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CHAPTER 6: The Media

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Brief quotes and short characterizations of the day’s events in news coverage are called ________.
a. précis d. news nuggets
b. spin e. catchphrases
c. sound bites
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

2. Why do radio stations repeat the news so often throughout the day?
a. In order for radio news to sink in, people need to hear stories more than once.
b. The audience is constantly changing since most people listen to the radio in their cars.
c. There is not enough news to fill an entire day’s worth of programming.
d. Radio news normally provides more headlines than in-depth coverage since it comes
directly from the television script.
e. The owners of radio stations are legally allowed to devote only a limited amount of time to
political stories.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Understanding

3. Which of the following news sources reaches the most Americans?

a. radio d. newspapers
b. television e. magazines
c. the Internet
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

4. Despite its widespread availability,________typically provide(s) the least depth of news coverage.
a. radio d. newspapers
b. television e. magazines
c. the Internet
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

5. Much of the national news that is published in local newspapers is provided by ________.
a. UPI d. CNN
b. the Associated Press e. National Public Radio
c. Fox News
ANS: B DIF: Medium
 REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

6. Which group has had great popularity on radio talk shows?

a. conservatives d. communists
b. liberals e. racial and ethnic minorities
c. socialists
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

7. It is estimated that over ________ percent of Americans have a television.

a. 33 d. 75
b. 50 e. 95
c. 66
ANS: E DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

8. The United States has approximately ________ television stations and ________ daily newspapers.
a. 100; 250 d. 2,000; 1,400
b. 200; 300 e. 3,400; 5,500
c. 150; 1,000
ANS: D DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

9. Large media conglomerates own approximately ________ percent of daily newspapers.

a. 10 d. 55
b. 25 e. 75
c. 40
ANS: E DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

10. Most local newspapers get their national news from ________.
a. local reporters
b. wire services
c. the Internet
d. government reports, press briefings, and announcements
e. interviews with politicians
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering
11. ________ percent of radio stations in the United States are devoted to talk, news, or public affairs.
a. Two d. Fifty
b. Twenty e. Eighty
c. Thirty-three
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

12. Which of the following is NOT a national newspaper?

a. Wall Street Journal d. USA Today
b. Christian Science Monitor e. New York Times
c. Time
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Remembering

13. What has helped accelerate the trend toward less variety in national news in the past decade?
a. the rise of the Internet as a major source of news reporting
b. the growing level of government censorship and restrictions on the media
c. the corporate consolidation of news media into a small number of conglomerates
d. the increasing popularity of AM radio talk shows
e. the growing popularity of newspapers as a source of news
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Understanding

14. The development of media giants with access to a variety of media holdings raises the question of
whether
a. local newspapers are no longer a viable source of news.
b. the level of censorship and manipulation of news media by the federal government will
increase.
c. there is enough competition among the media to produce a diverse set of views and
opinions.
d. there is a large enough audience for all of the news media sources that have proliferated in
the last decade.
e. government has the authority to regulate corporations that are so large.
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Understanding

15. Which of the following statements is true?

a. The top news source for Americans is the radio.
b. The top news source for Americans is the newspaper.
c. Online sources for news are now just behind television.
d. Blogs are more widely consumed than television.
e. More Americans subscribe to newspapers today than 20 years ago.
 ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Applying

16. Which of the following statements about newspapers is NOT accurate?

a. Newspapers are no longer the primary source of news for most Americans.
b. Newspaper reporters break most important news stories.
c. Political, social, and economic elites rely most heavily on newspapers.
d. The newspaper industry has been more profitable in recent years than ever before.
e. Newspapers tend to provide more detailed and complete coverage of political events than
other media.
ANS: D DIF: Medium
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Applying

17. Which of the following statements best describes the changing ownership patterns in the American
media?
a. There has been a recent trend toward homogenization of national news as conglomerates
have come to own a larger and larger percentage of media outlets.
b. There has been a recent trend toward homogenization of national news, as the
Telecommunications Act of 1996 has required print media outlets to follow the Fairness
Doctrine.
c. There has been a recent trend toward diversification of national news as conglomerates
have come to own a smaller and smaller percentage of media outlets.
d. There has been a recent trend toward diversification of national news, as the
Telecommunications Act of 1996 has required print media outlets to follow the Fairness
Doctrine.
e. There have been no meaningful changes in media ownership patterns over the last 100
years of American history.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
REF: Traditional Media Have Always Mattered in a Democracy
OBJ: Describe trends in the role of print and broadcast media in providing political information
MSC: Understanding

