fiber Ferrow concrete mixes are generally characterized by
higher cement factor, higher fine aggregate content and smaller size coarse aggregate. A fiber mix
commonly involves more vibration to unite the combination. External vibration is better to prevent
fiber segregation. Metallic trowels, tube floats and rotating power floats are often wont to polish the
surface. Accumulation of fibers to concrete influences it is mechanical properties which significantly
depend upon the sort and percentage of fiber. The alike equipment and procedure as used for
standard concrete also can be used. The tests required are Flexural test, Compressive strength test,
Split tensile strength test. All the tests were conductedon a set of 4 specimens for each mixture. The
fibers used in the test will be polyester and polypropylene. The concrete grade used is M25 grade.
One specimen will be simple conventional concrete, other with 0.5 % polyester,

32
other with the addition of 1.8% polypropylene and the last specimen with the mixture of both the
fibers. All these specimen are compared for their mechanical properties. The ordinary Portland
cement issued in all mixtures.

33
CHAPTER 5

34
 5. MATERIALS

In order to make proper mix of Fiber Reinforced concrete Following materials are to be used:
5.1 Cement: In this test Khyber cement Grade M53 OPC is used. OPC 53 Grade cement is required
to conform to BIS specification IS:12269-1987 with a designed strength for 28 days being a minimum
of 53 MPa or 530 kg/sqcm.53 Grade OPC provides high strength and durability to structures because
of its optimum particle size distribution and superior crystallized structure.When water is added to it
paste is formed which hardens with time. This cement grade is used for focused works such as
prestressed concrete components, precast items such as paving blocks, building blocks, etc., runways,
concrete roads, bridges, and other RCC works where the grade of concrete is M25 and above.

35
5.1.1 Physical properties of OPC are asfollowing:
 Fineness.
 Soundness.
 Compressive strength.
 Initial and final setting time.
 Standard consistency

5.1.2 Chemical properties of OPC 53 Grade cement:

 Loss on ignition % Not more than 4.0%
 Magnesia % Not more than 6.0%
 Insoluble residue % Not more than 4.0%
 Sulphuric anhydride % Not more than 3.5%
 Total chloride content % Not more than 0.10%
 Net proportion of lime to Silica, Alumina and Iron oxide 0.80 –1.02%

5.2 Aggregates:
Aggregates are one of the vital constituents of the concrete which gives body to the concrete and also
reduce shrinkage. For a good concrete mix aggregate need to be clean, hard, and strong. Generally
two types of aggregates are used Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate.

5.2.1 Fine Aggregate: These are typically sand or crumpled stone that are less than 9.55mm in
diameter. Fine aggregates are basically natural sand particles from the land through the mining
process, the fine aggregates consist of natural sand or any crushed stone particles that are ¼” or
smaller.

This product is often referred to as 1/4’” minus as it refers to the size, or grading, of this particular
aggregate.

36
Aggregates less than 4.75 mm in size are called fine aggregates; sand falls under the fine
aggregate and crushed stone or metal under the coarse aggregates.

Physical properties of Fine Aggregate

 durability.
 grading
 particle shape and surface texture.
 abrasion and skid resistance.
 unit weights and voids.
 absorption and surface moisture.

Chemical properties of fine aggregate

 Fineness modulus 3.01
 Specific gravity 2.5
 Sulphate content 0.137%
 Absorption 1.6
 Clays and fine materials 2.6%

37
5.2.2 Coarse Aggregate
The aggregates are generally acquired by blasting in stone quarries or breaking them by hand or by
crusher machines.

The aggregates manufactured by machine-crushed consist of stones of various sizes whereas hand-
broken aggregates consist of only single size stones.

Materials that are larger to be retained on 4.75 mm sieve size are called coarse aggregate, and their
maximum size can be up to 63 mm. In coarse aggregate, foreign materials like coal, lignite, soft
fragments, and clay lumps should not exceed 5 percent of their actual weight.

