NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE

BS. NURSING 2025

St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

• Description
The United Nations defines community
A holistic approach grounded in development as a “process where
principles of empowerment, human
community members come together to
rights, inclusion, social justice, self- SUBTOPIC
take collective action and generate
determination and collective action
solutions to common problems.”
(Kenny, 2007)

• CD programs are led by community members

at every stage – from deciding on issues to
selecting and implementing actions, and
evaluation.
PURPOSE
• To bring people to motivate themselves CHARACTERISTICS
through programs geared towards their overall
development as a unit of society. • Focus on geographic communities;
• Encouraging togetherness and teamwork is \ local definition is important
another purpose of community development and this • Includes a broad range of people
brings about a sense of strength.
• Also, can focus on population groups
• It aims to bring social reforms through
discouraging ancient social or cultural practices that • Promotes empowerment, cooperation
are outdated and possibly harmful. and consensus
• We also cannot underestimate the purpose • Leadership shared with citizens and
of community development that is creating those with appointed power
awareness on various social concerns such as health,
poverty, security, hunger among others.
• Relationship oriented
• It also aims to promote good governance as it
ensures the community leaders are on their toes. It
makes them aware that they are being watched when
it comes to issues related to their people and how
they make decisions that affect them.
PHILOSOPHY
PRINCIPLES
Self-determination - people and communities • Seeks to strengthen the capacity of
have the right to make their own choices and community members to act collectively to
decisions. improve their physical, social, economic,
and political environment
Empowerment - people should be able to • Builds sustainable places
control and use their own assets and means to through participation and empowerment
influence.
Collective action - coming together in groups
or organizations strengthens peoples’ voices.
Working and learning together -
collaboration and sharing experiences is vital
to good community activity.

PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
Core Values of Community Development
Collaboration and inclusion – A large part of
community development revolves around two
major values: group inclusion and collaboration.
Healthy teamwork is crucial in order for a
community development project to succeed.
Meaningful participation and change – Speaking
of teamwork, it’s essential to understand that
your participation is needed for a greater
purpose. Your contributions have significant
meaning and value as you move your community
towards change.
Respect – Respect for your community and
others is so important in this process. Without it,
the change that’s needed will not be possible.
Focusing on solidarity and being respectful of
others is a large part of the process.
Strengths-based assets – A goal of
community development is to strengthen the
overall strength of the community and its
residents.
Integrity – No good work can be
accomplished without integrity. We need
honest, dutiful people who value their
community and actively seek out positive
change for everyone.
Hope – There’s no more important quality
for community development than hope.
Change starts with individuals, then it grows as
we work together with hope for a better,
more fruitful future.
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ELEMENTS
Community Development as a Process
Community Development is a process form one
condition to another. It is an evolutionary state
of change from lower point to the upper. It is the
process of total development of man in a
community is the motivation of people towards
change in their behavior and
mental growth. Thus it can be easily said that
C.D is a process of emphasizing social as well as
psychological change in human social life.
Community Development as a Method
Community development as a method of
practical work in the community people is
involved in it to bring change and development
in the community. It is a method of
improvement and progress in which the social
organizer play an important role. Social worker
goes to the communities met with people and
aware them about
the socio economic backwardness and its causes
in the locality. So, C.D as a method uses by the
social organizers to bring people together and
work collectively for the improvement and
progress of community.
Community Development as a Program
It is a set of procedures and having its rules and
regulation in the form of programs. There
programs are involved in the better
improvement of the community people in
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing

various sectors. Different programs are working
to achieve a variety of specific change and
development in community. The community
program tries to meet the basic needs and
requirements of the people.
Basically, community development program
activities are as under:
• Physical improvements, such as roads,
housing, sanitation, drainage, system
and farming etc.
• Functional activities are health,
education, protection, recreation etc.
• Social activities including group
discussion cooperation, work
together, self-reliance etc.
Community Development as a Movement
-deepen the decentralization process
-set the National and Local
Community Development agendas and support
the communities to understand them
People:
-It’s the people of the community who
generates solutions to common problems that
improve the economic, social, environmental
and cultural wellbeing of the community
-The control of community people over the
amount, quality and benefits of development
activities helps make the process sustainable.
Strategy:
-useful, in guiding daily actions and prioritizing
and reviewing established goals, and for
measuring progress.

