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Reading- writing blanks (Master Copy)31-01-24
Reading- writing blanks (Master Copy)31-01-24
Behavior Segments
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the
putting together of two 'behavior segments' in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to
reach a goal. Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kindler, devised a test for children that
was explicitly based on Clark Hull's principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a
machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence.
Options: 1) radical, eminent, elementary, ideal
2) novel, broad, stingy, ordinary
3) goal, category, description, rate
4) collectively, explicitly, approximately, randomly
5) multiplication, task, area, volume
2. Bach
Those were his halcyon days when his music was constantly heard in Venice, and his
Influence blanketed Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, performing and overseeing
productions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi's scores, copied them for performance and
arranged some for other instruments.
Options: 1) dented, vanished, touted, blanketed
2) collecting, outperforming, performing, preparing
3) repeated, arranged, underscored, derived
3. Speech of Alchemy
To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn metals into
gold; it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic
chart, no list of elements. To the alchemists the universe was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and
quarks. Instead it was made of substances, and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as
another-say, silver-even though modern scientists would say one is heterogeneous and the other
homogeneous. Without knowledge of atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from
compounds?
Options: 1) universe, metallurgy, material, spirit
2) all, completed, pure, wholesome
3) affidavits, laws, scientists, medicines
4) proper, necessary, capable, possible
4. Genius
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity - doing something truly creative,
we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made
his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late
culminating, at the age of thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto
No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance
of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J.
Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old ... I grow old")? Twenty- three. "Poets peak young," the creativity
researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees:"The most
creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to Harvard psychologist
Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered
early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age."
Options: 1) at, without, through, over
2) proportion, rate, age, cost
3) junction, inferiority, importance, structure
4) syntax, supremacy, authority, atheist
5) chief, clerk, offender, talent
5. Cheating
Although not written about extensively, a few individuals have considered the concept and act of cheating
in history as well as contemporary culture. J. Barton Bowyer writes that cheating 'is the
advantageous distortion of perceived reality. The advantage falls to the cheater because the cheated
person misperceives what is assumed to be the real world'. The cheater is taking advantage of a person, a
situation, or both. Cheating also involves 'distortion of perceived reality' or what others call ‘deception'.
Deception can involve hiding the 'true' reality or 'showing' reality in a way intended to deceive others.
Options: 1) journal, tale, life, history
2) misperceives, deceives, perceives, receives
3) none, both, neither, either
6. Distance Learning
If you are interested in studying but have other commitments, our online and distance learning courses
offer an alternative flexible mode of study. Teaching is conducted through a mixture of audio-visual,
written and interactive materials. There are also opportunities for online discussion and collaborative
projects with tutors and other students. Some programs include residential modules taught on campus,
giving you the chance to meet and work alongside your tutors and fellow students face-to-face. Our
Graduate School provides comprehensive support for distance and part-time researchers, many of whom
study for up to six years or more.
Options: 1) options, decisions, commitments, barriers
2) mode, venue, tariff, rate
3) displacements, opportunities, exaggerations, impressions
4) modules, disclaimers, belongs, exercises
7. Families
Families provide emotional, physical and financial care and support to their members and are often the
basis on which government assistance is determined and administered. Australians
have traditionally experienced three main living arrangements over a lifecycle: living with parents,
living with a partner (for some of this period with children) and living alone in old age if that partner died.
Now and into the future, living arrangements throughout a lifecycle may also include living alone or in a
group household before perhaps forming a long-term partnership, or living as a lone parent or alone after
divorce or separation. These changes in living arrangements and family characteristics are the outcome
of various demographic and social trends, such as declining fertility, increased rates of divorce and longer
life expectancy.
Options: 1) traditionally, respectively, tradition, traditionary
2) thought, throughout, thorough, though
3) lonely, lone, alone, full
4) devotions, commitments, characters, characteristics
5) quality, expectancy, donation, expiration
9. Chemicals
Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may sometimes run off farmland and
enter surface water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface water body that is used as a drinking
water supply receives excess amounts of these herbicides, then the municipal water treatment plant must
filter them out in order for the water to be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive.
Farmers can help control excess herbicides in runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil more
readily, are less toxic, or degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best till age practice can help
minimize herbicide pollution.
Options: 1) drinking, dimming, stingy, lacquering
2) fill, fulfill, filter, fancy
3) air, crops, solid, soil
4) connectivity, weight, pollution, latitude
11. Contexts
A context is a quarterly magazine of the American Sociological Association about society and social
behavior. Directed to anyone interested in the latest sociological ideas and research, Contexts seeks to
apply new knowledge, stimulate fresh thinking, and disseminate important information produced by the
discipline. The publication's articles synthesize key findings, weave together diverse strands of work,
draw out implications for policy, and debate issues of controversy. The hallmarks of Contexts are
accessibility, broad appeal, and timeliness. By design, it is not a technical journal, but a magazine for
diverse readers, those who wish to be current about social science knowledge, emerging trends, and their
relevance.
Options: 1) anyone, someone, whom, nobody
2) covered, shaded, produced, overcome
3) about, together, into, regardless
4) and, but, also, never
5) them, those, they, others
86. PIE
No matter whether you speak English or Urdu, Walloon or Waziri, Portuguese or Persian, the roots of
your language are the same. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the mother tongue _ shared by several hundred
contemporary languages, as well as many now extinct, and spoken by people who lived from about 6,000
to 3,500 BC on the steppes to the north of the Caspian Sea. They left no written texts and although
historical linguists have, since the 19th century, painstakingly reconstructed the language from daughter
languages, the question of how it actually sounded was assumed to be permanently out of reach. Now,
researchers at the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford have developed a sound-based method to move
back through the family tree of languages that stem from PIE. They can simulate how certain words
would have sounded when they were spoken 8,000 years ago. Remarkably, at the heart of the
technology is the statistics of shape. 'Sounds have shape,' explains Professor John Aston, from
Cambridge's Statistical Laboratory. 'As a word is uttered it vibrates air, and the shape of this sound wave
can be measured and turned into a series of numbers. Once we have these stats, and the stats of another
spoken word, we can start asking how similar they are and what it would take to shift from one to
another.'