The characteristic of the parent rock from which coarse aggregates is produced and also the type of
crusher used to influence the shape of the aggregates. They may be round, angular or completely
irregular. Rounded aggregates, such as gravel, have the lowest water demand due to their lower
surface area. They also have the lowest cement requirement. This makes rounded aggregates more
economical; however, the bonds they form are not as strong as those of angular aggregate.
Angular ones require more water and cement because they have a higher surface area. This can make
a concrete batch more expensive, but it is also stronger and more durable. Irregularly-shaped
aggregates have similar properties to angular aggregates, but if the particles are too flaky or elongated,
it can result in segregation in the concrete.

38
Physical Properties of coarse Aggregate

 Size.
 Shape.
 Texture.
 Strength.
 Specific gravity.
 Absorption and Moisture content.
 The soundness of aggregates.
 Cleanliness.

Chemical properties of coarse aggregate

Compound Oxides Contents (%)

Silicon Oxide SiO2 55.57

Aluminium Oxide Al2O3 0.77

Ferric Oxide Fe2O3 0.37

Calcium Oxide CaO 13.33

Magnesium Oxide MgO 9.59

Sodium Oxide Na2O 0.14

Potassium Oxide K2O 0.09

Titanium Oxide TiO2 0.01

Phosphorus Oxide P2O2 0.01

Loss on Ignition (L.O.I) 19.48

39
5.3 Fibers:

The fiber used for the test are Polyester and Polypropylene. These fibers have hydrophobic surface.
Usage of these fibers as reinforcement diminishes permeability, shrinkage resistance, mends
compression and tensile strength of concrete.

5.3.1 Polypropylene fiber:

The polypropylene fiber is brought online from Ahmadabad. The fiber length used is 20mm with
tensile strength of 0.67 KN/m2, specific gravity 0.92 g/cc, Melting point 1650 and elongation 12 to
17%.

40
5.3.2 Polyester fiber:

The polyester fiber is brought online from Surat Gujarat. The Grade standard A, size 125gram is used.

5.4 Water :

The water used should be free from impurities so as it does not affect the mix. If the water contains
extensive amounts of chlorides may bring about efflorescence and dampness. So the water utilized
having pH esteem value 7.0 and free from salt.

41
5.4.1 Mix Proportion
 Grade designation = M25

 Type of cement = Ordinary Portland Cementgrade M53

 Max nominal size of the aggregate = 20mm

 Min cement content = 330kg/cu-m

 Max W/C ratio = 0.55

 Type of aggregate = Crushed angular

42
CHAPTER 6

43
 6. TEST PROCEDURE

6.1 Compressive Strength

In this test, cubes were casted and the dimension of these cubes was taken as 150*150*150mm.In
first mold only conventional concrete mix with M25 mix design was prepared. The second cube
with same dimension was prepared with the incorporation of polypropylene fiber of 1.8%. The
third cube with same mix proportion was made with the inclusion of polyester fiber of 0.5% and the
last cube was prepared with the mix design with the addition of both polypropylene and polyester
fiber with the same percentage 1.8% and 0.5%. The casting molds are chosen to be made of cast
iron and must be cleaned with oil on inner side for easy removal of cubes. The specimen must be
cast in 3 layers (5cm each) and appropriately compacted in order that honeycombing creation does
not take place. Thecasted specimens are kept for 24 hours until it sets. After setting the specimens
are detached from the mold and submerged underwater for stipulated time. The cube test for
Compressive strength was done on 7 and 28 days respectively. Before placing on the UTM the
specimen were completely dried. Then these testing specimens were placed in the space between
bearing surfaces. The loading is applied axially on specimen without any shock and increased at the
rate of 140kg/sq. cm/min. till the specimen downfall.

44
6.1.1 Procedure for Concrete Cube Test

1. Remove the specimen from the water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water
from the surface.

2. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

3. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the
opposite sides of the cube cast.

5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.

6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the specimen.

45
7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140 kg/cm2/minute
till the specimen fails. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type
of failure.

