Pakistan Studies - PMS

2022
Q1. Compare and contrast the role of ECO and SAARC for regional connectivity and
stability.
Answer:
The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) are two distinct regional organizations in Asia that aim to promote
regional connectivity and stability among their member countries. While both organizations
share similar goals, they operate in different geographic and geopolitical contexts, leading to
variations in their effectiveness, priorities, and outcomes.

1. Geographical Scope and Membership:

ECO encompasses a broader geographical area, including Central Asia, South Asia, and the
Middle East. Its members include Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. On the other hand, SAARC is
exclusively focused on South Asia and includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

2. Historical Context:
ECO emerged from the former Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD), which was
established in 1964 among Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. The organization's objective was to
promote economic cooperation and integration in the region. It was later expanded and renamed
as ECO in 1985. SAARC, founded in 1985, aimed to foster economic and regional integration
among South Asian nations.

3. Goals and Objectives:

Both ECO and SAARC aim to enhance regional cooperation, connectivity, and stability. ECO's
objectives include facilitating trade and investment, developing infrastructure, and promoting
energy cooperation among its members. SAARC primarily focuses on poverty alleviation,
social development, and improving the quality of life in South Asia through economic
cooperation, cultural exchanges, and people-to-people connectivity.

4. Connectivity Initiatives:
ECO's connectivity initiatives are more comprehensive due to its broader geographical scope. It
has prioritized projects like the ECO Trade and Development Bank, which supports trade
financing, and the ECO Fiber Optic Network, which enhances communication links among
member countries. SAARC's connectivity efforts are centered around the South Asian Free
Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement and the SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA).

5. Political Dynamics:
The political dynamics within ECO and SAARC member countries influence the organizations'
effectiveness. ECO's member states have varying levels of political stability, which can impact
the implementation of initiatives. In SAARC, the historical tensions between India and Pakistan
have often impeded progress and hindered the organization's ability to achieve its full potential.

6. Regional Conflicts and Security Concerns:

Both organizations operate in regions with complex security dynamics. ECO's members,
especially those in Central Asia, have dealt with security challenges stemming from terrorism
and instability in neighboring Afghanistan. SAARC member countries have faced issues like
cross-border terrorism and separatist movements, which have occasionally strained regional
cooperation.

7. Trade and Economic Integration:

Both ECO and SAARC emphasize trade and economic integration. ECO's broader geographic
scope allows for more diverse trade routes and opportunities, facilitating economic ties between
landlocked Central Asian countries and maritime nations like Iran and Pakistan. SAARC's
efforts have been hindered by political tensions, but initiatives like SAFTA aim to reduce trade
barriers within the region.

8. Energy Cooperation:
ECO member countries possess significant energy resources, such as oil, gas, and hydropower
potential. The organization has aimed to foster energy cooperation through projects like the
Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline. In contrast, SAARC nations
have explored energy cooperation, but progress has been slow due to political challenges and
differing energy needs.

9. Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges:

Both organizations recognize the importance of cultural exchanges and people-to-people
contacts in building regional cohesion. SAARC promotes these exchanges through initiatives
like the South Asian University, which fosters educational and cultural ties. ECO also
encourages cultural exchanges but faces challenges due to linguistic and ethnic diversity within
its membership.
10. Limitations and Future Prospects:
ECO's effectiveness is limited by its diverse membership, varying levels of economic
development, and geopolitical complexities. SAARC faces challenges due to historical disputes
and the dominance of larger members like India. However, both organizations have the potential
to play a significant role in promoting regional stability and connectivity if member states
prioritize cooperation over political differences.

In conclusion, while both the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) share common goals of enhancing regional
connectivity and stability, they operate in different geographic contexts and face unique
challenges. ECO's broader membership and geographical scope provide opportunities for
diverse connectivity initiatives, while SAARC's focus on South Asia has been hindered by
historical tensions. The effectiveness of both organizations relies on member states' willingness
to prioritize cooperation and overcome political obstacles for the greater benefit of their
respective regions.

Q2. We need “Friends not Masters”. Critically evaluate Pakistan’s likely relations with the
United States of America after its withdrawal from Afghanistan.
Answer:

The phrase "Friends not Masters" encapsulates Pakistan's desire for a relationship with the
United States that is based on mutual respect and partnership rather than dependence or
subservience. The withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan has significant implications
for Pakistan-US relations, as both countries navigate their interests in the region. This essay
critically evaluates the likely trajectory of Pakistan's relations with the United States
post-withdrawal, considering factors such as regional geopolitics, counterterrorism efforts,
economic ties, and Pakistan's pursuit of strategic autonomy.

1. Counterterrorism and Regional Stability:

Pakistan has been a crucial partner in the US-led efforts to counter terrorism in the region. With
the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, Pakistan's role in ensuring stability in the region
becomes even more vital. The rise of the Taliban and the potential for Afghanistan to become a
safe haven for terrorist groups pose significant security challenges for Pakistan. Therefore,
continued cooperation between the two countries in counterterrorism efforts remains important.

2. Geopolitical Realignment:
Pakistan's relations with the United States have often been influenced by its strategic ties with
other countries, particularly China. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a
flagship project of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and it enhances Pakistan's economic
connectivity with China. This economic partnership could lead to a more independent foreign
policy stance for Pakistan, allowing it to pursue its national interests with less reliance on US
support.

3. Economic Considerations:
Economic ties have always been a significant aspect of Pakistan-US relations. The United
States is an important trading partner and source of aid for Pakistan. However, the US has often
used economic assistance as a tool to exert influence on Pakistan's policies, leading to tensions.
As Pakistan diversifies its economic partnerships, it may seek to reduce its dependence on US
aid, thus contributing to its pursuit of strategic autonomy.

4. Regional Cooperation and Afghanistan:

Pakistan's role in facilitating peace and stability in Afghanistan will shape its relations with the
United States. While the withdrawal creates challenges, it also presents opportunities for
Pakistan to play a constructive role in Afghan peace talks. If Pakistan succeeds in promoting an
inclusive and stable government in Afghanistan, it could enhance its standing in the eyes of the
international community, including the US.

5. Balancing Act with India:

Pakistan's relationship with India remains a significant factor in its foreign policy calculus. The
United States has sought to improve its ties with India for strategic reasons, including
countering China's influence. This could potentially strain Pakistan-US relations if Washington's
overtures to India are perceived as undermining Pakistan's security interests.

6. Human Rights and Democracy Concerns:

Historically, US-Pakistan relations have been marked by concerns over Pakistan's human rights
record and democratic governance. The United States has, at times, expressed reservations
about Pakistan's commitment to these values. Post-withdrawal, the US may continue to engage
Pakistan on these issues, potentially leading to friction if Pakistan perceives such engagement as
interference in its domestic affairs.
7. Afghan Refugees and Humanitarian Concerns:
The withdrawal could trigger an influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan, placing additional
strain on its resources and infrastructure. Pakistan's ability to manage this situation and
cooperate with the international community will be important for maintaining a positive image
globally.

8. Afghanistan's Economic Reconstruction:

Pakistan's proximity to Afghanistan positions it to play a role in the country's economic
reconstruction. The US and other international actors may seek Pakistan's involvement in
initiatives aimed at rebuilding Afghanistan's economy, which could open avenues for
cooperation and improving relations.

As the United States withdraws from Afghanistan, Pakistan's relations with the US stand at a
critical juncture. The "Friends not Masters" sentiment reflects Pakistan's desire for a partnership
that respects its sovereignty and national interests. While counterterrorism efforts, regional
stability, and economic ties will continue to shape this relationship, Pakistan's pursuit of
strategic autonomy will likely lead it to diversify its foreign partnerships and policies. The
evolving dynamics of the region, including its ties with China and India, will significantly
influence the nature and direction of Pakistan-US relations in the post-withdrawal era.
Balancing these factors will require skillful diplomacy and a clear commitment to promoting
peace and stability in South Asia.

Q3. The Ulema of Nadwah attempted to make a synthesis of modernism of Aligarh and
conservatism of Deoband in their syllabus. Discuss.
Answer:

The synthesis of modernism from Aligarh and conservatism from Deoband in the syllabus of
the Ulema of Nadwatul Ulema represents a fascinating attempt to reconcile two contrasting
Islamic educational ideologies. The Aligarh Movement, led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, and the
Deoband Movement, founded by Maulana Qasim Nanotvi and others, held differing views on
the approach to Islamic education in the face of modern challenges. The Nadwah sought to
bridge this gap by creating a curriculum that incorporated elements of both modernism and
conservatism, aiming to produce well-rounded Islamic scholars capable of engaging with the
modern world while maintaining traditional values.
1. The Aligarh Movement's Modernism:
The Aligarh Movement emerged during the 19th century as a response to the socio-political
challenges faced by Muslims under British colonial rule. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan emphasized the
importance of modern education, science, and rationality to uplift the Muslim community. He
believed that Muslims needed to embrace Western education and modern knowledge to progress
and compete in the changing world. Aligarh Muslim University was established with these
principles in mind, promoting modern education in various disciplines alongside Islamic
studies.

2. The Deoband Movement's Conservatism:

The Deoband Movement was founded in 1867 as a response to the perceived erosion of Islamic
values and practices due to British colonialism. The Deoband seminary aimed to provide a
strong foundation in traditional Islamic education, emphasizing the study of classical Islamic
texts, jurisprudence, theology, and spirituality. The movement advocated for a return to the
principles of early Islam and the preservation of Islamic identity in the face of modern
influences.

3. Nadwatul Ulema's Synthesis:

Nadwatul Ulema, founded in 1894 in Lucknow, India, sought to harmonize the principles of
modernism and conservatism. Recognizing the value of both approaches, Nadwah aimed to
create a balanced curriculum that would produce scholars who could navigate modern
challenges without compromising their traditional Islamic values. This synthesis was reflected
in the syllabus, which included subjects from both modern sciences and traditional Islamic
studies.

