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 Chapter 9

Forecasting Exchange Rates

1. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent the use of today’s forward
exchange rate to forecast the future exchange rate?
A) fundamental forecasting.
B) market-based forecasting.
C) technical forecasting.
D) mixed forecasting.

ANSWER: B

2. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent sole use of today’s spot
exchange rate of the euro to forecast the euro’s future exchange rate?
A) fundamental forecasting.
B) market-based forecasting.
C) technical forecasting.
D) mixed forecasting.

ANSWER: B

3. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent the use of relationships
between economic factors and exchange rate movements to forecast the future exchange rate?
A) fundamental forecasting.
B) market-based forecasting.
C) technical forecasting.
D) mixed forecasting.

ANSWER: A

4. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent the sole use of the pattern of
historical currency values of the euro to predict the euro’s future currency value?
A) fundamental forecasting.
B) market-based forecasting.
C) technical forecasting.
D) mixed forecasting.

ANSWER: C

486
Chapter 9: Forecasting Exchange Rates 487

5. If a particular currency is consistently declining substantially over time, then a market-based

forecast will usually have:
A) underestimated the future exchange rates over time.
B) overestimated the future exchange rates over time.
C) forecasted future exchange rates accurately.
D) forecasted future exchange rates inaccurately but without any bias toward consistent
underestimating or overestimating.

ANSWER: B

6. According to the text, the analysis of currencies forecasted with use of the forward rate suggests
that:
A) currencies exhibited about the same mean forecast errors as a percent of the realized value.
B) the Canadian dollar can be forecasted by U.S. firms with greater accuracy than other
currencies.
C) the Swiss franc can be forecasted by U.S. firms with greater accuracy than other currencies.
D) none of these.

ANSWER: B

7. Assume the following information:

Predicted Value of Realized Value of

Period New Zealand Dollar New Zealand Dollar
1 $.52 $.50
2 .54 .60
3 .44 .40
4 .51 .50

Given this information, the mean absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized value is
about:
A) 1.5%.
B) 26%.
C) 6%.
D) 6.5%.
E) none of these.

ANSWER: D

SOLUTION: [($.52 – $.50)/$.50 + ($.54 – $.60)/$.60 + ($.44 – $.40)/$.40 + ($.51 – $.50)/$.50]/4

= [.04 + .10 + .10 + .02]/4
= .065 = 6.50%
488 International Financial Management

8. If it was determined that the movement of exchange rates was not related to previous exchange
rate values, this implies that a _______ is not valuable for speculating on expected exchange rate
movements.
A) technical forecast technique
B) fundamental forecast technique
C) none of these
D) all of these

ANSWER: A

9. Which of the following is true?

A) Forecast errors cannot be negative.
B) Forecast errors are negative when the forecasted rate exceeds the realized rate.
C) Absolute forecast errors are negative when the forecasted rate exceeds the realized rate.
D) None of these are true.

ANSWER: D

10. Which of the following is true according to the text?

A) Forecasts in recent years have been very accurate.
B) Use of the absolute forecast error as a percent of the realized value is a good measure to use in
detecting a forecast bias.
C) Forecasting errors are smaller when focused on longer term periods.
D) None of these are true.

ANSWER: D

11. A fundamental forecast that uses multiple values of the influential factors is an example of:
A) sensitivity analysis.
B) discriminant analysis.
C) technical analysis.
D) factor analysis.

ANSWER: A

12. When the value from the prior period of an influential factor affects the forecast in the future
period, this is an example of a:
A) lagged input.
B) instantaneous input.
C) simultaneous input.
D) instantaneous input AND simultaneous input.

ANSWER: A
Chapter 9: Forecasting Exchange Rates 489

13. Assume a forecasting model uses inflation differentials and interest rate differentials to forecast
the exchange rate. Assume the regression coefficient of the interest rate differential variable is –
.5, and the coefficient of the inflation differential variable is .4. Which of the following is true?
A) The interest rate variable is inversely related to the exchange rate, and the inflation variable is
directly (positively) related to the interest rate variable.
B) The interest rate variable is inversely related to the exchange rate, and the inflation variable is
directly related to the exchange rate.
C) The interest rate variable is directly related to the exchange rate, and the inflation variable is
directly related to the exchange rate.
D) The interest rate variable is directly related to the exchange rate, and the inflation variable is
directly related to the interest rate variable.

ANSWER: B

14. Which of the following is not a limitation of fundamental forecasting?

A) uncertain timing of impact.
B) forecasts are needed for factors that have a lagged impact.
C) omission of other relevant factors from the model.
D) possible change in sensitivity of the forecasted variable to each factor over time.
E) none of these.

