Test Number: 01

I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS (40 Points)

1. How many sounds are there in the IPA? How are they classified?

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) encompasses around 107 basic symbols representing the sounds of human
speech. These sounds are classified based on articulatory features. Consonants are categorized by place of articulation
(where in the vocal tract the obstruction occurs), manner of articulation (how airflow is obstructed), and voicing
(whether vocal cords vibrate). Vowels are classified by height (position of the tongue), backness (position of the tongue
relative to the mouth), and roundedness (whether lips are rounded). Suprasegmental features, like intonation and
stress, also play a role. This systematic classification system enables linguists and language learners to transcribe and
analyze speech sounds accurately across languages.

2. What is word stress? Give examples.

Word stress is the emphasis placed on one syllable within a word, altering its pronunciation and meaning. In English,
stress patterns vary, affecting nouns, verbs, and compound words differently. For instance, "REcord" as a noun stresses
the first syllable, while as a verb, it stresses the second. Compound words like "BLACKbird" stress the first syllable,
denoting the bird's color, but in "birdHOUSE," stress shifts to the second, indicating the type of structure. Understanding
word stress is crucial for accurate pronunciation and comprehension in English and other languages.

II. EXERCISES (60 points)

1. Give 5 words containing the sound at the beginning of each line. Underline the letter(s) containing the sound.

/i:/ Eat, Easy, Evil, Eager, Equal

/f/ Face, Fall, Fun, Fire, Father

/eɪ/ Eight, Age, Pain, Train, Paint

/ʃ/ She, Ship, Show, Share, Shop

2. Which word whose pronunciation of the underlined part differs from that of the others? Write the

answer in the provided space.

a. sometimes /ˈsʌmˌtaɪmz/ visit /ˈvɪzɪt/ worship /ˈwɜrʃɪp/ with /wɪð/

b. washed /wɒʃt/ looked /lʊkt/ stopped /stɒpt/ played /pleɪd/

c. three /θriː/ through /θruː/ month /mʌnθ/ than /ðæn/

d. nation /ˈneɪʃən/ pollution /pəˈluːʃən/ question /ˈkwɛstʃən/ information /ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/

3. Which word has the different stress pattern from the rest? Explain your choice

a. adorable/ ability/ impossible/ entertainment.

-> /əˈdɔːrəbəl/ /əˈbɪlɪti/ /ɪmˈpɒsɪb(ə)l/ /ˌɛntəˈteɪnmənt/

-> The word "entertainment" has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.
In "adorable," "ability," and "impossible," the stress falls on the second syllable. However, in "entertainment," the stress
falls on the third syllable.

b. engineer/ corporate/ difficult/ different.

-> /ˌɛnʤɪˈnɪər/ /ˈkɔːrpərət/ /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/ /ˈdɪf(ə)rənt/

-> The word "engineer" has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.

In "corporate," "difficult," and "different," the stress falls on the first syllable. However, in "engineer," the stress falls on
the second syllable

c. popular/ position/ horrible/ positive.

-> /ˈpɒpjələr/ /pəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ /ˈhɒrɪb(ə)l/ /ˈpɒzɪtɪv/

-> The word "position" has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.

In "popular," "horrible," and "positive," the stress falls on the first syllable. However, in "position," the stress falls on the
second syllable

d. selfish/ correct/ purpose/ surface.

-> /ˈsɛlfɪʃ/ /kəˈrɛkt/ /ˈpɜrpəs/ /ˈsɜrfɪs/

-> The word "correct" has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.

In "selfish," "purpose," and "surface," the stress falls on the first syllable. However, in "correct," the stress falls on the
second syllable
Test Number: 02
1. What is a syllable? How can we count the syllables in a word?

In writing, words are made of letters. In speech, words are made of sounds. Letters are not always the same as sounds
English has 20 vowel sounds and 24 consonant sounds.

There are two kinds of sounds: vowel sounds (V) and consonant sounds(C) Some consonants have voice from the voice
box and some don’t.