4. Incorporating Modern Sciences:

The Nadwah curriculum integrated subjects like mathematics, science, and literature alongside
Islamic disciplines. This allowed students to develop a broader understanding of the world and
engage in various fields of knowledge, aligning with the modernist approach of Aligarh. The
intention was to enable graduates to contribute to fields beyond religious studies, such as
medicine, law, and administration.

5. Emphasizing Traditional Islamic Studies:

At the same time, the Nadwah curriculum maintained a strong focus on traditional Islamic
subjects like Arabic grammar, Quranic studies, Hadith, and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). This
reflected the Deoband's emphasis on preserving Islamic tradition and maintaining a strong
connection to classical scholarship.
6. Role of Islamic Identity and Values:
One of the key aspects of the Nadwah synthesis was the emphasis on nurturing a strong Islamic
identity and moral values in students. This was seen as a response to the perceived erosion of
Islamic values in the face of Western influences. By integrating modern education with Islamic
ethics, Nadwah aimed to produce scholars who could confidently engage with the modern
world while upholding their religious principles.

7. Challenges and Criticisms:

The synthesis attempted by Nadwatul Ulema was not without challenges and criticisms. Some
traditionalists argued that the inclusion of modern sciences might dilute the purity of Islamic
education, while modernists questioned whether the traditional subjects adequately prepared
students for the demands of the modern world. Striking a balance between the two ideologies
was complex and required ongoing adjustments.

8. Legacy and Impact:

The Nadwah synthesis left a lasting impact on Islamic education in the Indian subcontinent.
Graduates of Nadwah played significant roles in various fields, including academia,
administration, and religious leadership. The curriculum provided a model for other Islamic
institutions seeking to reconcile traditional values with modern education, fostering a nuanced
and adaptable approach to addressing contemporary challenges.

The synthesis of modernism from Aligarh and conservatism from Deoband in the curriculum of
Nadwatul Ulema represents a remarkable effort to navigate the complexities of Islamic
education in a changing world. By integrating modern sciences with traditional Islamic studies
and emphasizing Islamic values, the Nadwah aimed to produce scholars who were
well-equipped to engage with both the modern world and their religious heritage. This synthesis
reflects the ongoing tension between tradition and modernity in Islamic education and
demonstrates the capacity of Islamic institutions to evolve and adapt to meet the needs of their
communities.
Q4. The location of Pakistan has given strategic strength to the State. What are its
physical features and narrate its advantages and disadvantages?
Answer:

Pakistan's strategic strength is heavily influenced by its unique geographical location and
diverse physical features. Situated at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle
East, Pakistan's geography has endowed it with both significant advantages and some notable
disadvantages. These features play a crucial role in shaping Pakistan's geopolitical position,
trade routes, security considerations, and regional influence.

Physical Features:

Mountain Ranges:
Pakistan is home to some of the world's highest mountain ranges, including the Himalayas and
the Karakoram Range. Notable peaks like K2, the second-highest mountain globally, are located
within its borders. These mountainous terrains provide natural barriers and defensive positions,
enhancing Pakistan's strategic advantage.

Plateaus and Plains:

The Balochistan Plateau and the Indus River plains contribute to the country's agricultural
productivity. The plains are fertile and provide a basis for the agricultural sector, while the
plateaus offer elevated ground and potential for military positioning.

Coastline:
Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea, which extends for approximately 1,046
kilometers. This coastline serves as a gateway to maritime trade and connectivity, enabling
Pakistan to access international markets and engage in maritime activities.

Rivers and Water Resources:

The Indus River, along with its tributaries, plays a vital role in Pakistan's agriculture and water
supply. The Indus Basin Irrigation System supports the country's agricultural output,
contributing to food security.
Advantages:

Strategic Location:
Pakistan's location at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East grants it
significant geopolitical importance. It serves as a bridge between these regions, facilitating
trade, energy transit, and cultural exchanges.

Trade and Connectivity:

Pakistan's geographical location offers the potential to become a key trade and transit corridor.
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) exemplifies this advantage, as it provides a
direct link between China's western regions and the Arabian Sea, reducing transportation times
and costs.

Maritime Access:
The Arabian Sea coastline enables Pakistan to access international maritime trade routes,
connecting it to global markets. Gwadar Port, developed under CPEC, further enhances
Pakistan's maritime significance.

Natural Defenses:
The mountainous terrain of northern Pakistan offers natural defensive positions, which
historically have played a role in protecting the country from invasions. The difficult terrain can
act as a deterrent to potential aggressors.

Energy Opportunities:
Pakistan's diverse geography provides opportunities for energy generation, including
hydropower potential in its rivers and wind power potential in its coastal areas. Utilizing these
resources can contribute to the country's energy security.

Disadvantages:

Vulnerability to Natural Disasters:

Pakistan is susceptible to various natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods, and landslides
due to its geological activity and monsoon patterns. These disasters can have devastating effects
on infrastructure, agriculture, and human lives.

Security Challenges:
The country's porous borders and proximity to conflict zones, such as Afghanistan, can expose
Pakistan to security challenges, including terrorism and cross-border conflicts.
Water Scarcity and Management:
While Pakistan relies heavily on its river systems for irrigation and water supply, disputes over
water resources with neighboring countries, such as India, can create challenges in water
management and agricultural productivity.

Landlocked Neighbors:
While Pakistan's location facilitates connectivity, it also shares borders with landlocked
countries like Afghanistan and the Central Asian states. Political instability or conflicts in these
neighboring regions can impact Pakistan's own stability and trade routes.

Dependency on Trade Routes:

Pakistan's strategic location as a trade and transit corridor makes it dependent on the stability of
neighboring countries for smooth movement of goods. Disruptions in neighboring regions can
affect Pakistan's trade and economic activities.

Pakistan's strategic strength is undeniably shaped by its geographical location and physical
features. The advantages it derives from its position as a crossroads of diverse regions and its
maritime access have the potential to drive economic growth and regional influence. However,
the country also faces challenges related to security, natural disasters, and water management,
which require careful policy considerations and strategic planning. Pakistan's ability to leverage
its advantages while mitigating its disadvantages will play a critical role in determining its
future development, stability, and regional significance.

Q5. Separation of East-Pakistan, though a tragic part of History of Pakistan, was not the
negation of Two-Nation theory.” Discuss.
Answer:

The separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) from West Pakistan (now Pakistan) in 1971
was undoubtedly a tragic and pivotal moment in the history of Pakistan. It marked the end of
the unity envisioned by the Two-Nation Theory, which had served as a foundation for the
creation of Pakistan in 1947. However, the separation of East Pakistan was not necessarily a
complete negation of the Two-Nation Theory. Rather, it highlighted the complexities of
nation-building, governance, and the need for an inclusive approach to accommodate diverse
linguistic, cultural, and regional identities within a united nation.

1. Two-Nation Theory and Pakistan's Creation:

The Two-Nation Theory, articulated by leaders like Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
posited that Muslims and Hindus in British India were distinct nations with separate cultural,
religious, and historical identities. This theory provided the ideological basis for the creation of
Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims, where they could practice their religion and live
according to their distinct values.

2. Unity in Diversity:
While the Two-Nation Theory emphasized religious identity, it did not ignore the diversity
within the Muslim community. The theory acknowledged the existence of various linguistic,
ethnic, and cultural groups among Muslims, which would be united under the umbrella of
Islam. However, the practical challenges of managing such diversity were not fully addressed
during the creation of Pakistan.

3. Language and Cultural Divide:

One of the significant factors leading to the separation of East Pakistan was the language and
cultural divide between East and West Pakistan. The imposition of Urdu as the sole national
language by the central government created resentment in East Pakistan, where Bengali was the
predominant language. This linguistic and cultural alienation led to feelings of marginalization
and calls for greater autonomy.

4. Economic Disparities:
Economic disparities between East and West Pakistan also played a crucial role in the
separation. East Pakistan was economically neglected, leading to feelings of exploitation and
deprivation. This economic disparity exacerbated the sense of injustice and fueled demands for
greater self-governance.

5. Centralized Governance and Political Marginalization:

The concentration of political power and decision-making in West Pakistan further alienated
East Pakistan. The dominant role of the western provinces in the federal government created a
sense of political marginalization in the east. This centralization of power contradicted the
principles of inclusive governance and representation that were essential for sustaining unity.

6. Failure of Political Leadership:

The inability of Pakistan's political leadership to address the concerns and aspirations of East
Pakistan was a significant failure. The leadership's failure to accommodate linguistic and
cultural diversity within the framework of the Two-Nation Theory contributed to the eventual
disintegration of the country.

7. Implications for the Two-Nation Theory:

The separation of East Pakistan raised questions about the applicability of the Two-Nation
Theory in a diverse and complex country like Pakistan. It highlighted the importance of
recognizing not only religious differences but also the significance of regional and linguistic
identities within the nation-building process.

8. Lessons for Future Governance:

The separation of East Pakistan serves as a cautionary tale for other nations grappling with
issues of diversity, representation, and governance. It underscores the need for a comprehensive
and inclusive approach to nation-building that respects linguistic, cultural, and regional
identities within the broader national framework.

9. Continuing Relevance of the Two-Nation Theory:

While the separation of East Pakistan challenged some aspects of the Two-Nation Theory, it did
not negate the broader idea of distinct religious identities. Pakistan still remains a country with a
Muslim majority population, and Islam continues to be a central factor in the national identity.

The separation of East Pakistan was indeed a tragic event in Pakistan's history, representing a
failure to effectively manage linguistic, cultural, and economic diversity within the framework
of the Two-Nation Theory. While it highlighted the limitations of a narrow interpretation of the
theory, it did not completely negate the idea of distinct religious identities. The tragedy
underscores the importance of inclusive governance, respect for linguistic and cultural diversity,
and the need to strike a balance between national unity and regional autonomy. The lessons
from this historical episode remain relevant for nations aiming to foster unity while respecting
the complexities of their diverse populations.

Q6. Discuss the obstacles in the way of good governance in Pakistan. In your view what
steps can be taken to achieve the goal of good governance?
Answer:

Good governance is a cornerstone of effective and equitable development in any country. In the
context of Pakistan, achieving good governance has been a persistent challenge due to a range
of complex obstacles. These obstacles, which include political, institutional, social, and
economic factors, have hindered the country's progress and development. To achieve the goal of
good governance, Pakistan must address these challenges and implement a comprehensive set
of measures that prioritize transparency, accountability, and the rule of law.