Options: 1) where, which, what, who
2) despite, until, however, although
3) would have sounded, would sound, have sounded, sound
4) cost, heart, end, moment
88. Drones
Antarctic plants can be important indicators of subtle changes in environmental conditions, including
climate change. Traditional ground-based assessments of vegetation health are, however, not ideal in
Antarctica, as they can destroy the vegetation and are physically demanding in the harsh weather
conditions. Co-author Professor Sharon Robinson from UOW’s School of Biological Sciences said the
study found drone-based monitoring of vegetation health produced similar results to traditional
techniques, but with much greater efficiency and with no damage to the vegetation. “Drones are a
powerful tool for monitoring fragile Antarctic vegetation,” Professor Robinson said. “They could be used
to provide timely warnings about specific environmental stress events, as well as monitoring the longer
term impacts of climate change. “These methods could also be adapted to monitor the health of other
small-stature, patchy plant communities, including in alpine or desert regions.” The researchers found
that drones equipped with sensors were able to detect vegetation health indicators more accurately than
satellite imagery. Mosses are one of the key Antarctic vegetation types that need to be monitored.
However, they tend to occur in patches among rocks, ice and soil, making it important that the imagery
used to assess their health is as accurate and spatially detailed as possible.
Options: 1) demanding, demand, demanded, having demanded
2) except, as well as, despite, as long as
3) toppled, equipped, assessed, dealt
4) made, to make, making, make
99. Ikebana
More than simply putting flowers in a container, Ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and
humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a parti-colored or multicolored arrangement of
blossoms, Ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts
emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though Ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its
form. The artist's intention is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines,
and the implied meaning of the arrangement.
Options: 1) shape, way, container, fashion
2) restricted, random, disciplined, fleeting
3) garden, arrangement, duplication, augmentation
4) flora, plant, organism, fauna
105. Omniscience
Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two
kinds, you may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the amount which you
may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the sources of
information may, with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of
reference books-the working of one book in connection with another-and applying your own intelligence
to both. By this means we get as near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall
get, and although the single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number
of reference books in existence, knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent
person. Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be made to be contributory to
idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them.
Options: 1) identifications, kinds, stages, platforms
2) resources, sources, fabrications, ends
3) proportions, validity, values, value
4) intelligence, interest, memory, mind
5) contribute, contributed, contribution, contributory
107. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an author into your own words. However, what
are your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the original? The answer is it should
be considerably different. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and understood
another person's ideas, and can summarize them in your own writing style rather than borrowing their
phrases. If you just change a few words, or add some bits of your own to an otherwise reproduced
passage, you will probably be penalized for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and simplify a
writer's ideas and describe them using different sentence structures and expressions. It is also important to
credit the original writer by referencing.
Options:
1) considerable, considerate, considering, considerably
2) despite, of, on, off
3) be penalizing, be penalized, have penalized, penalize
4) That has, It is, There is, That is
109. Psychology
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late nineteenth century.
During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this, there have been
many scientific studies in psychology which explore different aspects of human nature. These include
studies into how biology (physical factors) influences human experience, how people use their senses
(touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people behave
in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how people understand and think
about the world, what motivates people, why people have emotions and how personality develops. These
scientific investigations all contribute to an understanding of human nature. What do we mean by the
practical applications of these studies? An understanding of psychology is useful in many different areas
in life, such as education, the workplace, social services and medicine. This means that people who have
knowledge of psychology can use or apply that knowledge in areas such as the ones listed above.
Options: 1) emphasis, emphases, emphasize, emphasizing
2) exceed, excel, separate, explore
3) brains, skins, minds, senses
4) assumptions, correlations, investigations, stimulations
5) ideology, empowerment, understanding, equivalence
6) register, classify, use, learn
110. School-skipping
Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed
today. Fewer children played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children
missed 3m unauthorized days of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period
last year. But a hardcore group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for more than
three-quarters of all those on unauthorized absence, are more likely to be on a family holiday than they
were in the same period last year. Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by their
school last term, compared with 0.9% for the same term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for
illness, the same figure as last year.
Options:
1) Same, More, Fewer, Less
2) mere, hardcore, residual, flimsy
3) time, span, period, duration
4) consent, recommended, agreed, contradicted
115. Laptop
UMN's ALCs features large circular tables that seat nine students and can accommodate laptop
computers for collaborative work. Typically, students bring their own computers to class and use the
building's ubiquitous wireless capability. The classrooms are designed to facilitate hands-on activities
and problems that require students to interact with each other to reach a solution. Students can display
their work on large LCD screens mounted around the room to promote small- and large-group
discussions. Each table is allotted three gooseneck microphones so that students can make themselves
heard without shouting during group discussions. Additionally, students can press a button on their table
console to light a signal lamp to indicate when they need help or wish to speak. To facilitate
brainstorming and group reporting, the room is also lined with erasable marker-boards.
Options:
1) populated, perpendicular, cellular, circular
2) collaborative, exchangeable, sedate, independent
3) spoil, facilitate, fabricate, stabilize
4) primitive, signal, pristine, primary