These consonants are voiced and voiceless pairs /p/ /b/, /t/ /d/, /k/ /g/, /f/ /v/, /s/ /z/, /θ/ /ð/, /ʃ/ /ʒ/, /ʈʃ/ /dʒ/.

These consonants are voiced /h/, /w/, /n/, /m/, /r/, /j/, /ŋ/, /l/.

English has 20 vowel sounds.

Short vowels in the IPA are /ɪ/-pit, /e/-pet, /æ/-pat, /ʌ/-cut, /ʊ/-put, /ɒ/-dog, /ə/-about.

Long vowels in the IPA are /i:/-week, /ɑ:/-hard,/ɔ:/-fork,/ɜ:/-heard, /u:/-boot. Diphthong vowels in the IPA are /eɪ/-
place, /oʊ/-home, /aʊ/-mouse, /ɪə/-clear, /eə/-care, /ɔɪ/-boy, /aɪ/-find, /ʊə/-tour.

2. What is sentence stress? Give examples.

Sentence stress refers to the emphasis placed on certain words within a sentence to convey meaning, importance, or
contrast. It involves making those words louder, longer, and higher in pitch compared to the surrounding words.
Sentence stress is crucial for conveying the intended message and can affect the overall rhythm and clarity of spoken
language.

For example, consider the sentence "I didn't say he stole the money." By placing stress on different words, we can
change the meaning or emphasis:

"I didn't say he stole the money." (Someone else said it.)

"I didn't say he stole the money." (I implied it or suggested it.)

"I didn't say he stole the money." (I said something else about him.)

"I didn't say he stole the money." (I said someone else stole it.)

II. EXERCISES (60 points)

1. Give 5 words containing the sound at the beginning of each line. Underline the letter(s) containing

the sound.

/ʊ/ Under, Umbrella, Uncle, Upset, Upon

/θ/ Thief, Think, Thank, Theater, Thousand

/aɪ/ Eye, Icy, Island, Irony, Icon

/tʃ/ Chair, Chalk, Change, Cheap, Cheer

2. Which word whose pronunciation of the underlined part differs from that of the others? Write the

answer in the provided space.

a. chemistry /ˈkɛmɪstri/ pretty /ˈprɪti/ type /taɪp/ study /ˈstʌdi/

b. bad /bæd/ hat /hæt/ map /mæp/ hate /heɪt/

c. played /pleɪd/ cooked /kʊkt/ talked /tɔkt/ worked /wɜrkt/

d. teacher /ˈtiː.tʃər/ match /mætʃ/ machine /məˈʃiːn/ church /tʃɜrtʃ/

3. Which word has the different stress pattern from the rest? Explain your choice.

a. Scholarship/ negative/ develop/ purposeful.

-> /ˈskɒləʃɪp/ /ˈnɛgətɪv/ /dɪˈvɛləp/ /ˈpɜːpəsfʊl/

-> The word " develop " has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.

In "develop," the stress falls on the second syllable. However, in "scholarship," "negative," and "purposeful," the stress
falls on the first syllable

b. ability/ acceptable/ education/ hilarious.

-> /əˈbɪlɪti/ /əkˈsɛptəbəl/ /ˌɛdjʊˈkeɪʃən/ /hɪˈlɛəriəs/

-> The word " acceptable " has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.

In "acceptable," the stress falls on the second syllable. However, in "ability," "education," and "hilarious," the stress falls
on the first syllable:

c. document/ comedian/ perspective/ location.

-> /ˈdɒkjʊmənt/ /kəˈmiːdiən/ /pəˈspɛktɪv/ /ləʊˈkeɪʃən/

-> The word " acceptable " has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.

-> In "document," the stress falls on the first syllable. However, in "comedian," "perspective," and "location," the stress
falls on the second syllable:

d. provide/ product/ promote/ profess.

-> /prəˈvaɪd/ /ˈprɒdʌkt/ /prəˈməʊt/ /prəˈfɛs/

-> The word " provide " has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.

In "provide," the stress falls on the second syllable. However, in "product," "promote," and "profess," the stress falls on
the first syllable
Test Number: 03
I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS (40 points)

1. What are content words and function words? Give an example sentence and point out the content

words/ function words in that sentence.