Obstacles to Good Governance in Pakistan:

Political Instability:
Frequent changes in government, coups, and shifts in power have led to a lack of continuity in
policies and initiatives. This instability disrupts long-term planning and implementation,
making it difficult to achieve sustainable development.

Corruption and Nepotism:

Rampant corruption and nepotism within government institutions have eroded public trust and
hindered the efficient use of resources. Cronyism and favoritism often lead to misallocation of
funds and resources, thereby undermining effective governance.

Weak Institutions and Capacity Constraints:

Many government institutions lack the capacity and expertise to effectively carry out their
mandates. Bureaucratic inefficiency, lack of technical skills, and inadequate resources
contribute to poor service delivery and governance.

Lack of Accountability:
Weak mechanisms for holding public officials accountable allow misconduct and misuse of
authority to go unchecked. This absence of accountability breeds impunity and encourages
further wrongdoing.

Lack of Rule of Law:

An inconsistent and weak application of the rule of law undermines citizens' rights and
diminishes the confidence of investors and the general public. Inadequate legal frameworks and
judicial delays contribute to this issue.

Poor Service Delivery:

Citizens often face challenges in accessing basic services such as healthcare, education, and
clean water. Inefficient delivery systems and corruption within service sectors contribute to
these issues.

Security Concerns and Terrorism:

Ongoing security challenges and acts of terrorism have diverted resources from development
projects to security measures. This impacts economic growth and hampers good governance
efforts.

Lack of Transparency and Access to Information:

Limited transparency in decision-making processes and a lack of access to information prevent
citizens from participating effectively in governance and holding officials accountable.

Steps to Achieve Good Governance:

Political Stability and Institutional Strengthening:
Ensuring political stability and strengthening institutions through reforms can provide a stable
environment for good governance. Electoral reforms, term limits, and professionalizing civil
services are essential steps in this direction.

Anti-Corruption Measures:
Implementing robust anti-corruption strategies, independent anti-corruption agencies, and
whistleblower protection can help curb corruption. Emphasizing transparency in public
procurement and financial transactions is crucial.

Rule of Law and Judicial Reforms:

Strengthening the rule of law and ensuring swift justice through judicial reforms can enhance
accountability and restore public trust in the legal system.

Capacity Building and Training:

Investing in training and capacity building for government officials can improve their
performance and enhance service delivery. Professional development programs should focus on
both technical skills and ethical conduct.

Transparency and Accountability Mechanisms:

Establishing mechanisms for citizen engagement, such as public hearings and participatory
budgeting, can enhance transparency and accountability. E-governance initiatives can also
improve citizen-government interaction.

Civil Society Engagement:

Encouraging the active involvement of civil society organizations in monitoring government
actions and advocating for reforms can hold officials accountable and promote good governance
practices.

Promoting Access to Information:

Enacting and implementing right to information laws can empower citizens to demand
accountability and participate more effectively in the governance process.

Economic Diversification and Job Creation:

Focusing on economic diversification and creating job opportunities can address
socio-economic disparities and reduce the allure of illegal activities.
Achieving good governance in Pakistan requires a concerted effort to address the multifaceted
obstacles that have impeded progress. By prioritizing political stability, transparency,
accountability, and the rule of law, Pakistan can create an environment conducive to sustainable
development. The implementation of comprehensive reforms, capacity building, and strong
citizen engagement will be essential in transforming the country's governance landscape and
paving the way for inclusive growth and prosperity.

Q7. Write short notes on any Two of the following:

Answer:

a. Constitutional Amendment

The process of amending the constitution in Pakistan is governed by specific rules and
procedures outlined in the Constitution of Pakistan. Constitutional amendments play a crucial
role in shaping the legal and political landscape of the country and can impact a wide range of
issues, from governance structures to individual rights.

1. Process of Amendment:
The process of amending the constitution in Pakistan is outlined in Articles 238 to 239 of the
Constitution. A constitutional amendment can be proposed by either house of Parliament (the
National Assembly or the Senate) or by a joint sitting of both houses. The proposed amendment
must be passed by a two-thirds majority in the house that initiates the proposal.

2. Scope of Amendments:
The scope of constitutional amendments in Pakistan is broad, covering a wide range of topics,
including changes to the structure of government, the powers and responsibilities of various
institutions, the fundamental rights of citizens, and matters related to provincial autonomy and
federalism.

3. Amendments to Fundamental Rights:

Certain fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution can also be amended, subject to
certain conditions. According to Article 8 of the Constitution, any amendment that seeks to alter
the fundamental rights of citizens must be passed by both houses of Parliament and receive the
assent of the President.

4. Amendments and Federalism:

Amendments that pertain to the distribution of powers between the federal and provincial
governments require consultation with the respective provincial assemblies. This reflects the
principle of federalism enshrined in the constitution, which emphasizes the autonomy of
provincial governments.

5. Amendments to Special Provisions:

The constitution includes special provisions for specific areas, such as the tribal areas of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (now merged into the province) and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Any amendments
that affect these areas require the consent of the concerned provincial assembly or the legislative
assembly of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

6. Role of the President:

Once a constitutional amendment is passed by both houses of Parliament, it is presented to the
President for assent. The President's role in the amendment process is primarily formal, and the
President's assent is typically given as a matter of course, assuming the proper procedure has
been followed.

7. Judicial Review:
The constitutionality of a constitutional amendment can be challenged in the courts if it is
deemed to violate the basic structure of the constitution or infringe upon fundamental rights.
The judiciary in Pakistan has, on occasion, struck down amendments that it deemed
unconstitutional.

8. Amendments and Political Dynamics:

The process of constitutional amendment in Pakistan can often be influenced by political
considerations and the balance of power between different political parties. Major amendments
may require extensive negotiations and consensus-building among various stakeholders.

b. Kashmir Dispute

The Kashmir dispute is a long-standing territorial and political conflict centered on the region of
Kashmir, a picturesque region located in South Asia between India, Pakistan, and China. The
dispute dates back to the partition of British India in 1947 and has been a major source of
tension between India and Pakistan for decades. The issue has profound historical, political, and
humanitarian implications and remains one of the most contentious and complex disputes in
international relations.

1. Historical Background:
The origins of the Kashmir dispute can be traced to the partition of British India in 1947. At that
time, princely states were given the option to join either India or Pakistan, or remain
independent. The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, a Hindu ruler of a predominantly
Muslim-majority region, chose to accede to India, triggering protests and resistance from the
local population.

2. India-Pakistan Conflict:
The accession of Kashmir to India was contested by Pakistan, leading to the first Indo-Pakistani
war in 1947-1948. The war ended with a ceasefire and the establishment of the Line of Control
(LoC), which divided the region between India and Pakistan. Subsequent conflicts in 1965 and
1999 further escalated tensions, and both countries claimed the entirety of Kashmir as their
own.

3. Humanitarian Consequences:
The Kashmir conflict has had significant humanitarian consequences, including human rights
violations, displacement, and loss of life. The region has witnessed protests, militancy, and
military crackdowns, resulting in a challenging humanitarian situation for the local population.

4. International Involvement:
The international community has been involved in efforts to resolve the Kashmir dispute. The
United Nations passed resolutions in the 1940s calling for a plebiscite in Kashmir to determine
its future, but the plebiscite has not been held due to various reasons, including disagreements
between India and Pakistan on its implementation.

5. Nuclear Implications:
The Kashmir dispute has added complexity due to the nuclear capabilities of both India and
Pakistan. The risk of conflict escalation has heightened concerns on the global stage, as both
countries possess nuclear weapons.

6. Human Rights Concerns:

Human rights violations have been reported by various international organizations, including
allegations of extra-judicial killings, enforced disappearances, and restrictions on freedom of
expression in the region. These concerns have drawn international attention and criticism.

7. Regional Implications:
The Kashmir dispute has broader regional implications, particularly with China's involvement
in the region. China controls a portion of the territory, known as Aksai Chin, and its border with
India is a subject of contention. The complex geopolitical dynamics further complicate the
resolution of the conflict.

8. Search for Solutions:

Efforts to find a peaceful solution to the Kashmir dispute have included bilateral negotiations,
track-II diplomacy, and international mediation. However, progress has been slow due to
entrenched positions, nationalist sentiments, and domestic political considerations in both India
and Pakistan.

The Kashmir dispute remains a significant challenge that has not yet been fully resolved. Its
impact on the people of the region, the potential for military escalation, and the complex
historical and geopolitical factors involved make it a critical issue for international diplomacy.
A lasting resolution requires a commitment from all parties involved to engage in meaningful
dialogue, address the humanitarian concerns, and find a solution that respects the rights and
aspirations of the Kashmiri people while ensuring peace and stability in the region.

c. Pakistan's Role in the United Nations

Pakistan, as one of the founding members of the United Nations (UN), has played a significant
role in the international organization since its inception in 1945. The country's contributions
encompass a range of areas, including peacekeeping operations, diplomacy, human rights
advocacy, and global development efforts. Pakistan's engagement with the UN reflects its
commitment to promoting international cooperation, peace, and sustainable development.

1. Peacekeeping Operations:
Pakistan is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions. Its armed forces have
been deployed in various conflict zones around the world, including Africa, the Middle East,
and Asia, to maintain peace and stability. Pakistani troops have earned a reputation for their
professionalism and dedication to upholding UN mandates in challenging environments.

2. Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution:

Pakistan has actively engaged in diplomatic efforts within the UN to address regional and global
conflicts. The country's diplomats have participated in negotiations and dialogues aimed at
resolving conflicts, fostering dialogue, and promoting peaceful solutions. Pakistan's diplomatic
contributions have focused on its immediate neighborhood, such as its efforts to mediate
between Iran and Saudi Arabia.