ANSWER: B

15. Assume that interest rate parity holds. The U.S. five-year interest rate is 5% annualized, and the
Mexican five-year interest rate is 8% annualized. Today’s spot rate of the Mexican peso is $.20.
What is the approximate five-year forecast of the peso’s spot rate if the five-year forward rate is
used as a forecast?
A) $.131.
B) $.226.
C) $.262.
D) $.140.
E) $.174.

ANSWER: E

SOLUTION: (1.05)5/(1.08)5 – 1 = –13%; $.20[1 + (–13%)] = $.174

16. Assume that the forward rate is used to forecast the spot rate. The forward rate of the Canadian
dollar contains a 6% discount. Today’s spot rate of the Canadian dollar is $.80. The spot rate
forecasted for one year ahead is:
A) $.860.
B) $.848.
C) $.740.
D) $.752.
E) none of these.

ANSWER: D

SOLUTION: $.80 × [1 + (–6%)] = $.752

490 International Financial Management

17. If today’s exchange rate reflects all relevant public information about the euro’s exchange rate, but
not all relevant private information, then _______ would be refuted.
A) weak-form efficiency
B) semistrong-form efficiency
C) strong-form efficiency
D) weak-form efficiency AND semistrong-form efficiency
E) semistrong-form efficiency AND strong-form efficiency

ANSWER: D

18. According to the text, research generally supports _______ in foreign exchange markets.
A) weak-form efficiency
B) semistrong-form efficiency
C) strong-form efficiency
D) weak-form efficiency AND semistrong-form efficiency
E) semistrong-form efficiency AND strong-form efficiency

ANSWER: D

19. Assume that the U.S. interest rate is 11 percent, while Australia’s one-year interest rate is 12
percent. Assume interest rate parity holds. If the one-year forward rate of the Australian dollar was
used to forecast the future spot rate, the forecast would reflect an expectation of:
A) depreciation in the Australian dollar’s value over the next year.
B) appreciation in the Australian dollar’s value over the next year.
C) no change in the Australian dollar’s value over the next year.
D) information on future interest rates is needed to answer this question.

ANSWER: A

20. If the forward rate was expected to be an unbiased estimate of the future spot rate, and interest rate
parity holds, then:
A) covered interest arbitrage is feasible.
B) the international Fisher effect (IFE) is supported.
C) the international Fisher effect (IFE) is refuted.
D) the average absolute error from forecasting would equal zero.

ANSWER: B

21. Which of the following is not a forecasting technique mentioned in the text?
A) accounting-based forecasting.
B) technical forecasting.
C) fundamental forecasting.
D) market-based forecasting.

ANSWER: A
Chapter 9: Forecasting Exchange Rates 491

22. The following regression model was estimated to forecast the value of the Malaysian ringgit
(MYR):

MYRt = a0 + a1 INCt −1 + a2 INFt −1 + t ,

where MYR is the quarterly change in the ringgit, INF is the previous quarterly percentage change
in the inflation differential, and INC is the previous quarterly percentage change in the income
growth differential. Regression results indicate coefficients of a 0 = .005; a1 = .4; and a 2 = .7. The
most recent quarterly percentage change in the inflation differential is –5%, while the most recent
quarterly percentage change in the income differential is 3%. Using this information, the forecast
for the percentage change in the ringgit is:
A) 4.60%.
B) –1.80%.
C) 5.2%.
D) –4.60%.
E) none of these.

ANSWER: B

SOLUTION: MYRt = .005 + (.4)(.03) + (.7)(–.05) = –1.80%

23. The following regression model was estimated by Delta Corporation to forecast the value of the
Indian rupee (INR):

INRt = a0 + a1 INTt + a2 INFt − 1 + t ,

where INR is the quarterly change in the rupee, INT is the real interest rate differential in period t
between the U.S. and India, and INF is the inflation rate differential between the U.S. and India in
the previous period. Regression results indicate coefficients of a 0 = .003; a1 = –.5; and a 2 = .8.
Assume that INFt −1 = 2%. However, the interest rate differential is not known at the beginning of
period t and must be estimated. Delta Corp. has developed the following probability distribution:

Probability Possible Outcome

30% –2%
40% –3%
30% –4%

The expected change in the Indian rupee in period t is:

A) 3.40%.
B) 0.40%.
C) 3.10%.
D) 1.70%.
E) none of these.