18. Daily Internet users who participate in society and politics through online activities are called
________.
a. 2.0 participators d. digital citizens
b. online activists e. web entrepreneurs
c. Internet junkies
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: The Rise of New Media Has Strongly Influenced How Americans Get Their News
OBJ: Explain how the Internet has transformed the news media
MSC: Remembering

19. The penny press

a. was created in the nineteenth century. d. was created in the twentieth century.
b. facilitated widespread literacy. e. led to the demise of newspapers.
c. both a and b
 ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Rise of New Media Has Strongly Influenced How Americans Get Their News
OBJ: Explain how the Internet has transformed the news media
MSC: Remembering

20. ________ is the niche leader inside the Beltway.

a. Congressional Quarterly d. Politico
b. Salon e. Real Clear Politics
c. The Huffington Post
ANS: D DIF: Medium
REF: The Rise of New Media Has Strongly Influenced How Americans Get Their News
OBJ: Explain how the Internet has transformed the news media
MSC: Remembering

21. ________ percent of Americans are completely offline.

a. Zero d. Thirty-five
b. Ten e. Fifty
c. Twenty
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Rise of New Media Has Strongly Influenced How Americans Get Their News
OBJ: Explain how the Internet has transformed the news media
MSC: Remembering

22. Niche journalism refers to

a. news reporting targeted for a demographic of readers based on content or ideological
presentation.
b. journalism that is uncritical of government officials and the status quo.
c. journalism that is highly critical of government officials and the status quo.
d. any political reporting that can only be found online.
e. any political reporting that can only be found offline.
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: The Rise of New Media Has Strongly Influenced How Americans Get Their News
OBJ: Explain how the Internet has transformed the news media
MSC: Remembering

23. About ________ percent of Americans use Twitter for politics.

a. 5–7 d. 50–51
b. 16–18 e. 60-61
c. 32–33
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: The Rise of New Media Has Strongly Influenced How Americans Get Their News
OBJ: Explain how the Internet has transformed the news media
MSC: Remembering

24. Which of the following is NOT a reason that Americans prefer online news?
a. the convenience of getting the news online
b. the up-to-the-moment currency of the information available online
c. the depth of the information available online
d. the diversity of online viewpoints
e. the accuracy and objectivity of the information found online
 ANS: E DIF: Medium
REF: The Rise of New Media Has Strongly Influenced How Americans Get Their News
OBJ: Explain how the Internet has transformed the news media
MSC: Understanding

25. The following are all concerns raised by the growing popularity of online news EXCEPT
a. a decline in investigative journalism.
b. a reduction in the diversity of perspectives that can potentially be heard.
c. a negative impact on political knowledge.
d. a decrease in political tolerance.
e. uneven quality in news content.
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Rise of New Media Has Strongly Influenced How Americans Get Their News
OBJ: Explain how the Internet has transformed the news media
MSC: Understanding

26. A website devoted entirely to reporting on climate change and other environmental issues is an
example of ________ journalism.
a. protest d. nonprofit
b. adversarial e. public
c. niche
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Rise of New Media Has Strongly Influenced How Americans Get Their News
OBJ: Explain how the Internet has transformed the news media
MSC: Applying

27. The power of the media to draw public attention to particular issues and problems is called ________.
a. framing d. polling
b. canvassing e. the bandwagon effect
c. agenda setting
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering

28. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Average levels of political knowledge in the United States have increased.
b. People who consume political news tend to avoid voting.
c. Individuals customize the political information they receive through their choices of news
outlets.
d. The news environment is less polarized today than in the past.
e. Journalists are less diverse today than in the past.
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering

29. The media can set the political agenda in the United States by
a. identifying an issue as a problem that must be solved.
b. endorsing a particular political candidate.
c. accepting advertising only from businesses that are identified as being ideologically
 “correct.”
d. maintaining a strictly nonpartisan approach to news reporting.
e. refusing to follow government regulations regarding the content of news broadcasts.
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Understanding