Formula for Compressive strength of concrete

Calculating the compressive strength of concrete requires a formula:

CS = F ÷ A

The variables in the compressive strength of concrete formula are as follows:

CS is compressive strength,

F is the force at the point of failure, and

A is the cross-sectional surface area

46
6.2 Flexural Strength Test

For flexural strength test beam samples of dimension 100x100x500 mm were casted. These flexural
strength specimens were tested under four point loading as per I.S. 516-1959, using universal testing
machine. In this test the required apparatus is mold in which specimen is casted, tampered rod for
tamping purpose and flexural testing machine. The test specimen were prepared by filling the
concrete into the mold in 3 layers of almost equivalent thickness. In first mold only conventional
concrete mix with M25 mix design was prepared. The second cube with same dimension was
prepared with the addition of polypropylene fiber of 1.8%. The third cube with same mixproportion
was made with the addition of polyester fiber of 0.5% and the lastcube was prepared with the mix
design with the addition of both polypropylene and polyester fiberwith the same percentage 1.8% and
0.5%. Each layer was tampered 35 times using the tamping bar as specified above. Tamping ought to
be distributed evenly over the entire cross-section of the beam mold and all the way to the depth of
each layer. Then the bearing surfaces of the supportive and loading rollers were organized, and any
slack sand or other material from the surfaces of the specimen was removed when they were to make
contact with the rollers

47
Circular rollers manufactured out of steel having cross section with diameter 38 mm were used for
giving support and loading points to the samples. The spanof the rollers shall be at least 10 mm more
than the width of the test specimen. An over-all of four rollers were used, three out of which shall be
capable of rotating along their own axes. The sample which was kept in water was tested instantly on
elimination from water; whilst they are still damp. The test specimen was positioned in the machine
fittingly centered with the longitudinal axis of the sample at right angles to the rollers. For molded
specimens, the mold filling direction shall be normal to the direction of loading. The load was applied
at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.

6.2.1 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS

Sampling fresh concrete: Obtain a sample of concrete from the mass during the placing operation
(see California Test 539). Transport samples in watertight containers to the place where the test
specimens are to be molded. If any of the aggregate used is retained on the 1½ in. sieve, screen the
concrete sample through a 1½ in. sieve and discard the oversize aggregate. Always remix the sample
with a shovel on a nonabsorbent surface to assure that there is no segregation of the coarse aggregate
or mortar. Molding test specimens: Before each use, apply a release agent such as a light coat of
fresh oil to all inside surfaces of the mold. Place concrete in the molds in two approximately equal
layers. Rod each layer 60 times for 20 in. beams or one stroke for each 2 sq. in. of surface. Do not
stroke the bottom of the mold with the rod. For the second layer, rod ½ in. into the first layer. Tap
the sides of the mold lightly with a rubber mallet to close the voids. Spade the concrete along the
sides and ends of the beam molds with a trowel or other suitable tool to remove air voids. Strike off
surplus concrete and finish the surface with a wood float. Finish with the minimum manipulation
necessary to provide a flat, even surface that is level with the rim or edge of the mold. Curing test
specimens: Place earth or sand around the sides and ends of the molds to prevent excessive loss of
the heat generated by cement hydration in the concrete. Apply the same curing medium to the top
surface of the test beam as is applied to the pavement. If application of the specified curing medium
is delayed, cover the beam immediately with a double thickness of burlap or other fabric, which
shall be kept thoroughly damp until the membrane is applied. At the end of approximately 24 hr,
remove the mold and transport the beam resting on its base plate to the curing location.

48
 Carefully remove the beam from the base plate and bury the beam in damp earth or sand with at
least 4 in. of cover. Bury beams on Saturday that are cast on Friday. And cover with a tarpaulin or
sisal kraft paper to prevent the cooling effect of excessive evaporation. Place test specimens in a
saturated-lime water bath 24 hr ± 6 hr before testing.