3. Advocacy for Human Rights:

Pakistan has been involved in various UN forums to promote and protect human rights. The
country has participated in the Human Rights Council and engaged in discussions related to
human rights issues globally. Pakistan's own experiences with challenges related to human
rights, including issues like gender equality and minority rights, have informed its contributions
to international discussions.

4. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

Pakistan actively participates in efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals set by the
UN. The country aligns its national development plans with the SDGs and works to improve
education, healthcare, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability. Pakistan's
engagement is a reflection of its commitment to addressing global challenges through
collaborative efforts.

5. Climate Change and Environmental Protection:

Pakistan is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including melting glaciers,
changing weather patterns, and increased natural disasters. The country participates in
international climate conferences and advocates for global cooperation to address climate
change, as well as taking steps domestically to mitigate its effects.

6. Refugees and Displaced Persons:

As a host to one of the world's largest populations of refugees, Pakistan understands the
importance of international cooperation in providing assistance to displaced populations. The
country's experience as a host to Afghan refugees has informed its contributions to discussions
on refugee rights and humanitarian assistance within the UN.

7. Global Health Initiatives:

Pakistan engages with the UN on global health initiatives, particularly in the context of
eradicating diseases and promoting healthcare. The country's participation in efforts such as
polio eradication reflects its commitment to improving global health outcomes.

8. Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation:

Given its status as a nuclear-armed nation, Pakistan has engaged with the UN on matters related
to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. The country has advocated for peaceful uses of
nuclear technology while emphasizing the importance of a balanced approach to disarmament.
 2021
Q.No.1: Discuss the political ideology of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan towards the Indian
National Congress with particular reference to his policy measures to counter the
imminent danger of majority rule in India.
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a prominent Muslim reformer and intellectual in colonial India, who
is widely regarded as the founder of the Aligarh Movement. He lived during a time of great
political and social upheaval, as British colonial rule began to take hold and Indian society
grappled with issues of identity and representation. Sir Syed's political ideology was shaped by
his concern for the welfare of the Muslim community in India, and his belief that the best way
to secure their future was through education and political representation.
Sir Syed was initially supportive of the Indian National Congress, which was founded in 1885
as a political platform for Indians to press their demands for greater self-rule and representation.
However, he soon became disillusioned with the Congress, which he felt was dominated by
Hindus and did not adequately represent the interests of Muslims. Sir Syed believed that the
Congress's policy of agitating for democratic representation posed a serious threat to the
Muslim community, which he saw as a vulnerable minority in India.
In response to this perceived threat, Sir Syed developed a set of policy measures aimed at
safeguarding the interests of Muslims in India. One of the key pillars of his strategy was
education, and he founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in 1875, which
later became Aligarh Muslim University. Sir Syed believed that education was the key to social
and economic advancement, and that it would enable Muslims to compete on an equal footing
with Hindus in the political and economic spheres.
Another important aspect of Sir Syed's policy measures was his advocacy for a separate
electorate for Muslims. He argued that this was necessary to ensure that Muslims would have
adequate representation in the political process, and would not be marginalized or subsumed by
the Hindu majority. Sir Syed's call for a separate electorate for Muslims was eventually adopted
by the British government in the Indian Councils Act of 1909, which established separate
electorates for Muslims, Sikhs, and other minority groups.
Overall, Sir Syed's political ideology was informed by his belief that the Muslim community in
India faced an imminent danger of majority rule, and that the best way to counter this was
through education and political representation. His policy measures, including the establishment
of Aligarh Muslim University and the call for a separate electorate for Muslims, were aimed at
achieving these goals and ensuring the welfare of Muslims in India. While his views were
controversial and not universally accepted, Sir Syed's legacy as a pioneering Muslim reformer
and advocate for education and political representation remains an important part of Indian
history.

Q.No.2: Highlight the main problems in the industrial sector of Pakistan and also suggest
the measures for its improvement.
Answer:
The industrial sector of Pakistan faces several challenges that hinder its growth and
development. Some of the main problems in the industrial sector of Pakistan are:
1. Energy crisis: Pakistan's industrial sector suffers from a severe shortage of electricity and
gas, which results in frequent power outages and disrupts industrial production.
2. Lack of investment: The industrial sector of Pakistan is plagued by a lack of investment
in infrastructure, technology, and research and development.
3. Inefficient management: Many industries in Pakistan suffer from poor management
practices, resulting in low productivity, high costs, and low quality products.
4. Low value addition: Pakistan's industrial sector has a limited focus on value addition and
relies heavily on raw material exports, which limits its potential for growth and
development.
To improve the industrial sector of Pakistan, several measures can be taken, including:
1. Energy sector reforms: The government can invest in renewable energy sources, such as
wind and solar power, to reduce the reliance on traditional fossil fuels. The government
can also address energy theft and reduce transmission and distribution losses.
2. Investment in infrastructure: The government can invest in infrastructure, such as
transportation, communication, and water supply, to improve the overall business
environment and attract more investment in the industrial sector.
3. Human resource development: The government can invest in technical and vocational
education and training to develop a skilled workforce that can operate modern machinery
and increase productivity.
4. Research and development: The government can encourage innovation and research and
development by providing incentives to industries and funding for research institutions.
5. Promotion of value addition: The government can encourage value addition in the
industrial sector by providing incentives for industries that add value to raw materials and
reducing tariffs on machinery and equipment imports.

Q.No.3: Allama Iqbal's writings and views of Quaid-e-Azam explain their conceptual
understanding about the Islamic State. Do you agree that their vision found some place
while explaining the constitutional development throughout the case of Pakistan's political
history?
Answer:
Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah were two of the most prominent
figures in the movement for the creation of Pakistan, and their writings and speeches provide
valuable insights into their vision for the new state. Both men had a deep understanding of
Islamic history and philosophy, and their views on the role of religion in politics were
influential in shaping the conceptual understanding of the Islamic State in Pakistan.
Allama Iqbal's writings and speeches emphasized the importance of creating an Islamic State
that would be based on the principles of social justice, equality, and the rule of law. He believed
that Islam provided a comprehensive framework for social and political organization, and that
the Islamic State should be guided by the principles of ijtihad (independent reasoning) and ijma
(consensus).
Quaid-e-Azam, on the other hand, emphasized the importance of creating a democratic and
pluralistic State that would protect the rights of all citizens, regardless of their religion or
ethnicity. He believed that the Islamic State should be based on the principles of social justice
and equality, and that it should provide a framework for the development and progress of all
citizens.
Both Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam's views found some place in explaining the constitutional
development throughout the case of Pakistan's political history. The Objectives Resolution of
1949, which was passed by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, recognized the sovereignty of
Allah and declared that the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social
justice would guide the new state. This resolution was seen as a compromise between the
competing visions of Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam, and it laid the foundation for the
subsequent constitutional development in Pakistan.
However, the implementation of this vision has been complicated by political and social
realities, and Pakistan has struggled to reconcile its Islamic identity with its commitment to
democracy and pluralism. The Islamization policies of the 1980s and 1990s, which were aimed
at making Pakistan a more Islamic State, were controversial and resulted in the marginalization
of minority groups and the erosion of democratic institutions.

Q.No.4: The debacle of 1971 was more the result of Big Powers' leaning towards India
rather than our domestic failures. Discuss the above statement by critically evaluating
Poland's resolution in the UN Security Council.
Answer:
The debacle of 1971, which resulted in the separation of East Pakistan and the creation of
Bangladesh, was a complex event that had multiple factors at play. While there were certainly
domestic failures within Pakistan that contributed to the crisis, the role of Big Powers' leaning
towards India cannot be ignored.
The Big Powers, such as the United States, the Soviet Union, and China, played a significant
role in the events leading up to the 1971 war between India and Pakistan. The United States, in
particular, was seen as favoring India, which led to a perception that Pakistan was being isolated
on the international stage. The Soviet Union also supported India and provided military
assistance during the war, while China supported Pakistan.
The Poland resolution in the UN Security Council is an important event to consider in this
context. The resolution, which was introduced by Poland and supported by the Soviet Union
and other countries, called for an immediate ceasefire and the withdrawal of Pakistani forces
from East Pakistan. The resolution also called for the deployment of UN peacekeeping forces to
the region.
While the Poland resolution was a significant blow to Pakistan's international standing, it is
important to note that it was not solely responsible for the debacle of 1971. Domestic failures
within Pakistan, such as the military's heavy-handed approach in East Pakistan and the failure to
address the grievances of the Bengali population, also played a significant role in the crisis.
Furthermore, the international community's response to the crisis was not solely driven by a bias
towards India. The human rights abuses committed by the Pakistani military in East Pakistan
were widely reported and condemned by the international community, and the United States
was also critical of Pakistan's actions.

Q.No.5: Examine Pakistan's relation with China in the context of CPEC. How is it going
to be a game changer for the South Asian region?
Answer:
Pakistan's relationship with China has deepened significantly in recent years, particularly in the
context of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). CPEC is a flagship project of
China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to connect China with Europe, Africa, and
the Middle East through a network of infrastructure and transportation projects. CPEC is a game
changer for Pakistan and the South Asian region in several ways.
First, CPEC is expected to significantly boost Pakistan's economy by enhancing its connectivity
with China and the broader region. The project includes the construction of transportation
infrastructure, such as highways, railways, and ports, as well as energy infrastructure, such as
power plants and transmission lines. These projects are expected to create jobs, increase trade,
and improve access to energy, which are all crucial for Pakistan's economic development.
Second, CPEC is also expected to enhance regional connectivity by linking China with South
Asia and the Middle East. This could potentially create new economic opportunities for
countries in the region, and improve their access to markets and resources.
Third, CPEC could also have strategic implications for the region. Pakistan's relationship with
China has long been seen as a counterbalance to India's growing influence in the region, and the
deepening of this relationship could shift the balance of power in South Asia. Additionally,
China's presence in the region could have implications for regional security, particularly in the
context of China's tensions with India and the United States.
However, there are also concerns about the potential downsides of CPEC. Some analysts have
raised questions about the economic viability of the project, and whether it could lead to a debt
trap for Pakistan. Others have raised concerns about the environmental and social impact of the
project, particularly in the context of the development of the Gwadar port.
Overall, CPEC has the potential to be a game changer for Pakistan and the South Asian region
by boosting connectivity, enhancing economic growth, and shifting the balance of power.
However, its success will depend on the ability of Pakistan and China to address the challenges
and concerns associated with the project.