It is the gradually change in behavior, -aim to provide a focus on specific needs which
belief, mental horizon and motivation have an impact across the whole community.
towards change in human life. As a movement, it
-identifies long and short-term goals the
is the persuasion of masses to become self
community wants to achieve
reliance and work for the betterment of
community. This movement is imposable
without the help, cooperation and
coordination and also active participation of the Technology:
people in community programs. When the -a catalyst for social change
people identify the need of program as their
own, then the process of development starts -gives power and a voice to people within the
with full zeal and progress. In this way the larger ecosystem
process of community development takes place
as a movement from lower stages to the
peak point. APPROACHES
___________________________________ 1. WELFARE APPROACH

PILLARS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT -the immediate and/or spontaneous to

ameliorate the manifestation of poverty
Objectives/goals: especially on the personal level

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NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
-assumes that poverty is God-given; destined,
hence the poor should accept their condition
since they will receive their just reward in
heaven
-believes that poverty is caused by bad luck,
natural disasters and certain circumstances
which are beyond the control of the people
2. MODERNIZATION APPROACH
assumes that development consists
of abandoning the traditional methods of doing
things and must adopt the technology of
industrial countries
believes that poverty is due to lack
of education, lack of resources such as capital
and technology
3. PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
this is the process of empowering/transforming
the poor and the oppressed sectors of
society so that they can pursue a more just and
humane society
believes that poverty is caused by prevalence of
exploitation, oppression, domination and other
unjust structure
______________________________________
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COPAR
HRDP
A model for establishing and implementing
effective, sustainable and participatory PHC
programs in DDU (deprived, depressed,
underserved) communities
It entails development and mobilization of
students and faculty of paramedical institutions,
and enrichment of health oriented curriculum
and reorienting the health education of future
health workers to be more responsive and
relevant to the current community health needs
Strategies:
Strengthening the integration of PHC, COPAR,
Adult teaching learning concepts, strategies and
methodologies in the health science curricula
Systematization of the student’s
exposure program
Development of CHO which can sustain health
development program
Community – capability building
through leadership and skills trainings.
Provision of health services by the
faculty, students and the trained Barangay
Health Workers
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing

to the far flung barrios because of lack

of man power for health services at the
same time that similar activities fulfilled
HISTORY OF HRDP the curricular requirements of the
students for public health
• was developed and sponsored by • The PCPD provides seed money for the
the Philippine Center for Population income generating projects
and Development (PCPD) • Short-term service
• PCPD is a non-stock, non –
profit institution, which serve as a
resource center assisting institutions
HRDP II
and agencies through programs
and projects geared toward the • The 2nd cycle uses the
social human development of rural same strategy but the program could
and urban communities not be sustained by the schools or
• to make health services available hospitals and the income-generating
and accessible to depressed projects eventually become the
and underserved communities in hindrance to the goal of achieving the
the Philippines. health program because the
• Community organizing as the main people tend to be more interested in
strategy to be employed in preparing the income generated by the projects
the communities to develop their • Both HRPD I and HRDP II have
community health care systems and the brought about some changes in the
establishment of community community life of the people
health organization to manage the • Established basic health
community health programs. infrastructure; basic health services
• Organizing work in the communities were increased; there were trained
were done in 3 phases workers and organized health groups to
• Participatory Action Research take care of the need of the community
as fascinating strategy for maximum
community involvement
through collective identification and HRDP III
analysis of community health problems
PCPD refined the program and resulted to what
and collective health action
is now called HRDP III, which has these unique
• Available funds to finance
features:
community initiated projects
• Comprehensive training of the staff
HRDP 1
and faculty of the participating agency
• Trained the faculty, medical/nursing in which the community work was
students to provide health care services initiated

PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
• Periodic training program and
regular assistance to the participating
agency were provided to strengthen the
health outreach program to become
community oriented
• PHC as the approach with which
all nursing / medical students, their CI’s
and indigenous health workers are
trained for community health work and
around which all other project inputs
will revolve
COPAR (Community Organizing
Participatory Action and Research)
COPAR or Community Organizing
Participatory Action Research is a vital part of
public health nursing. COPAR aims to transform
the apathetic, individualistic and voiceless poor
into dynamic, participatory and politically
responsive community
• A social development approach that
aims to transform the apathetic,
individualistic and voiceless poor into
dynamic, participatory and politically
responsive community
• A collective, participatory,
transformative, liberative, sustained
and systematic process of building
people’s organizations by mobilizing and
enhancing the capabilities and resources
of the people for the resolution of their
issues and concerns towards effecting
change in their existing oppressive and
exploitative conditions (1994 National
Rural Conference).
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• A process by which a community
identifies its needs and objectives,
develops confidence to take action in
respect to them and in doing so, extends
and develops cooperative
and collaborative attitudes and
practices in the community (Ross 1967).
• A continuous and sustained process of
educating the people to understand and
develop their critical awareness of
their existing condition, working with
the people collectively and efficiently on
their immediate and long-term
problems, and mobilizing the people to
develop their capability and readiness to
respond and take action on their
immediate needs towards solving their
long-term problems (CO: A manual of
experience, PCPD).
PROCESS
The sequence of steps whereby members of
a community come together to critically assess
to evaluate community conditions and work
together to improve those conditions.
PROCESS AND METHODS USED IN COPAR
1. A progressive cycle of action- reflection-action
- which begins with small, local, and
concrete issues identified by the people and
the evaluation and reflection of actions taken by
them
2. Consciousness Raising
- through experiential learning is central to the
COPAR process because it places emphasis on
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing

learning that emerges from concrete action and community participation in development
which enriches succeeding action activities.

3. Participatory and Mass –based COPAR prepares people/clients to eventually

take over the management of
- It is primarily DIRECTED TOWARDS and BASED
a dvelopment.programs in the future.
in favor of the POOR, the powerless and the
oppressed COPAR maximizes community participation
and involvement; community resources are
mobilized for community services.
4. Group centered and not leader oriented

- Leaders are identified, emerge and are

PRINCIPLES
tested through action rather than appointed
or selected by some external force or entity • People especially the most oppressed,
exploited and deprived sectors are open
STRUCTURE
to change, have the capacity to change
Refers to a particular group of and are able to bring about change.
community members that work together for a • COPAR should be based on the interest
common health and health related goals. of the poorest sector of the community.
• COPAR should lead to a self-reliant
EMPHASIS
community and society.
• Community working to solve its own
problem.
• Direction is established internally and PHASES OF COPAR
externally.
Pre-Entry phase
• Development and implementation of
a specific project less important than Entry phase
the development of the capacity of the
Core Group Formation Phase
community to establish the project.
• Consciousness raising involves Organization – building phase
perceiving health and medical care
Sustenance and strengthening phase
within the total structure of society.
Phase-out

IMPORTANCE
COPAR is an important tool for community
development and people empowerment as this
helps the community workers to generate
1. PRE-ENTRY PHASE
-Is the initial phase of the organizing process
where the community organizer looks
for communities to serve and help.

PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing

• Coordinate with local government and

NGOs for future activities.
Activities includes:

Preparation of the Institution

• Train faculty and students in COPAR.

• Formulate plans for institutionalizing CHOOSING FINAL COMMUNITY
COPAR.
• Conduct informal interviews with
• Revise/enrich curriculum and
community residents and
immersion program.
key informants.
• Coordinate participants of other
• Determine the need of the program in
departments.
the community.
• Take note of political development.
• Develop community profiles for
SITE SELECTION
secondary data.
• Initial networking with local • Develop survey tools.
government. • Pay courtesy call to community leaders.
• Conduct preliminary special • Choose foster families based on
investigation. guidelines
• Make long/short list of
potential communities.
• Do ocular survey of listed communities. IDENTIFYING HOST FAMILY

• House is strategically located in the

Criteria for Initial Site Selection
• Must have a population of 100-200
families.
• Economically depressed.No strong
resistance from the community.
• No serious peace and order problem.
• No similar group or organization
holding the same program.
community.
• Should not belong to the rich segment.
• Respected by both formal and informal
leaders.
• Neighbors are not hesitant to enter the
house.
• No member of the host family should
be moving out in the community.

2. ENTRY PHASE
IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL COMMUNITY
Guidelines for Entry
• Do the same process as in selecting
municipality.
• Consult key informants and residents.

PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
Recognize the role of local authorities by paying
them visits to inform their presence and
activities.
Her appearance, speech, behavior and lifestyle
should be in keeping with those of the
community residents without disregard of
their being role model.
Avoid raising the consciousness of the
community residents; adopt a low-key profile.
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
• Integration. Establishing rapport with
the people in continuing effort to imbibe
community life.
• living with the community
• seek out to converse with people where
they usually congregate
• lend a hand in household chores
• avoid gambling and drinking
• Deepening social
investigation/community study
• verification and enrichment of data
collected from initial survey
• conduct baseline survey by students,
results relayed through
community assembly
• Core Group Formation
• Leader spotting through sociogram.
• Key Persons. Approached
by most people
• Opinion Leader. Approached by key
persons
• Isolates. Never or hardly consulted
3. CORE GROUP FORMATION PHASE
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• Once the community health nurse
identifies the potential leaders, they are
formed into a core group.
• The core group will be given the role of
community organizer.
-Integration with the core group members
-Deepening social investigation
-Training and education
-Mobilizing the core group
4. ORGANIZATION PHASE-BUILDING PHASE
Entails the formation of more formal structure
and the inclusion of more formal procedure of
planning, implementing, and
evaluating community-wise activities. It is at this
phase where the organized leaders or groups are
being given training (formal, informal, OJT)
to develop their style in managing their
own concerns/programs.
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
• Community Health Organization (CHO)
• preparation of legal requirements
• guidelines in the organization of
the CHO by the core group
• election of officers
• Research Team Committee
• Planning Committee
• Health Committee Organization
• Others
• Formation of by-laws by the CHO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
4. SUSTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING
PHASE
Occurs when the community organization has
already been established and the
community members are already
actively participating in community-
wide undertakings. At this point,
the different committees setup in the
organization-building phase are already
expected to be functioning by way of
planning, implementing and evaluating their
own programs, with the overall guidance from
the community-wide organization.
ACTIVITIES:
• Training of CHO for monitoring and
implementing of community health
program.
• Identification of secondary leaders.
• Linkaging and networking.
• Conduct of mobilization on health and
development concerns.
• Implementation of livelihood projects.
5.PHASE OUT
• The phase when the health
care workers leave the community
to stand alone
• This phase should be stated during the
entry phrase so that people will be
ready for this phase
• The organizations built should be ready
to sustain the test of the community
itself because the real evaluation will be
done by the residents of the community
itself.
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CRITICAL STEPS IN BUILDING PEOPLE
ORGANIZATION:
Methods of Integration includes:
-Participation in direct production activities of
the people
-Conduct of house visits
-Participation in activities like birthdays, fiestas,
wakes, etc
-Conversing with people where they usually
gather such as stores, water, walls, washing
streams, or churchyards
-Helping out in the household chores like
cooking, washing the dishes, etc
1.SOCIAL INVESTIGATION
• A systematic process of
collecting, collating, analyzing data to
draw a clear picture of the community.
• Also known as community study
Pointers for the conduct of Social Investigation
• Use of survey
or questionnaires is discouraged
• Community leaders can be trained
to initially assist
the community worker/organizer in SI
• Data can be more effectively and
efficiently collected through
informal methods-house
• visits, participating in conversations
in jeepneys and others
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
• SI is facilitated if the community worker
is properly integrated and has acquired
the trust of the people
• Confirmation and validation
of community data should be
done regularly
• Secondary data should be thoroughly
examined because much of the
information might already be available
2. TENTATIVE PROGRAM PLANNING
• Community organizer to choose one
issue to work on in order to begin
organizing the people
3. GROUNDWORK
• Going around and motivating the
people on something or an issues
• A time to spot and develop
potential leader
• The entry phase or sometimes called
the social preparation phase
4. MEETING
• Core group formation
• People collectively ratifying what they
have already decided individually
• The meeting gives the people the
collective power and confidence
• Problems and issues are discussed
5. ROLE PLAYING
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• To act out the meeting that will take
place between the leaders of the people
and the government representatives
• It is a way of training the people to
anticipate what will happen and prepare
themselves for such eventually
6. MOBILIZATION OF ACTIONS
Actual experience of the people in confronting
the powerful and the actual exercise power
7. EVALUATION
• Determines whether the goal is met or
not
• The people reviewing the steps 1- 7, so
to determine whether they were
successful or not in their objectives
8. REFLECTION
• Determines whether the goal is met or
not
• The people reviewing the steps 1- 7, so
to determine whether they were
successful or not in their objectives
9. ORGANIZATION
• The result of many successive and
similar actions of the people
• Occurs when the community
organization has been established
and the community members are
already participating in a community
wide undertaking
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing

The Community Health Worker as

a Documenter/Reporter
The community health worker keeps a
written account of services rendered,
observations, condition, needs, problems and
attitude of the client in community
activities, accomplishments made etc.

Community workers takes responsibility

to disseminate pertinent information
to appropriate authorities, agencies, and
most especially to the client

At the same time, the community

worker develops the people’s capabilities to
keep/ maintain their recording and reporting
system

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