30. The most important selection bias in news is the ________.

a. ideology of the journalists d. economic interests of the media’s owners
b. audience appeal of a story e. approval of government regulators
c. newsworthiness of a story
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Applying

31. Besides their ideological biases, journalists also exhibit selection biases in favor of news stories they
view as
a. favorable to leaders and issues they support.
b. having a great deal of dramatic or entertainment value.
c. important for the purpose of public awareness.
d. sympathetic to the government as a whole.
e. critical of leaders and issues they oppose.
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Applying

32. The fact that journalists referred to the Obama administration’s health care initiative as “reform”
instead of as “health care rationing” is an example of the media’s power of ________.
a. agenda setting d. news enclaves
b. framing e. adversarial journalism
c. sound bites
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Applying

33. The Pentagon Papers were released as a result of

a. President Nixon’s repudiation of the Johnson administration’s strategy in Vietnam.
b. investigations led by Washington Post reporters in 1972.
c. a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.
d. an accident in which some of the papers were left on a Washington, D.C., subway.
e. a Freedom of Information Act request by the American Civil Liberties Union.
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering
34. ________ has released thousands of secret government documents.
a. The New York Times d. Common Cause
b. The Washington Post e. Lewis “Scooter” Libby
c. WikiLeaks
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering

35. The ________ regulates broadcast media.

a. Federal Bureau of Investigation d. Voice of America
b. Federal Communications Commission e. Department of Commerce
c. Public Broadcast System
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering

36. The ________ provides candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate
their messages.
a. right of rebuttal d. diversity in media doctrine
b. equal time rule e. agenda-setting provision
c. Fairness Doctrine
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering

37. The Supreme Court case Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. FCC (1969) upheld ________.
a. the Fairness Doctrine d. framing
b. the right of rebuttal e. the agenda-setting provision
c. the equal time rule
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering

38. The Fairness Doctrine required that

a. all network news reports be balanced and fair-minded or they would be labeled editorials.
b. broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.
c. all regulated newspapers establish a section of the editorial page for letters from readers.
d. all radio stations present at least five minutes of news an hour.
e. all broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to
communicate their messages to the public.
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering
39. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the government and the media in the
United States today?
a. The government controls most media content through regulations and tightly controlled
press briefings.
b. The government owns, but does not control, the major sources of media.
c. The government does not own but regulates the content and ownership of broadcast
media.
d. Broadcast media are not regulated in the United States.
e. The government heavily regulates print media but imposes no regulations on radio and
television broadcasts.
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Applying

40. The Communications Decency Act was struck down by the Supreme Court because it violated the
a. First Amendment’s right to freedom of speech.
b. FCC’s equal time rule.
c. FCC’s right of rebuttal.
d. FCC’s Fairness Doctrine.
e. Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause.
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Applying

41. If a television station sold commercial time to a Republican candidate for governor but refused to sell
time to the Democratic candidate for governor, this station would be violating the ______.
a. Telecommunications Act of 1996 d. right of rebuttal
b. Fairness Doctrine e. Communications Decency Act
c. equal time rule
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Applying

42. If a radio station aired a personal attack against a candidate but refused to allow the same candidate the
opportunity to respond to that attack on its station, the station would be violating the ________.
a. Telecommunications Act of 1996 d. right of rebuttal
b. Fairness Doctrine e. Communications Decency Act
c. equal time rule
ANS: D DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Applying

43. Which statement about the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is FALSE?
a. The FCC was established in 1949 by President Harry Truman.
b. The FCC licenses radio and television stations.
c. The FCC bans explicit sexual and excretory references on airwaves during certain hours of
the day.
 d. The FCC does not regulate newspapers.
e. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 loosened many FCC restrictions on media
ownership.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Applying

44. Which statement about the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is FALSE?

a. The act loosened federal restrictions on media ownership.
b. The act attempted to regulate the content of material transmitted over the Internet.
c. The act allowed broadcasters, telephone companies, and cable companies to compete with
one another for telecommunications services.
d. Following passage of the act, several mergers between telephone and cable companies
produced a greater concentration of media ownership.
e. The act required broadcasters who aired programs on controversial issues to provide time
for opposing views.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Applying

