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Towards a Sociology of Nursing 1st ed. 2020 Edition Ricardo A. Ayala full chapter instant download
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Towards a Sociology
of Nursing
Ricardo A. Ayala
Towards a Sociology of Nursing
“Dr. Ayala’s book traces the origins and continuum of the nursing profession
throughout history as a powerful force on the health, well-being and shape of
society. His book provides a useful sociological compass for navigating through
the realm of professional and societal issues reflected in nursing. Ayala skill-
fully explores how nursing transitioned to academia, investigates the cultural
schisms between nursing and midwifery and scopes the impact of the pro-
fession on modern healthcare. He offers an excellent contemporaneous and
timely analysis to the gendered nuances of nursing which is much needed in an
age searching for equity and equality between the sexes. Ayala’s multi-faceted
text appeals to the reader who willingly thinks and reflects about the minutiae,
complexity and conceptuality of issues that can influence nursing practice. This
book will be valued among those with an inquisitive mind and an appreciation
of the rich sociological vein of interest nursing provides. I expect that lay, pro-
fessional and research-mind people will find this book enriching as it adopts an
accessible prose which provides intellectual nutrition that is easily digested by
all types of readers.”
—Professor Nicholas Ralph, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
Ricardo A. Ayala
Towards a Sociology
of Nursing
Ricardo A. Ayala
Department of Sociology
Ghent University
Ghent, Belgium
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore
Pte Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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Singapore
Contents
v
vi Contents
References 175
Useful Definitions
Chapter 2
Profession
1Evetts, J. (2013). Professionalism: Value and ideology. Current Sociology, 61(5–6), 778–796.
vii
viii Useful Definitions
Para-Profession
Professionalism
Social Theory
2Etzioni, A. (1969). The semi-professions and their organization: Teachers, nurses, social workers.
Chapter 3
Social Stratification
Social Class
Class, as used in this book, is a rung in the social ladder defined on the
basis of income, material wealth and lifestyle.4 Different traditions and
agendas of class analysis may lead to different emphasis—material or
symbolic. Class coexists with other forms of stratification, such as gen-
der, ethnicity, sexual orientation and citizenship.
Class involves not just unequal resources but also different beliefs. Class
informs the way people interact with one another both within a single
class and across classes, because individuals are in some way conscious
of being members of a class5 (i.e. class consciousness). Often people’s
actions, preferences and decisions function as markers of social class (i.e.
leisure, clothes, food, neighbourhood, accent and so on) and thus rein-
force specific forms of identification and relationships.
3Scambler, G. (2013). Social class. In J. Gabe & L. F. Monaghan (Eds.), Key concepts in medical
sociology (pp. 3–6). London: Sage.
4Wright, E. O. (2005). Social class. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social theory (pp. 717–724).
Social Distinction
Social Mobility
People can change their position within the class hierarchy. Mobility
can refer to changes in one’s own class (intragenerational mobility) or
to one’s class as compared to the class of the parents (intergenerational
mobility). Additionally, one can climb in the hierarchy (upward mobil-
ity) or fall in the hierarchy (downward mobility).
Chapter 4
Gender
6Bourdieu, P. (2016). La distinction: critique sociale du jugement. Paris: Les éditions de minuit.
Useful Definitions xi
Chapter 5
Conflict
Individuals and groups face conflict when there are differences in inter-
ests. However, conflict is not intrinsically undesirable or harmful. It
can, for instance, reinforce communal values, encourage organisation
or intensify association. In sociology, conflict theories sustain that social
order is based on relations between groups, which in turn are based on
an unequal distribution of resources,8 leading to latent conflict in the
form of dominance. Overt conflict surfaces occasionally.
7Mills, M. B. (2016). Gendered divisions of labor. In L. Disch & M. Hawkesworth (Eds.), The
Oxford handbook of feminist theory (pp. 283–303). New York: Oxford University Press.
8Collins, R. (1994). The conflict tradition. In R. Collins (Ed.), Four sociological traditions. New York:
Interprofessional Care
Professional Jurisdiction
Technology
9Coyle, J., Higgs, J., McAllister, L., & Whiteford, G. (2011). What is an interprofessional health
care team anyway? In S. Kitto, J. Chesters, J. Thistlethwaite, & S. Reeves (Eds.), Sociology of inter-
professional health care practice: Critical reflections and concrete solutions (pp. 39–54). New York,
NY: Nova Science Publishers.
10Reeves, S., Lewin, S., Espin, S., & Zwarenstein, M. (2010). Interprofessional teamwork for health
Chapter 6
Academic Credentials
Credential Inflation
Organisations
13Collins, R. (1979). The credential society: An historical sociology of education and stratification.
New York, NY: Academic Press.
14Collins, R. (2002). Credential inflation and the future of universities. In S. Brint (Ed.), The
future of the city of intellect: The changing American university (pp. 23–46). Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
xiv Useful Definitions
Patterns of Power
Historically, the wielding of power has had patterned ways one can iden-
tify. Not all of them are considered legitimate. At an individual level,
there is the use of sheer force, coercion and persuasion, alongside many
gradations in between. In other cases, power is exerted by the use of
legitimate authority (i.e. parental roles, scientific degrees, among others).
At a macro-level, power has three identifiable ‘faces’: (i) open-face
politics, that is, political action that is accessible to the public and con-
sidered legitimate and democratic; (ii) agenda-setting, which is more
secretive in nature, may benefit some groups but not all stakeholders
and can include both legitimate and illegitimate strategies; and (iii)
manipulating desires, which implies misleadingly persuading others that
decisions are being made in their best interests when that is not really
the case.17
Some professional collectivities are often wary of power, believing—
erroneously—there is something inherently negative about it, and feel
more comfortable with some strategies than others, but importantly,
this too varies across time and cultures. Using power is not always
related to formal authority (i.e. positions, titles and ranks) and does not
necessarily lead to domination.
15Sometimes the word institution is used as a synonym, but in sociology institution rather refers
to a society’s essential subsystems, which revolve around a set of values, and this defines individual
action, such as the family or friendship. Another example is the expression ‘the medical institu-
tion’ to refer to Western medicine as an ideology.
16Brunsson, N., & Sahlin-Andersson, K. (2000). Constructing organizations: The example of
Attitudes
Political Alliances
Chapter 7
Organisational Reform
18Voas, D. (2014). Towards a sociology of attitudes. Sociological Research Online, 19(1), 1–13.
19Roskin, M. G., Cord, R. L., Medeiros, J. A., & Jones, W. S. (2014). Political science: An intro-
duction. Boston: Pearson.
20Brunsson, N., & Sahlin-Andersson, K. (2000). Constructing organizations: The example of
Organisational Dynamics
Organisational Culture
Commodity
Social Movement
21Kendall,
D. (2012). Sociology in our times. Belmont: Cengage Learning.
22Arthur,
M. M. L. (2008). Social movements in organizations. Sociology Compass, 2(3),
1014–1030.
Useful Definitions xvii
Chapter 8
Ecology
xix
Part I
Differentiation and Structuring
1
Overview of the Study