Q.No.6: Economic development without social change generates alienation in the society.
Discuss Pakistan's economic problems in the Musharraf era, in the light of the above
statement.
Answer:
The Musharraf era in Pakistan (1999-2008) was marked by significant economic growth, with
the country experiencing an average annual growth rate of around 7% during this period.
However, this growth was not accompanied by significant social change, and as a result, it
generated alienation in the society. This is because economic growth alone cannot solve all the
problems of a society, and without addressing the underlying social and political issues, it can
exacerbate existing inequalities and injustices.
One of the main problems of the Musharraf era was the lack of investment in social
development, particularly in education and healthcare. While the government increased
spending on infrastructure projects, such as highways and dams, it neglected social sectors that
are crucial for human development. As a result, Pakistan's social indicators, such as literacy
rates and healthcare outcomes, remained low, and this generated alienation among the
population, particularly among those who were left behind by the economic growth.
Another problem of the Musharraf era was the persistence of corruption and the concentration
of wealth in the hands of a few. While the government implemented some reforms to improve
governance and reduce corruption, these efforts were limited in scope and did not
fundamentally change the power structures in the society. As a result, the benefits of economic
growth were not distributed evenly, and the gap between the rich and poor widened. This
generated alienation among the poor, who felt left behind by the economic growth and the
political system.
The Musharraf era was also marked by a lack of democratic governance and political
participation. While the government introduced some reforms to improve governance and
decentralize power, these efforts were overshadowed by the authoritarian nature of the regime.
This limited political participation and civic engagement, and generated alienation among the
population, particularly among those who were excluded from the political process.

Q.No.7: Write short notes on any Two of the following:

Answer:
a. Energy crisis in Pakistan:
Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for several years, with a severe shortage of electricity
and natural gas leading to widespread blackouts and load shedding. The crisis is primarily due
to a combination of factors, including inefficient power plants, a lack of investment in new
power generation capacity, and a growing demand for energy due to population growth and
urbanization.
To address the energy crisis, Pakistan has taken several measures, including investments in new
power plants and renewable energy projects, efforts to improve energy efficiency, and steps to
reduce energy theft and losses. The government has also launched several initiatives to increase
access to electricity in rural areas and promote the use of clean energy.
Despite these efforts, the energy crisis remains a significant challenge for Pakistan, with many
businesses and households facing frequent power outages and high energy costs. To fully
address the crisis, Pakistan will need to continue investing in new power generation capacity
and address structural issues in the energy sector, such as inefficiencies and corruption.

b. Kashmir Conflict:
The Kashmir conflict is a long-standing dispute between India and Pakistan over the status of
the Kashmir region. The dispute dates back to the partition of British India in 1947, which left
the Kashmir region divided between India and Pakistan. Both countries claim the entire region,
leading to multiple wars and ongoing tensions between the two countries.
The conflict has had significant consequences for the people of Kashmir, who have faced
violence, human rights abuses, and political repression for decades. The situation in the region
has also impacted regional stability, with the potential for the conflict to escalate into a larger
conflict between India and Pakistan.
Efforts to resolve the Kashmir conflict have been ongoing for many years, but progress has been
limited. The United Nations has called for a peaceful resolution to the conflict based on the
principle of self-determination for the people of Kashmir, but this has not been implemented.
To fully address the Kashmir conflict, both India and Pakistan will need to engage in
meaningful dialogue and find a peaceful and sustainable solution that addresses the concerns of
all parties involved.

c. National Security challenges of Pakistan:

Pakistan faces several national security challenges, including terrorism, insurgency, and border
disputes. These challenges are a result of a complex mix of internal and external factors,
including political instability, economic inequality, and regional tensions.
To address these challenges, Pakistan has taken several measures, including military operations
against militant groups, border management initiatives, and efforts to improve intelligence and
law enforcement capabilities. The government has also sought to strengthen regional
cooperation and engage in diplomatic efforts to address underlying causes of insecurity.
Despite these efforts, national security challenges remain a significant concern for Pakistan,
with ongoing violence and instability in some parts of the country. To fully address these
challenges, Pakistan will need to address underlying social and economic factors that contribute
to insecurity, strengthen governance and rule of law, and promote regional cooperation and
stability.
 2020
Q.No.1: Discuss the role and efforts of Muslim religious leaders for the establishment of
Muslim society in the subcontinent.
Answer:
The Muslim religious leaders played a vital role in the establishment of Muslim society in the
Indian subcontinent. They worked towards creating a religious and social identity for the
Muslims of the region, who were a minority community among the Hindus.
One of the most prominent Muslim leaders of the time was Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, who is also
known as Mujaddid Alif Sani. He advocated for a strict interpretation of Islamic law and was
opposed to the syncretic practices of the Sufi saints of the region. His teachings helped to
reinforce the identity of the Muslim community in India and paved the way for the
establishment of a distinct Muslim culture.
Another important Muslim leader was Shah Waliullah Dehlavi, who lived in the 18th century.
He worked towards creating a sense of unity among the Muslims of India and emphasized the
need for education and reform. He believed that Muslims could only regain their lost glory by
returning to the true teachings of Islam.
In the 19th century, Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan emerged as an important Muslim leader. He was a
strong advocate of modern education and believed that Muslims needed to adapt to the
changing times. He established the Aligarh Muslim University, which played a significant role
in the development of modern Muslim education in India.
In addition to these leaders, many other Muslim scholars and activists also worked towards the
establishment of a Muslim society in the subcontinent. They emphasized the need for unity,
education, and social reform. Through their efforts, the Muslim community in India was able to
create a distinct identity and play an important role in the country's social and political life.

Q.No.2: Aligarh Movement injected a new life in the dead body of the Muslim nation and
helped to regain its lost glory and prestige. Discuss.
Answer:
The Aligarh Movement, led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, played a significant role in the revival of
the Muslim community in India during the 19th century. The movement injected a new life in
the dead body of the Muslim nation and helped to regain its lost glory and prestige. This was
achieved through a number of measures, which are discussed below.
Firstly, the Aligarh Movement emphasized the importance of education, particularly modern
education, for the Muslim community. Sir Syed believed that education was the key to progress
and development, and he established the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in
1875 to promote modern education among Muslims. The college later became the Aligarh
Muslim University, which is now one of the leading universities in India. The focus on
education helped to equip the Muslim community with the skills and knowledge necessary for
social and economic advancement.
Secondly, the Aligarh Movement promoted the idea of social and religious reform among
Muslims. Sir Syed believed that traditional Islamic practices and beliefs were hindering the
progress of the Muslim community, and he encouraged Muslims to adopt a more modern and
rational approach to religion. This helped to break down the rigid social and religious structures
that had been holding Muslims back, and created a more open and progressive society.
Thirdly, the Aligarh Movement encouraged Muslims to participate in the political and social life
of the country. Sir Syed believed that Muslims needed to engage with the broader Indian
society, and to work towards their own interests within the framework of the Indian political
system. This helped to create a sense of political consciousness among Muslims, and paved the
way for the formation of the All India Muslim League, which played a key role in the
movement for Muslim political representation and eventually led to the creation of Pakistan.
Overall, the Aligarh Movement injected a new life in the dead body of the Muslim nation by
promoting education, social and religious reform, and political participation. These measures
helped to equip Muslims with the skills and knowledge necessary for social and economic
advancement, and created a more open and progressive society. They also created a sense of
political consciousness among Muslims, which played a key role in the movement for Muslim
political representation and the eventual creation of Pakistan. Therefore, the Aligarh Movement
is widely regarded as a significant turning point in the history of the Muslim community in
India.

Q.No.3: Examine Allama Iqbal's concept of Muslim nationalism in the light of Allahabad
address.
Answer:
Allama Iqbal's concept of Muslim nationalism can be examined in the light of his famous
Allahabad address, which he delivered in 1930. The address was a significant event in the
history of the Indian subcontinent as it outlined Iqbal's vision for a separate Muslim state.
In his address, Iqbal emphasized the need for a separate Muslim state as he believed that
Muslims were a separate nation with their own distinct culture and values. He argued that the
Hindus and the Muslims were two different nations and could not live together under a single
government. He proposed the creation of a separate Muslim state that would provide the
Muslims with the opportunity to develop their own culture and values.
Iqbal's concept of Muslim nationalism was based on the idea of a shared Islamic identity that
transcended geographical and cultural boundaries. He believed that Islam was the defining
factor of the Muslim community, and it was this shared identity that made them a separate
nation. He argued that Muslims needed to rediscover their Islamic heritage and values and
create a new Muslim identity that was based on their shared religious beliefs.
Iqbal's concept of Muslim nationalism also emphasized the importance of modern education
and scientific knowledge. He believed that Muslims needed to embrace modern education and
scientific knowledge to compete with the dominant Hindu community of the region. He
emphasized the importance of education in creating a new generation of Muslim leaders who
were well-versed in both Islamic theology and modern science.
Overall, Allama Iqbal's concept of Muslim nationalism, as outlined in his Allahabad address,
was based on the idea of a shared Islamic identity that transcended geographical and cultural
boundaries. He believed that Muslims needed a separate state to preserve their cultural and
religious identity and to compete with the dominant Hindu community of the region. He
emphasized the importance of modern education and scientific knowledge in creating a new
generation of Muslim leaders who were able to navigate the challenges of the modern world.