Flexural strength of concrete is determined by using the formula,

F= PL/bd2.
Here F= Flexural strength of concrete (in MPa),
P = Failure load (in N), L= Effective span of the beam (500mm),
b = Breadth of the beam (100mm) , d = depth of the beam (100mm)

50
6.3 Split Tensile Strength

The tensile strength of concrete is one of the basic and important properties which greatly affect
the extent and size of cracking in structures. Moreover, the concrete is very weak in tension due to its
brittle nature. Hence. it is not expected to resist the direct tension. So, concrete develops cracks when
tensile forces exceed its tensile strength. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the tensile strength
of concrete to determine the load at which the concrete members may crack. Furthermore, splitting
tensile strength test on concrete cylinder is a method to determine the tensile strength of concrete.The
procedure based on the ASTM C496 (Standard Test Method of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen)
which similar to other codes lik IS 5816 1999. Finally, different aspects split will be discussed in the
following sections.

In this test the sample size is cylinder of diameter 15 cm and height of 30 cm. The mold used is metal
with mean internal diameter of the mold is 15 cm ± 0.2 mm and the height is 30 +/- 0.1 cm. The
molds were coated with a thin film of mold oil before

51
use to prevent adhesion of concrete.All the 4 concrete mix were placed into the molds in layers of
almost 5 cm thickness. Each layer was compacted either by hand. After packing the top layer, the
external of the concrete was done level with the top of the mold, using a trowel and was enclosed
with a metal plate to avert departure of water. The test specimens were kept in a place at a
temperature of 27° +/- 2°C for 24 hrs. After this time, samples were detached from the molds to be
sunken in unpolluted fresh water for 28 days. The water was changed every 7 days. . After curing the
water was wiped from the surface of specimen, then by using a marker diametrical lines were drawn
on the two ends of the specimen to verify that they are on the same axial place. Then dimensions of
the specimen was measured. The plywood strip was reserved on the lower plate and the specimen
was positioned. The sample was aligned so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and centered
over the bottom plate. Then the further plywood strip was located above the specimen and the upper
plate was taken down to touch the plywood strip. The load uninterruptedlywithout shock at a rate of
approximately 14- 21 kg/cm2/minute (Which corresponds to a total load of
9.9 ton/minute to 14.85 ton/minute). Then the breaking point was noted for each specimen.

6.3.1 Procedure of Splitting Tensile Test

 Initially, take the wet specimen from water after 7, 28 of curing; or any desired age at
which tensile strength to be estimated.

 Then, wipe out water from the surface of specimen

 After that, draw diametrical lines on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that they are on
the same axial place.

 Next, record the weight and dimension of the specimen.

 Set the compression testing machine for the required range.

 Place plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen.

 Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and centered over
the bottom plate.

 Place the other plywood strip above the specimen.

 Bring down the upper plate so that it just touch the plywood strip.

52
 Apply the load continuously without shock at a rate within the range 0.7 to 1.4 MPa/min (1.2 to
2.4 MPa/min based on IS 5816 1999)
Finally, note down the breaking load(P)

Calculate the splitting tensile strength of the specimen as follows:

T= 2P/ π LD
Where:
T = splitting tensile strength, MPa
P: maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine,N
D: diameter of the specimen, mm
L: length of the specimen,mm

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Advantages :

 In the proposed model by Volker wessels, plastic roads can have hollow
space built in to allow ease of wiring, connecting pipes, etc.
 Since plastics come with various chemical and physical properties, roads can be engineered to
meet specific requirements (e.g. weather and wear resistance)
 Plastic roads can be built from waste plastic --- the majority of which is usually put into
landfill, incinerated, or polluted into the environment.