Content words and function words are two categories used to classify words based on their grammatical and semantic
roles in a sentence.

 Content Words:

Content words carry meaning and contribute to the main message or content of a sentence. They include nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs.

Content words provide the essential information and convey the primary message or idea in a sentence.

 Function Words:

Function words serve grammatical purposes and provide structural support within a sentence. They include articles,
prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.

Function words help to clarify the relationships between content words and indicate grammatical features such as tense,
number, and case.

 Example: “On winter days, children are often dressed in warm, soft, safe clothes”

Content Words: "winter," "days," "children," "dressed," "warm," "soft," "safe," "clothes"

These words carry the main message and provide essential information about the setting, the people involved, their
actions, and the attributes of the clothes they wear.

Function Words: "On," "are," "often," "in," "in"

These words serve grammatical functions, such as indicating time, frequency, and location, and connecting the content
words within the sentence.

2. What are the spellings of the sound /i:/? Give examples.

The sound /i:/ in English can be spelled in various ways. Here are some common spellings with examples:

ee: bee, see, keep

ea: bead, lead, dream

ie: chief, believe, achieve

ei: receive, deceive, conceit

e: me, be, she

ea (silent 'e'): sea, tea, meat

ie (silent 'e'): die, lie, tie

ey: key, money, they

eo: people, leopard

ui: fruit, cruise

II. EXERCISES (60 points)

1. Give 5 words containing the sound at the beginning of each line. Underline the letter(s) containing the sound.

/aʊ/ Out, About, House, Mouse, Mouth

/dʒ/ Judge, Jump, June, Jet, Joy

/f/ Fun, Food, Friends, Find, Father

/æ/ App, Apple, Ant, And, Ask

2. Which word whose pronunciation of the underlined part differs from that of the others? Write the

answer in the provided space.

a Marital /ˈmærɪtl/ irritate/ˈɪrɪteɪt/ Tension /ˈtɛnʃən/ Soften /ˈsɔfən/

b ginger /ˈdʒɪndʒər/ gangster /ˈɡæŋstər/ gossip /ˈɡɒsɪp/ goggles /ˈɡɒɡlz/

c arithmetic /əˈrɪθmətɪk/ threaten /ˈθrɛtn/ thereby /ˈðɛərbaɪ/ therapy /ˈθɛrəpi/

d searches /ˈsɜːrtʃɪz/ edges /ˈɛdʒɪz/ measures /ˈmɛʒərz/ cadges /ˈkædʒɪz/

3. Which word has the different stress pattern from the rest? Explain your choice.

a. expensive/ sensitive/ negative/ sociable.

-> /ɪkˈspɛnsɪv/ /ˈsɛnsɪtɪv/ /ˈnɛgətɪv/ /ˈsəʊʃəb(ə)l/

-> The word " negative " has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.

In "negative," the stress falls on the first syllable. However, in "expensive," "sensitive," and "sociable," the stress falls on
the second syllable

b. education/ development/ economic/ preparation

-> /ˌɛdjʊˈkeɪʃən/ /dɪˈvɛləpmənt/ /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ /ˌprɛpəˈreɪʃən/

-> The word " education " has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.

In "education," the stress falls on the third syllable. However, in "development," "economic," and "preparation," the
stress falls on the second syllable

c. attend/ patient/ percent/ become.

-> /əˈtɛnd/ /ˈpeɪʃənt/ /pəˈsɛnt/ /bɪˈkʌm/

-> The word " patient " has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list.
In "patient," the stress falls on the first syllable. However, in "attend," "percent," and "become," the stress falls on the
second syllable

d. literature/ entertainment/ recreation/ information.

-> /ˈlɪtərətʃər/ /ˌɛntəˈteɪnmənt/ /ˌrɛkrɪˈeɪʃən/ /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən/

-> The word " literature " has a different stress pattern compared to the other words in the list

In "literature," the stress falls on the third syllable. However, in "entertainment," "recreation," and "information," the
stress falls on the second syllable