Q.No.4: Access the growing impact of Information Technology on Pakistan's

Socio-economic and educational complexion.
Answer:
Information Technology (IT) has had a significant impact on Pakistan's socio-economic and
educational complexion in recent years. The country's rapidly growing IT sector has created
new opportunities for economic growth and social development, while also improving access to
education and other services.
One of the most significant impacts of IT on Pakistan's socio-economic development is the
growth of the country's IT industry. The sector has seen significant growth in recent years, with
the country now home to a thriving community of IT professionals, entrepreneurs, and start-ups.
This growth has created new jobs, increased economic output, and contributed to the country's
overall economic growth.
The growth of the IT sector has also had a positive impact on education in Pakistan. Technology
has made it easier for students to access educational resources, regardless of their location or
socioeconomic status. Online learning platforms, educational apps, and other digital tools have
made education more accessible and affordable, and have helped to close the gap between urban
and rural areas.
IT has also had a positive impact on healthcare in Pakistan. Telemedicine and other digital
health tools have made it easier for patients to access healthcare services, regardless of their
location or ability to travel. These tools have also helped to improve the quality of healthcare by
allowing doctors to share information and collaborate more effectively.
However, there are also some challenges associated with the growing impact of IT on Pakistan's
socio-economic and educational complexion. For example, there is a digital divide between
urban and rural areas, with many people in rural areas still lacking access to the internet and
other digital tools. Additionally, there are concerns about the impact of automation on jobs, as
many routine tasks are increasingly being automated through the use of IT.
Q.No.5: Give recommendation to make SAARC an effective organization at regional level
keeping in view success of European Union.
Answer:
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an intergovernmental
organization of eight countries in South Asia. However, SAARC has not been as effective as
other regional organizations like the European Union (EU). To make SAARC an effective
organization at the regional level, the following recommendations can be considered, keeping in
view the success of the EU:
1. Strengthen Economic Cooperation: Economic cooperation should be at the center of
SAARC's agenda. There is a need to improve intra-regional trade and investment, reduce
trade barriers, and promote regional connectivity through improved transportation and
communication links. This can be achieved by creating a common market among member
countries and harmonizing economic policies.
2. Foster Political Unity: SAARC should promote political unity and cooperation among its
member states. The member states need to work together to address common challenges
like terrorism, drug trafficking, and human trafficking. They should also coordinate their
foreign policies to represent the region's interests more effectively on the global stage.
3. Increase People-to-People Contact: SAARC should promote people-to-people contact
and cultural exchange between member states. This can be done through visa facilitation,
language and cultural programs, and educational exchange programs. People-to-people
contact will help to build mutual trust and understanding among member states, which is
essential for effective regional cooperation.
4. Strengthen Institutional Framework: SAARC should establish a strong institutional
framework to manage regional affairs effectively. This framework should include a
permanent secretariat, a dispute resolution mechanism, and an effective monitoring and
evaluation mechanism. The secretariat should have adequate resources and staff to carry
out its functions effectively.
5. Increase Funding: SAARC needs adequate funding to implement its programs and
activities effectively. Member states should contribute more to the organization's budget
and explore alternative funding sources like international donors and private sector
investments.
In conclusion, to make SAARC an effective organization at the regional level, it needs to learn
from the success of the EU and implement reforms that focus on economic cooperation,
political unity, people-to-people contact, institutional framework, and funding. These reforms
will help SAARC to overcome its challenges and achieve its goal of regional cooperation and
development.

Q.No.6: The Objective Resolution (1949) satisfied both orthodox and modernists by
combining the features of Western and Islamic democracy.
Answer:
The Objective Resolution was a significant milestone in the constitutional history of Pakistan. It
was passed on March 12, 1949, and laid down the fundamental principles that would guide the
future governance of the country. The resolution was presented by the then Prime Minister,
Liaquat Ali Khan, and was unanimously adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.
The Objective Resolution is significant because it sought to reconcile the traditional Islamic
values of Pakistan with modern democratic principles. The resolution declared that the
sovereignty of the state belonged to Allah, and that the Constitution of Pakistan would be based
on the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice, as enunciated by
Islam. This was a bold attempt to combine the features of Western democracy with Islamic
principles.
The Objective Resolution was seen as a compromise between the orthodox and modernist
sections of Pakistani society. The orthodox sections wanted a constitution that was based solely
on Islamic principles, while the modernist sections wanted a constitution that was modeled on
Western democracy. The Objective Resolution satisfied both groups by combining the two
features.
The resolution laid down the basic principles of governance, which would be followed in
Pakistan. It declared that the Muslim community of Pakistan was a separate nation, and that
they had the right to govern themselves according to their own principles. It also declared that
the fundamental rights of all citizens would be protected, regardless of their religion, caste, or
creed.
The Objective Resolution also had a significant impact on the future governance of Pakistan. It
paved the way for the adoption of an Islamic constitution in 1956, which further reinforced the
Islamic principles enshrined in the resolution. It also provided a framework for the subsequent
amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan, which have been guided by the principles laid
down in the resolution.

Q.No.7: Write short notes on any Two of the following:

Answer:
a. Problems of Education System in Pakistan:
Pakistan's education system faces various problems, hindering its development and progress.
These problems are:
1. Lack of Quality Education: The quality of education in Pakistan is relatively low. There is
a significant gap between the education provided in urban and rural areas. Most schools
lack proper facilities, trained teachers, and adequate learning resources.
2. Inadequate Infrastructure: A significant portion of schools in Pakistan lack basic
infrastructure like clean drinking water, sanitation facilities, and electricity. This makes it
difficult for students to focus on their studies.
 3. Low Enrollment Rates: Many children in Pakistan, particularly girls, do not have access
to education. A large number of students dropout of school due to poverty, cultural
constraints, and a lack of interest in education.
4. Gender Disparity: Pakistan has a significant gender disparity in education. Girls'
education is not given equal importance as that of boys, leading to a lack of female
representation in higher education.
5. Poor Teacher Training: Many teachers in Pakistan lack proper training, and they are not
up-to-date with modern teaching methodologies. This makes it difficult for them to
provide quality education to their students.

b. Unemployment in Pakistan:
Unemployment is a significant issue in Pakistan, contributing to the country's economic and
social challenges. The main reasons for unemployment in Pakistan are:
1. Lack of Education and Skills: Many young people in Pakistan are unable to secure jobs
due to a lack of education and skills. They do not have the necessary qualifications or
experience to secure well-paying jobs.
2. Slow Economic Growth: Pakistan's economy has not been growing at a sufficient rate to
provide employment opportunities for its growing population.
3. Low Investment: Pakistan has a low rate of investment in its economy, resulting in a
limited number of job opportunities.
4. Corruption: Corruption is a significant problem in Pakistan, which impedes the growth of
businesses and discourages investors from investing in the country.
5. Political Instability: Political instability in Pakistan has a negative impact on the economy
and discourages foreign investment, which results in a limited number of job
opportunities.

c. Water Crisis in Pakistan:

Pakistan faces a severe water crisis due to several factors. The main reasons for the water crisis
in Pakistan are:
1. Climate Change: Climate change has resulted in reduced rainfall in Pakistan, leading to a
water shortage in the country.
2. Poor Water Management: Pakistan has a poor system of water management, with a lack
of efficient irrigation techniques, outdated water storage systems, and water wastage.
3. Population Growth: The population of Pakistan is increasing at a significant rate, leading
to a higher demand for water.
4. Industrialization: The rapid industrialization in Pakistan has resulted in a higher demand
for water, leading to an increased water shortage in the country.
5. Contamination: The contamination of water sources due to pollution and lack of proper
disposal of industrial waste has made it difficult to access clean drinking water.
 2019
Q.No.1: "The policies of Indian National Congress between 1937 to 1947 were such as to
make the partition of India inevitable". Discuss.
Answer:
The policies of the Indian National Congress between 1937 to 1947 have been a subject of
much debate and controversy. It is often argued that these policies were a significant factor in
the eventual partition of India in 1947. In this answer, we will examine this claim in detail and
try to provide a balanced analysis of the issue.
To begin with, it is important to note that the Indian National Congress, under the leadership of
Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, was committed to the idea of a united India. They were
opposed to the idea of partition and believed that India should remain a single, secular and
democratic nation.
However, there were several factors that contributed to the eventual partition of India, and the
policies of the Congress during this period were one of them. The Congress was in power in
several provinces of India during this period, and their policies had a significant impact on the
political and social landscape of the country.
One of the main policies of the Congress during this period was the promotion of the idea of a
united India, where Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and other communities would live together in
peace and harmony. This was reflected in the Congress manifesto for the 1937 elections, which
called for a united India and promised to safeguard the rights of minorities.
However, the Congress's efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were often undermined by
communal tensions and violence. The communal riots in Lahore and Calcutta in 1946, which
led to the loss of thousands of lives, were a stark reminder of the deep-rooted communal
divisions in Indian society.
Another factor that contributed to the partition of India was the Congress's insistence on a
centralized form of government. The Congress wanted to establish a strong central government
that could effectively govern the entire country. However, this was opposed by the Muslim
League, who argued that Muslims would be marginalized in a centralized government
dominated by Hindus.
The Congress's refusal to accommodate the Muslim League's demands for a federal form of
government, where power would be decentralized and the provinces would have greater
autonomy, further deepened the divide between the two communities.
Finally, the Congress's handling of the partition issue itself was also criticized. The Congress
leadership was accused of being indecisive and vacillating on the issue of partition, which gave
the Muslim League an opportunity to mobilize support for a separate homeland for Muslims.
Q.No.2: What was the contribution of the Muslim press in the struggle for creation of
Pakistan? Examine the role of prominent Muslim journalists in this regard.
Answer:
The Muslim press played a crucial role in the struggle for the creation of Pakistan. It was
through the Muslim press that the ideas of Muslim nationalism and the demand for a separate
Muslim homeland were disseminated to the masses. The Muslim press played a significant role
in shaping public opinion, mobilizing support for the Muslim League, and creating a sense of
unity among the Muslim community.
The Muslim press had a long history in the subcontinent, dating back to the early 19th century.
However, it was during the 20th century, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, that the Muslim
press played a decisive role in the struggle for Pakistan. The Muslim press provided a platform
for Muslim leaders and intellectuals to articulate their vision of a separate Muslim state and to
mobilize support for their cause.
Prominent Muslim journalists played a crucial role in the struggle for the creation of Pakistan.
One of the most prominent of these journalists was Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, the editor of the
Zamindar newspaper. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan was a leading figure in the Khilafat movement
and a staunch supporter of the Muslim League. He used his newspaper to articulate the demand
for a separate Muslim state and to mobilize support for the Muslim League.
Another prominent journalist was Syed Ahmed Khan, the editor of the Aligarh Institute Gazette.
Syed Ahmed Khan was a prominent Muslim leader and one of the founders of the All India
Muslim League. He used his newspaper to promote the cause of Muslim nationalism and to
create a sense of unity among the Muslim community.
Hameed Nizami, the editor of the Nawa-i-Waqt newspaper, was another prominent journalist
who played a crucial role in the struggle for Pakistan. Hameed Nizami was a staunch supporter
of the Muslim League and used his newspaper to mobilize support for the cause of Muslim
nationalism. He was also instrumental in organizing the historic Lahore Resolution, which
called for the creation of a separate Muslim state.
Other prominent Muslim journalists who played a crucial role in the struggle for Pakistan
include Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, editor of the Comrade newspaper, and Maulana Abul
Kalam Azad, editor of the Al-Hilal newspaper. Both of these journalists were leading figures in
the Khilafat movement and were staunch supporters of the Muslim League.