 Land-filling and incinerating plastic are both problematic methods of managing plastic waste.
 Plastics in landfills can leak pollutants into the surrounding soil; incinerating creates gaseous
pollutants, such as carbon dioxide.
 Plastic-bitumen composite roads need not be especially discriminating with the plastics used, thus
increasing the reuse of plastic.
 Most plastic waste is not recycled because it is usually mixed with different types of plastic and
non-plastic (e.g. paper labels) and, so far, the segregation process is labor-intensive with no easy
solution.
 Using less asphalt saves on cost and resources. Asphalt concrete requires petroleum which is
becoming more scarce.
 Plastic-bitumen composite roads have better wear resistance than standard asphalt concrete roads.
 They do not absorb water, have better flexibility which results in less rutting and less need for
repair. Road surfaces remain smooth, are lower maintenance, and absorb sound better.

Disadvantages:

 Pure plastic roads require use of compatible plastics because, when melted, plastics of different
types may phase-separate and cause structural weaknesses, which can lead to premature failure.
 Plastics in the road can break down into microplastics and can find their way into the soil and
bodies of water.
 These micro plastics can also absorb other pollutants.Every time maintenance is performed on
these modular roads the flow of power, water, and internet that has been installed within will be
interrupted .

54
CHAPTER 7

55
 7. RESULT

Table-1: Compressive Strength Test

7days Avg. 28days Avg.

S.NO. DESCRIPTION (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

1 Normal concrete mix 22.63 36.33

Concrete mix with 1.8% of 23.76 38.19

2
polypropylene fiber

3 Concrete mix with 0.5% of 47.55 50.65

polyester fiber

Concrete mix with both 0.5% and

4 48.68 52.51
1.8% of polypropylene and
polyester fiber

56
 Table -2: Flexural Strength Test

7days Avg. 28days Avg.

S.NO DESCRIPTION
. (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

1 Normal Concrete Mix 4.53 5.87

2 Concrete Mix with 1.8% 4.96 6.23

of polypropylene fiber

3 Concrete Mix with 0.5%

6.5 7.8
of Polyester fiber

Concrete mix with both 0.5% and 6.85 8.65

4
1.8% of polyester and polypropylene

fiber

57
Table-3: Split Tensile Strength Test

7days Avg 28days Avg

S.NO. DESCRIPTION (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

1 Normal Concrete Mix 3.56 4.9

2 Concrete Mix with 1.8% 3.78 5.61

of polypropylene fiber

Concrete Mix with 0.5%

3 4.55 5.28
of Polyester fiber

Concrete mix with both

4
4.87 5.94
0.5% and 1.8% of polyester And

polypropylene fiber

58
CHAPTER 8

59
 8. CONCLUSION

 The Compressive Strength of Normal concrete mix is less than the rest of the three mixes but the
mix of concrete with polyester and polypropylene increased the most compressive strength of the
concrete.
 The flexural strength of Normal concrete is less than the other three mixes but the concrete mix
with 0.5% polyester and the mix with both the polypropylene and polyester showed a great
increase in the flexural strength in the concrete mix.
 The split tensile strength of Normal concrete mix is less than the other three but only the concrete
with polyester fiber of 5% and the mix of both polypropylene and polyester increased the strength.
 The addition of polyester fiber in concrete showed a great increment in the strength than the
polypropylene fiber.
 The difference between the strength increment in concrete mix with polyester fiber and the
concrete mix with both the polyester fiber and polypropylene fiber is not so much high.
 The use of discrete fiber in road construction has been the subject of numerous studies and
research over the years. Discrete fibers, which are typically made of materials such as
polypropylene, polyester, and steel, are added to concrete to enhance its mechanical properties
and increase its durability.
 The use of discrete fiber in road construction has shown promising results. Studies have
demonstrated that the addition of discrete fibers can significantly improve the mechanical
performance of concrete used in road construction, including its resistance to cracking, fatigue,
and deformation. In addition, the use of discrete fibers can also reduce the amount of concrete
required for a given project, leading to cost savings.
 While there are some potential drawbacks to consider, the use of discrete fiber in road
construction appears to offer significant benefits in terms of improving the durability and
mechanical performance of the road. As such, it is likely that we will continue to see the use of
discrete fiber in road construction projects in the future.

60
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