ANSWER: A

SOLUTION: E [ INTt ] = (–.02)(.3) + (–.03)(.4) + (–.04)(.3) = –3.00%

INRt = .003 + (–.5)(–.03) + (.8)(.02) = 3.40%
492 International Financial Management

24. Huge Corporation has just initiated a market-based forecast system using the forward rate as an
estimate of the future spot rate of the Japanese yen (¥) and the Australian dollar (A$). Listed
below are the forecasted and realized values for the last period:

Currency Forecasted Value Realized Value

Australian dollar $.60 $.55
Japanese yen $.0067 $.0069

According to this information and using the absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized
value, Huge Corp. has forecasted the _______ more accurately by _______%.
A) yen; 6.19%
B) Australian dollar; 6.19%
C) yen; 5.34%
D) Australian dollar; 5.34%
E) none of these

ANSWER: A

SOLUTION: Absolute forecast error for the Australian dollar = (.60 – .55)/.55 = 9.09%
Absolute forecast error for the Japanese yen = (.0067 – .0069)/.0069 = 2.90%
Therefore, Huge Corp. has estimated the Japanese yen more accurately by
approximately 6.19%.

25. Gamma Corporation has incurred large losses over the last ten years due to exchange rate
fluctuations of the Egyptian pound (EGP), even though the company has used a market-based
forecast based on the forward rate. Consequently, management believes its forecasts to be biased.
The following regression model was estimated to determine if the forecasts over the last ten years
were biased:

St = a0 + a1 Ft −1 + t ,

where S t is the spot rate of the pound in year t and Ft −1 is the forward rate of the pound in year t–1.
Regression results reveal coefficients of a0 = 0 and a1 = 1.3. Thus, Gamma has reason to believe
that its past forecasts have _______ the realized spot rate.
A) overestimated
B) underestimated
C) correctly estimated
D) none of these

ANSWER: B
Chapter 9: Forecasting Exchange Rates 493

26. Which of the following is not a method of forecasting exchange rate volatility?
A) using the absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized value.
B) using the volatility of historical exchange rate movements as a forecast for the future.
C) using a time series of volatility patterns in previous periods.
D) deriving the exchange rate’s implied standard deviation from the currency option pricing
model.

ANSWER: A

27. If a foreign currency is expected to _______ substantially against the parent’s currency, the parent
may prefer to _______ the remittance of subsidiary earnings.
A) weaken; delay
B) weaken; expedite
C) appreciate; expedite
D) none of these

ANSWER: B

28. If an MNC invests excess cash in a foreign county, it would like the foreign currency to _______;
if an MNC issues bonds denominated in a foreign currency, it would like the foreign currency to
_______.
A) appreciate; depreciate
B) appreciate; appreciate
C) depreciate; depreciate
D) depreciate; appreciate

ANSWER: A

29. Severus Co. has to pay 5 million Canadian dollars for supplies it recently received from Canada.
Today, the Canadian dollar has appreciated by 2 percent against the U.S. dollar. Severus has
determined that whenever the Canadian dollar appreciates against the U.S. dollar by more than 1
percent, it experiences a reversal of 40 percent on the following day. Based on this information,
the Canadian dollar is expected to _______ tomorrow, and Severus would prefer to make payment
_______.
A) depreciate by .8%; today
B) depreciate by .8%; tomorrow
C) appreciate by .8%; today
D) appreciate by .8%; tomorrow

ANSWER: B

SOLUTION: et +1 = (2%)  (−40 %) = −0.8%

494 International Financial Management

30. Sulsa Inc. uses fundamental forecasting. Using regression analysis, it has determined the following
equation for the euro:

eurot = bo + b INFt −1 + b2 INCt −1

= .005 + .9 INFt −1 + 1.1INCt −1

The most recent quarterly percentage change in the inflation differential between the U.S. and
Europe was 2 percent, while the most recent quarterly percentage change in the income growth
differential between the U.S. and Europe was –1 percent. Based on this information, the forecast
for the euro is a(n) _______ of _______%.
A) appreciation; 3.4
B) depreciation; 3.4
C) appreciation; 0.7
D) appreciation; 1.2

ANSWER: D

SOLUTION: eurot = .005 + .9(.02 ) + 1.1(−.01) = 1.2%

31. The U.S. inflation rate is expected to be 4 percent over the next year, while the European inflation
rate is expected to be 3 percent. The current spot rate of the euro is $1.03. Using purchasing power
parity, the expected spot rate at the end of one year is $_______.
A) 1.02
B) 1.03
C) 1.04
D) none of these

ANSWER: C

1.04
ef = − 1 = .0097
SOLUTION: 1.03
E ( St +1 ) = $1.03(1.0097) = $1.04

32. If the one-year forward rate for the euro is $1.07, while the current spot rate is $1.05, the expected
percentage change in the euro is _______%.
A) 1.90
B) 2.00
C) –1.87
D) none of these