Q.No.3: How do you substantiate that the speech of Quaid-i-Azam on 11 August 1947 was
a great vision that designed the futuristic political and social structure of Pakistan.
Answer:
The speech delivered by Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah on 11th August 1947, just a day
before the creation of Pakistan, was a remarkable vision that laid out the foundations for the
futuristic political and social structure of the newly created state. In this answer, we will
substantiate how this speech was a great vision that designed the future of Pakistan.
Firstly, the speech was a visionary call for unity and equality for all citizens of Pakistan,
regardless of their religion, caste, or creed. The Quaid-i-Azam emphasized that all Pakistanis
were equal citizens, with equal rights and duties, and that the state would ensure that all
individuals would be treated fairly and justly. This vision of a secular state was a remarkable
departure from the religious and communal divisions that had plagued the Indian subcontinent
for centuries.
Secondly, the speech laid out the economic and social policies that the government of Pakistan
would pursue. The Quaid-i-Azam recognized that Pakistan was a poor country with limited
resources, and he called for a focus on economic development and progress. He emphasized the
need for the government to prioritize education, healthcare, and social welfare, and to ensure
that all citizens had access to basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter.
Thirdly, the speech was a blueprint for a democratic and progressive political system. The
Quaid-i-Azam recognized the importance of democracy and the need for a political system that
was transparent, accountable, and responsive to the needs of the people. He called for the
establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with an independent judiciary and a
free press, and emphasized the importance of the rule of law and constitutionalism.
Finally, the speech was a call to action for all Pakistanis to work together to build a prosperous
and peaceful nation. The Quaid-i-Azam recognized that Pakistan faced many challenges,
including poverty, illiteracy, and sectarianism, but he was confident that these challenges could
be overcome through hard work, determination, and a commitment to national unity.
In conclusion, the speech delivered by Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah on 11th August
1947 was a visionary call for a secular, democratic, and prosperous Pakistan. The speech laid
out the foundations for the futuristic political and social structure of the newly created state and
continues to inspire Pakistanis to this day. The speech was a remarkable vision that designed the
future of Pakistan, and it remains an important and enduring legacy of the Quaid-i-Azam's
leadership.

Q.No.4: How did the partition of Punjab in 1947 affect the communal harmony?
Answer:
The partition of Punjab in 1947 was one of the most tragic and traumatic events in the history of
the Indian subcontinent. The partition led to the displacement of millions of people, the loss of
countless lives, and the destruction of communal harmony that had existed for centuries.
The partition of Punjab was a direct consequence of the division of India into two independent
states, India and Pakistan, on August 15, 1947. Punjab was divided along religious lines, with
the western part of Punjab going to Pakistan and the eastern part of Punjab going to India. The
division of Punjab was based on the religious majority of the areas, with Hindus and Sikhs in
the east and Muslims in the west.
The partition of Punjab had a profound impact on the communal harmony in the region. Prior to
the partition, Punjab was a region where Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs had lived together in
relative harmony for centuries. The partition of Punjab, however, shattered this harmony and led
to widespread communal violence and hatred between the different religious communities.
The partition of Punjab led to a mass migration of Hindus and Sikhs from West Punjab to East
Punjab, and Muslims from East Punjab to West Punjab. The migration was accompanied by
widespread violence and bloodshed, with members of each community attacking members of
the other community. There were incidents of rape, murder, and looting on both sides, and entire
villages were set on fire.
The communal violence was not limited to the migration of people. It continued even after the
partition, with members of each community seeking revenge for the atrocities committed
against their own community. The violence and hatred between the different religious
communities became deeply ingrained in the psyche of the people and continued to influence
their attitudes towards each other for years to come.
The partition of Punjab also had a profound impact on the economic and social fabric of the
region. Many businesses and industries were destroyed, and the agricultural economy was
severely disrupted. The partition led to the displacement of millions of people, many of whom
were forced to leave behind their homes and properties. This led to a loss of livelihood and
economic opportunity for many families.

Q.No.5: Explain the economic challenges being faced by Pakistan.

Answer:
Pakistan faces several economic challenges that have hampered its economic growth and
development. Some of the key economic challenges faced by Pakistan are:
1. High inflation: Pakistan has been struggling with high inflation rates, with the Consumer
Price Index (CPI) reaching double digits in recent years. The high inflation rates have led
to an increase in the cost of living and reduced purchasing power, particularly for
low-income households.
2. Fiscal deficit: Pakistan has been running a significant fiscal deficit, with government
expenditures exceeding revenues. This has resulted in a heavy reliance on borrowing,
both domestic and foreign, to finance government operations.
3. Unemployment: Pakistan faces high levels of unemployment, particularly among the
youth. The unemployment rate has been hovering around 5-6%, and the country is also
facing a skills gap, with many graduates lacking the skills needed for the job market.
4. Balance of payments: Pakistan has been facing a persistent current account deficit, with
imports exceeding exports. This has put pressure on the country's foreign exchange
reserves and has led to a reliance on external financing to bridge the gap.
 5. Energy crisis: Pakistan faces an energy crisis, with frequent power outages and load
shedding. This has resulted in a negative impact on the country's industrial production,
particularly in the manufacturing sector.
6. Poor infrastructure: Pakistan has inadequate infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and
public transportation. The poor infrastructure has hindered economic growth and
development, particularly in the rural areas.
7. Corruption: Pakistan has a high level of corruption, which has had a negative impact on
economic growth and development. Corruption has deterred foreign investment and has
also affected the government's ability to collect taxes and revenue.
In conclusion, Pakistan faces several economic challenges, including high inflation, fiscal
deficit, unemployment, balance of payments, energy crisis, poor infrastructure, and corruption.
Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort by the government, private sector, and
civil society to promote economic growth, create jobs, and reduce poverty.

Q.No.6: Discuss the important developments and events which shaped the Kashmir
Liberation Movement during the last one decade.
Answer:
The Kashmir Liberation Movement has been a long-standing struggle for self-determination and
autonomy in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. In the last decade, several important
developments and events have shaped the movement, including:
1. 2010 Kashmir unrest: In 2010, a series of protests and demonstrations erupted in
Kashmir, following the killing of a young man by security forces. The protests were met
with violence, resulting in the deaths of over 100 people. The unrest highlighted the
deep-seated grievances and frustrations of the Kashmiri people, and sparked renewed
calls for self-determination.
2. Burhan Wani's killing: In 2016, the killing of Burhan Wani, a popular militant
commander, sparked widespread protests and violence in Kashmir. Wani's death led to a
surge in militant activity and renewed calls for independence from India.
3. Abrogation of Article 370: In 2019, the Indian government revoked Article 370, which
granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir. The move was met with widespread
protests and criticism, with many Kashmiris viewing it as an attack on their autonomy
and identity.
4. Human rights abuses: The last decade has seen a significant increase in reports of human
rights abuses in Kashmir, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and arbitrary detention.
These abuses have fueled resentment and anger among the Kashmiri people, and have
further fueled calls for self-determination.
5. Diplomatic efforts: In recent years, there have been several diplomatic efforts to resolve
the Kashmir conflict, including talks between India and Pakistan, as well as international
 mediation efforts. However, these efforts have yet to yield a lasting resolution to the
conflict.
6. Militant activity: Militant activity has continued to be a significant factor in the Kashmir
Liberation Movement, with several militant groups operating in the region. While some
groups have sought to achieve independence through peaceful means, others have
resorted to violence and terrorism.
In conclusion, the Kashmir Liberation Movement has undergone several important
developments and events in the last decade, including unrest, killings, abrogation of Article 370,
human rights abuses, diplomatic efforts, and militant activity. The movement continues to be a
complex and multifaceted struggle for self-determination and autonomy, with no clear
resolution in sight.

Q.No.7: Write notes on any Two of the following:

Answer:
a. 18th Constitutional Amendment:
The 18th Constitutional Amendment was passed by the Pakistani parliament in 2010, with the
aim of devolving greater powers and autonomy to the provinces. The amendment included
several significant changes to the Pakistani constitution, including:
1. The transfer of several powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the
provinces, including health, education, and social welfare.
2. The establishment of a new National Finance Commission (NFC) to distribute financial
resources between the federal government and the provinces.
3. The abolition of the Concurrent List, which previously allowed both the federal
government and the provinces to legislate on certain matters.
4. The renaming of the North-West Frontier Province to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, reflecting
the province's historic identity and culture.
The 18th Constitutional Amendment was seen as a major step towards greater provincial
autonomy and democracy in Pakistan. However, it also faced criticism from some quarters, with
concerns raised about potential conflicts between the federal government and the provinces, as
well as challenges in implementing the new arrangements.

b. National Action Plan:

The National Action Plan (NAP) was a comprehensive strategy launched by the Pakistani
government in 2014, with the aim of addressing terrorism, extremism, and sectarian violence in
the country. The NAP included a range of measures, including:
1. The establishment of military courts to try terrorism-related cases.
2. The implementation of stricter anti-terrorism laws and regulations.
3. The crackdown on hate speech and extremist propaganda.
4. The freezing of assets of banned militant groups and their members.
 5. The strengthening of border controls and measures to prevent the movement of terrorists
and militants across the border.
6. The development of a comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy, including
intelligence-sharing and coordination between different government agencies.
The NAP was seen as a significant step towards addressing the complex and long-standing issue
of terrorism in Pakistan. However, it also faced criticism from some quarters, with concerns
raised about potential human rights abuses and the potential for the measures to be used for
political purposes.

c. Diamer Bhasha Dam:

The Diamer Bhasha Dam is a large hydroelectric and irrigation dam project planned for
construction on the Indus River in Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan region. The dam is expected to
have a capacity of 4,500 MW, making it one of the largest hydroelectric projects in the country.
The project has been the subject of much controversy and debate, with concerns raised about
the potential environmental and social impacts of the dam. The project is expected to require the
displacement of thousands of people, as well as the flooding of a large area of land.
Despite the concerns, the Pakistani government has continued to push ahead with the project,
citing its potential to address the country's chronic energy shortages and provide much-needed
irrigation water for agriculture. However, the project's progress has been slow, with challenges
in funding, construction, and environmental clearances.