45. Which of the following is regulated by the federal government?

a. newspapers d. the Internet
b. television e. satellite radio
c. magazines
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering

46. In 1985, the federal government stopped enforcing the ________, arguing that it was no longer
necessary due to the increasing number of television and radio stations.
a. Fairness Doctrine d. Children’s Programming Act of 1966
b. right of rebuttal e. Communications Decency Act
c. equal time rule
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Remembering

47. Which of the following is NOT a reason why a free media is necessary to democratic government?
a. A free media is needed to investigate wrongdoing on the part of government officials.
b. A free media is needed to publicize and explain governmental actions.
c. A free media is needed to evaluate the performance of politicians.
d. A free media is needed to shed light on matters that may otherwise be known only to a
small number of government insiders with technical knowledge.
e. A free media is needed to ensure economic equality.
ANS: E DIF: Easy
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
 OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Understanding

48. The proliferation of news sources in recent years has

a. discouraged polarization because people can now access a wider array of viewpoints than
before.
b. encouraged polarization because many media outlets seek to position themselves within a
discrete ideological or partisan niche rather than maintain a middle-of-the-road stance.
c. discouraged polarization because it has eliminated selection bias by journalists.
d. encouraged polarization because it has led to the death of adversarial journalism.
e. had no effect whatsoever on polarization because most Americans are not influenced by
media coverage.
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Media Affect Power Relations in American Politics
OBJ: Analyze how the media, politicians, and public opinion are influenced by one another
MSC: Understanding

ESSAY

1. Describe the different types of news sources. What are some of the distinct characteristics of each
medium? How do the sources differ from each other in terms of how they disseminate news as well as
the audiences they reach?

ANS:
Answer will vary

2. Why is the Internet such a popular medium for Americans to learn about politics? What are some of
the potential problems associated with the rapid proliferation of online news sources?

ANS:
Answer will vary

3. Describe some ways in which journalists can influence governments and political actors. What types
of influence do journalists have on the substance and style of politics? Provide examples.

ANS:
Answer will vary

4. Despite a plethora of freedoms, journalists must still adhere to some federal laws. How do government
officials regulate the media? Describe some of the different regulations that are placed upon the media.
What are the goals of different regulatory techniques? To what extent are they effective? Which forms
of news are the least regulated? How have government officials attempted to regulate the Internet?

ANS:
Answer will vary
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And told him so, but friendship never ends;
And what if mind seem changed,
And it seem changed with the mind,
When thoughts rise up unbid
On generous things that he did
And I grow half contented to be blind.

He had much industry at setting out,

Much boisterous courage, before loneliness
Had driven him crazed;
For meditations upon unknown thought
Make human intercourse grow less and less;
They are neither paid nor praised.
But he’d object to the host,
The glass because my glass;
A ghost-lover he was
And may have grown more arrogant being a ghost.

But names are nothing. What matter who it be,

So that his elements have grown so fine
The fume of muscatel
Can give his sharpened palate ecstasy
No living man can drink from the whole wine.
I have mummy truths to tell
Whereat the living mock,
Though not for sober ear,
For maybe all that hear
Should laugh and weep an hour upon the clock.

Such thought—such thought have I that hold it tight

Till meditation master all its parts,
Nothing can stay my glance
Until that glance run in the world’s despite
To where the damned have howled away their hearts,
And where the blessed dance;
Such thought, that in it bound
I need no other thing
Wound in mind’s wandering,
As mummies in the mummy-cloth are wound.
 NOTES

SAILING TO BYZANTIUM

Stanza IV

I have read somewhere that in the Emperor’s palace at

Byzantium was a tree made of gold and silver, and
artificial birds that sang.