ANSWER: A

SOLUTION: E (e) = 1.07 / 1.05 − 1 = 1.90 %

Chapter 9: Forecasting Exchange Rates 495

33. If both interest rate parity and the international Fisher effect hold, then between the forward rate
and the spot rate, the _______ rate should provide more accurate forecasts for currencies in
_______-inflation countries.
A) spot; high
B) spot; low
C) forward; high
D) forward; low

ANSWER: C

34. If a foreign country’s interest rate is similar to the U.S. rate, the forward rate premium or discount
will be _______, meaning that the forward rate and spot rate will provide _______ forecasts.
A) substantial; similar
B) substantial; very different
C) close to zero; similar
D) close to zero; very different

ANSWER: C

35. Factors such as economic growth, inflation, and interest rates are an integral part of _______
forecasting.
A) technical
B) fundamental
C) market-based
D) none of these

ANSWER: B

36. Silicon Co. has forecasted the Canadian dollar for the most recent period to be $0.73. The realized
value of the Canadian dollar in the most recent period was $0.80. Thus, the absolute forecast error
as a percentage of the realized value was _______%.
A) 9.6
B) –9.6
C) 8.8
D) –8.8

ANSWER: C

0.73 − 0.80
SOLUTION: = 8.8%
0.80

37. The absolute forecast error of a currency is _______, on average, in periods when the currency is
more _______.
A) lower; volatile
B) higher; stable
C) lower; stable
D) none of these

ANSWER: C
496 International Financial Management

38. If the foreign exchange market is _______ efficient, then historical and current exchange rate
information is not useful for forecasting exchange rate movements.
A) weak-form
B) semistrong-form
C) strong form
D) all of these

ANSWER: D

39. Foreign exchange markets are generally found to be at least _______ efficient.
A) weak-form
B) semistrong-form
C) strong form
D) none of these

ANSWER: B

40. Corporations tend to make only limited use of technical forecasting because it typically focuses on
the near future, which is not very helpful for developing corporate policies.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A

41. MNCs can forecast exchange rate volatility to determine the potential range surrounding their
exchange rate forecast.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A

42. If the pattern of currency values over time appears random, then technical forecasting is
appropriate.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

43. Inflation and interest rate differentials between the U.S. and foreign countries are examples of
variables that could be used in fundamental forecasting.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A
Chapter 9: Forecasting Exchange Rates 497

44. A regression analysis of the Australian dollar value on the inflation differential between the U.S.
and Australia produced a coefficient of .8. Thus, for every 1% increase in the inflation differential,
the Australian dollar is expected to depreciate by .8%.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

45. The most sophisticated forecasting techniques provide consistently accurate forecasts.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

46. If the forward rate is used as an indicator of the future spot rate, the spot rate is expected to
appreciate or depreciate by the same amount as the forward premium or discount, respectively.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A

47. Research indicates that currency forecasting services almost always outperform forecasts based on
the forward rate.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

48. When measuring forecast performance of different currencies, it is often useful to adjust for their
relative sizes. Thus, percentages, rather than nominal amounts, are often used to compute forecast
errors.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A

49. The closer graphical points are to the perfect forecast line, the better is the forecast.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A

50. Foreign exchange markets appear to be strong-form efficient.

A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B
498 International Financial Management

51. A motivation for forecasting exchange rate volatility is to obtain a range surrounding the forecast.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A

52. Two methods to assess exchange rate volatility are the volatility of historical exchange rate
movements and the exchange rate’s implied standard deviation from the currency option pricing
model.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A

53. Market-based forecasting involves the use of historical exchange rate data to predict future values.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

54. Fundamental models examine moving averages over time and thus allow the development of a
forecasting rule.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

55. A forecasting technique based on fundamental relationships between economic variables and
exchange rates, such as inflation, is referred to as technical forecasting.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

56. Usually, fundamental forecasting is used for short-term forecasts, while technical forecasting is
used for longer-term forecasts.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

57. If points are scattered evenly on both sides of the perfect forecast line, then the forecast appears to
be very accurate.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B
Chapter 9: Forecasting Exchange Rates 499

58. If foreign exchange markets are strong-form efficient, then all relevant public and private
information is already reflected in today’s exchange rates.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A

59. Exchange rates one year in advance are typically forecasted with almost perfect accuracy for the
major currencies, but not for currencies of smaller countries.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

60. The potential forecast error is larger for currencies that are more volatile.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: A

61. A forecast of a currency one year in advance is typically more accurate than a forecast one week in
advance since the currency reverts to equilibrium over a longer term period.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B

62. In general, any key managerial decision that is based on forecasted exchange rates should rely
completely on one forecast rather than alternative exchange rate scenarios.
A) true.
B) false.

ANSWER: B
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gravestone. On it were the names of Neville and Richard Tremaine
and the dates of their birth and death, and under this the words,
“Both died in battle and in honor.”
The sight of these two graves and the thought of these two men
smote Isabey poignantly. He covered his face as he leaned upon the
broken wall. And the two graves brought home to him as never
before the wreck and ruin and illimitable disaster of the war. He had
felt long before the end came that the South must pay a frightful
price for the stupendous blunder and calamity of slavery, and that
price meant all she had of blood and treasure. And when it was paid
it would leave her stark and starving, clothed with rags and stripped
of all but honor and courage.
This thought had followed Isabey and pierced him as he marched
and fought and starved through blistering days of heat and biting
days of cold, through summer’s miasma and winter’s snows and
storms of sleet and hail. It had torn his heart when he saw gaps in
the thin gray lines filled up with tottering old men and white-faced
boys, half-fed with miserable rations, half-clothed in rags and
remnants, wholly unshod, but with musket barrels bright and ever
ready to answer the order to advance. It was impossible that such
sacrifices, such valor, should be in vain, and it came to Isabey in a
great flood of illumination that the compensation would be the
sweeping away of the everlasting blight, the deadening
contamination of slavery. This thought comforted him a little, and he
turned from the graves of his friends again to the footpath which
would lead him toward Angela. The only sounds he heard were his
own quiet footsteps along the stubble path and the breathing of his
tired horse trudging patiently behind him. As he came to the opening
in the yew hedge the realization of his dream was suddenly before
him. Angela was coming toward him slowly up the broad garden
walk in the veiled brilliance of the spring afternoon.
The horse, understanding the command of silence, having had time
and circumstance enough to instill it into him, obeyed a touch from
Isabey’s hand and remained motionless. Isabey, standing a little
behind the yew hedge, had time to study Angela’s face as she came
close to him, her eyes fixed upon the ground. She was dressed all in
black, and around her was thrown a black mantle, the mantle which
had once been a splendid crimson, but which had been dyed to the
garb of widowhood. As her habit was, her head was bare, and the
vagrant wind toyed with the little waving locks upon the white nape of
her neck.
As the case often is, Isabey’s recollection of her had gone back to
their first meeting, four years before, and he expected to see her still
a girl, with a girl’s eyes. She had retained her maiden slimness, but
otherwise the great change had come from childhood to
womanhood. The delicately haughty poise of her head, the laughing
defiance of her upward glance were gone forever. Instead of these
was an air soft and appealing, a movement gentle in contrast with
the quick grace, like the swallow’s flight, which Isabey had often
noted and admired in days gone by. In holding her mantle around
her she crossed her hands upon her breast, and it gave her a
nunlike sweetness and meekness which Isabey had never seen in
her before. As she reached the end of the walk she paused for a
moment, and, looking upward at the opaline sky of the west in which
great clouds of green and amber were changing to violet, turned and
walked again to the end of the garden path. She was quite near the
old bench under the lilac bushes before she heard a footstep behind
her.
Isabey put out his hand, and, taking hers, said: “Let us sit once again
where we parted.”
Without a word he led her to the old bench, where they sat. They
were as much alone as if they had been in the green heart of the
forest. Isabey continued in silence to hold her hand, which lay
without a flutter in his. Manlike, he found it difficult to speak when
stirred by a great emotion, but was unable to take his eyes from her
face.
As he studied Angela, so Angela studied him. In four years he had
grown ten years older, his trim, black mustache was streaked with
gray, and under his officer’s cap she could see the gray threads also
in his black hair. His face was bronzed and beaten by the weather.
His eyes and his figure had the indescribable but unmistakable mark
of the man who had been long fighting and marching. Both were
changed and yet unchanged.
After a moment or two Isabey spoke, the plain, simple words of a
soldier:
“I have thought of you every day and hour since we parted.”
His words met a sweet, like response in Angela’s eyes. Together
they sat until the dusky twilight fell upon the odorous old garden and
the stars came out softly in the darkening heavens. A night bird close
to them uttered a few notes, soft and low, which waked them from a
dream of paradise.
“Come,” said Angela, “I think we must have been here a long time.
See, the windows are lighted. To-morrow we can come again into the
garden.”
“Every day of our lives, after this, we can walk together in a garden,”
replied Isabey, smiling. “Our flowering time has come.”
THE END
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been
standardized.
Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.
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