THE TOWER. Part II

The persons mentioned are associated by legend, story

and tradition with the neighbourhood of Thoor Ballylee or
Ballylee Castle, where the poem was written. Mrs. French
lived at Peterswell in the eighteenth century and was
related to Sir Jonah Barrington, who described the incident
of the ear and the trouble that came of it. The peasant
beauty and the blind poet are Mary Hynes and Raftery, and
the incident of the man drowned in Cloone Bog is
recorded in my Celtic Twilight. Hanrahan’s pursuit of the
phantom hare and hounds is from my Stories of Red
Hanrahan. The ghosts have been seen at their game of
dice in what is now my bedroom, and the old bankrupt
man lived about a hundred years ago. According to one
legend he could only leave the Castle upon a Sunday
because of his creditors, and according to another he hid in
the secret passage.

THE TOWER. Part III

In the passage about the Swan I have unconsciously

echoed one of the loveliest lyrics of our time—Mr. Sturge
Moore’s ‘Dying Swan’. I often recited it during an
American lecturing tour, which explains the theft.

The Dying Swan

O silver-throated Swan
Struck, struck! A golden dart
Clean through thy breast has gone
Home to thy heart.
Thrill, thrill, O silver throat!
O silver trumpet, pour
Love for defiance back
 On him who smote!
And brim, brim o’er
With love; and ruby-dye thy track
Down thy last living reach
Of river, sail the golden light—
Enter the sun’s heart—even teach,
O wondrous-gifted pain, teach thou
The God to love, let him learn how!

When I wrote the lines about Plato and Plotinus I forgot

that it is something in our own eyes that makes us see
them as all transcendence. Has not Plotinus written: ‘Let
every soul recall, then, at the outset the truth that soul is
the author of all living things, that it has breathed the life
into them all, whatever is nourished by earth and sea, all
the creatures of the air, the divine stars in the sky; it is the
maker of the sun; itself formed and ordered this vast
heaven and conducts all that rhythmic motion—and it is a
principle distinct from all these to which it gives law and
movement and life, and it must of necessity be more
honourable than they, for they gather or dissolve as soul
brings them life or abandons them, but soul, since it never
can abandon itself, is of eternal being’.

MEDITATIONS IN TIME OF CIVIL WAR

 These poems were written at Thoor Ballylee in 1922,
during the civil war. Before they were finished the
Republicans blew up our ‘ancient bridge’ one midnight.
They forbade us to leave the house, but were otherwise
polite, even saying at last ‘Goodnight, thank you’ as
though we had given them the bridge.

Section Six

In the West of Ireland we call a starling a stare, and

during the civil war one built in a hole in the masonry by
my bedroom window.

Section Seven, Stanza II

The cry ‘Vengeance on the murderers of Jacques

Molay’, Grand Master of the Templars, seems to me fit
symbol for those who labour from hatred, and so for
sterility in various kinds. It is said to have been
incorporated in the ritual of certain Masonic societies of
the eighteenth century, and to have fed class-hatred.

Section Seven, Stanza IV

I have a ring with a hawk and a butterfly upon it, to

symbolise the straight road of logic, and so of mechanism,
and the crooked road of intuition: ‘For wisdom is a
butterfly and not a gloomy bird of prey’.

NINETEEN HUNDRED AND NINETEEN

Section Six

The country people see at times certain apparitions

whom they name now ‘fallen angels’, now ‘ancient
inhabitants of the country’, and describe as riding at
whiles ‘with flowers upon the heads of the horses’. I have
assumed in the sixth poem that these horsemen, now that
the times worsen, give way to worse. My last symbol,
Robert Artisson, was an evil spirit much run after in
Kilkenny at the start of the fourteenth century. Are not
those who travel in the whirling dust also in the Platonic
Year?

TWO SONGS FROM A PLAY

These songs are sung by the Chorus in a play that has

for its theme Christ’s first appearance to the Apostles after
the Resurrection, a play intended for performance in a
drawing-room or studio.
 AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN

Stanza III

I have taken ‘the honey of generation’ from Porphyry’s

essay on ‘The Cave of the Nymphs’, but find no warrant in
Porphyry for considering it the ‘drug’ that destroys the
‘recollection’ of pre-natal freedom. He blamed a cup of
oblivion given in the zodiacal sign of Cancer.

THE GIFT OF HARUN AL-RASHID

Part of an unfinished set of poems, dialogues and stories

about John Ahern and Michael Robartes, Kusta ben Luka,
a philosopher of Bagdad, and his Bedouin followers.

THE END

Printed in Great Britain by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.

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