2017
Q.No.1: Give an account of the services of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for the educational and
social uplift of the Muslims of the Sub-continent.
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a visionary Muslim leader who dedicated his life to the educational
and social uplift of the Muslim community in India during the British colonial era. He was a
strong advocate of modern education and social reform and believed that education was the key
to the progress and prosperity of the Muslims.
Sir Syed founded the Aligarh Movement, which aimed to provide modern education to Muslims
and to promote the social and economic development of the Muslim community. He established
the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in 1875, which later became the Aligarh
Muslim University, to provide modern education to Muslims in India.
Sir Syed also played an important role in promoting interfaith harmony and cooperation
between Muslims and Hindus. He believed that the two communities could work together for
the common good and that the future of India depended on their cooperation and understanding.
Furthermore, Sir Syed was a strong advocate of women's education and believed that women
should have access to modern education to enable them to play a more active role in society. He
established the Women's Association in Aligarh to promote the education and welfare of
Muslim women.
In addition, Sir Syed wrote extensively on various social, political, and educational issues,
advocating for reforms that would benefit the Muslim community. His book, "The Causes of the
Indian Revolt," is considered a seminal work on the causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Overall, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's services for the educational and social uplift of the Muslims of
the Sub-continent were immense. His efforts paved the way for the modernization and progress
of the Muslim community in India and helped to promote interfaith harmony and understanding
between Muslims and Hindus.

Q.No.2: Discuss the background, text and importance of Pakistan Resolution 1940.
Answer:
The Pakistan Resolution, also known as the Lahore Resolution, was passed on March 23, 1940,
at the All India Muslim League's annual session held in Lahore, British India. The resolution
was presented by A.K. Fazlul Huq, the Chief Minister of Bengal, and seconded by Chaudhry
Khaliquzzaman. The resolution called for the creation of an independent Muslim state in the
northwestern and eastern regions of British India.
The background to the resolution was the growing sense of dissatisfaction among the Muslim
community in India with the prevailing political situation. Muslims felt that their interests were
not adequately represented in the Indian National Congress, which was dominated by Hindus,
and that their political and economic rights were being neglected by the British colonial
authorities.
The text of the Pakistan Resolution declared that "the Muslims of India desire a separate
homeland for themselves in which they can live according to their faith, customs and
traditions." It called for the creation of an independent Muslim state comprising the
Muslim-majority provinces of British India in the northwest and east. The resolution also
emphasized that the proposed state should be based on the principles of democracy and social
justice.
The importance of the Pakistan Resolution lies in its role in galvanizing the Muslim community
in India and giving them a clear and concrete goal to work towards. The resolution became the
basis for the demand for a separate Muslim state, which was eventually realized with the
creation of Pakistan in 1947. The resolution also highlighted the importance of the Muslim
community's distinct cultural and religious identity, and the need for a separate state to protect
their interests.
The Pakistan Resolution was a significant turning point in the history of India and paved the
way for the creation of Pakistan. It remains an important document in the political history of
South Asia, and its anniversary is celebrated in Pakistan as Pakistan Day.
Q.No.3: Compare and contrast the Islamic provision of the 1956, 1962 and 1973
Constitution of Pakistan.
Answer:
The Islamic provisions of the 1956, 1962, and 1973 Constitution of Pakistan represent the
changing attitudes towards the role of Islam in Pakistani society and politics. While all three
constitutions declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic, they differed in the degree of emphasis
placed on Islamic principles and their implementation.
1956 Constitution:
The 1956 Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic but did not provide a clear
definition of what that meant in practice. The constitution recognized Islam as the state religion
but also guaranteed the rights of minorities to practice their religion. The constitution did not
specify the role of Islamic law in the legal system, although it did state that no law would be
enacted that was repugnant to Islamic principles.
1962 Constitution:
The 1962 Constitution, drafted during the presidency of General Ayub Khan, placed greater
emphasis on the role of Islam in Pakistani society. The constitution established an Islamic
Advisory Council to advise the government on matters related to Islam, and Islamic principles
were to be the guiding force behind legislation. The constitution also established the office of
the President as the guardian of Islamic ideology and required all public officials to take an oath
of loyalty to Islam.
1973 Constitution:
The 1973 Constitution, adopted under the government of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto,
made even more explicit provisions for the role of Islam in Pakistani society. The constitution
recognized Islam as the state religion and declared that all laws would be enacted in accordance
with the Quran and Sunnah. The constitution also established a Council of Islamic Ideology to
advise the government on matters related to Islamic law and ensured the protection of the rights
of minorities to practice their religion.
In contrast, the 1956 Constitution was relatively secular, with little emphasis placed on Islamic
principles. The 1962 Constitution placed greater emphasis on the role of Islam in Pakistani
society, although its implementation was largely symbolic. The 1973 Constitution went further
than either of its predecessors in establishing a clear role for Islam in the legal system and the
governance of the country.
In summary, while all three constitutions declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic, they differed in
their approach to the implementation of Islamic principles in Pakistani society and politics. The
1973 Constitution placed the greatest emphasis on the role of Islam, establishing clear
provisions for the implementation of Islamic law in the legal system and governance of the
country.
Q.No.4: What are the agricultural problems of Pakistan and what steps have been taken
by the government to overcome these problems?
Answer:
Pakistan is an agricultural country, and agriculture is the backbone of its economy. However,
despite its agricultural potential, Pakistan faces several challenges in this sector. Some of the
significant agricultural problems in Pakistan are:
1. Water Scarcity: Water scarcity is a significant problem in Pakistan, which limits
agricultural production. The country heavily relies on the Indus River system, but due to
poor water management, increasing population, and climate change, the availability of
water is decreasing rapidly.
2. Soil Fertility: Soil degradation and low fertility are other critical challenges for
agriculture in Pakistan. Overuse of fertilizers, soil erosion, and waterlogging have
reduced the productivity of the soil, making it difficult for farmers to grow crops.
3. Farm Mechanization: The use of modern farm machinery and technology is low in
Pakistan, leading to low productivity and high production costs.
4. Lack of Research and Development: The agricultural research and development sector in
Pakistan is underfunded, leading to a lack of innovation and technology adoption in the
sector.
To overcome these problems, the government of Pakistan has taken several steps, including:
1. Water Management: The government has started several initiatives to address water
scarcity, including the construction of new dams and the expansion of irrigation
networks.
2. Soil Conservation: The government has initiated various programs aimed at conserving
soil and improving its fertility. These include the promotion of organic farming, reducing
the use of chemical fertilizers, and encouraging crop rotation.
3. Farm Mechanization: The government is providing subsidies to farmers to purchase
modern farm machinery, such as tractors and harvesters, to improve productivity.
4. Research and Development: The government is investing in research and development in
the agriculture sector to improve crop varieties, introduce new technologies, and develop
efficient irrigation systems.
Overall, the government is making efforts to overcome the agricultural problems in Pakistan,
but much more needs to be done to improve productivity, reduce poverty, and ensure food
security in the country.

Q.No.5: What do you know about "The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence
Act-2016". Write in detail about the different court orders which can provide relief to
women under this Act.
Answer:
The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act 2016 is a landmark legislation enacted
by the Punjab government of Pakistan to provide legal protection to women against various
forms of violence, including domestic violence, emotional abuse, and harassment. The act
recognizes violence against women as a violation of their fundamental rights and seeks to
provide them with a safe and secure environment.
Under the act, women who have experienced violence can seek relief from various courts,
including the magistrate court, the family court, and the sessions court. The different court
orders that can provide relief to women under this act are:
1. Protection Orders: The magistrate court can issue protection orders to provide immediate
protection to women who are in danger of violence. The order can require the abuser to
stop the violence, stay away from the victim, and not communicate with them.
2. Residence Orders: The magistrate court can issue a residence order that requires the
abuser to vacate the shared residence and allow the victim to reside there.
3. Monetary Relief: The family court can award monetary relief to the victim to cover
expenses related to medical treatment, legal fees, and other costs incurred due to the
violence.
4. Compensation Orders: The sessions court can issue compensation orders requiring the
abuser to compensate the victim for the harm caused by the violence.
5. Recovery of Dowry: The family court can order the recovery of dowry, which is often a
source of domestic violence in Pakistan. The court can order the return of the dowry or its
value to the victim.
6. Restitution of Conjugal Rights: The family court can order the restitution of conjugal
rights, requiring the abuser to resume marital relations with the victim.
7. Divorce: The family court can grant a divorce to the victim if the violence has resulted in
the breakdown of the marriage.
The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act-2016 is a progressive legislation that
recognizes the need to provide legal protection to women against violence. The various court
orders that can provide relief to women under this act offer a range of options for women
seeking to escape violence and ensure their safety and security. However, the effective
implementation of this law is crucial, and there is a need for greater awareness among women
and society as a whole about this law and its provisions.

Q.No.6: Discuss the obstacles in the way of good governance in Pakistan. In your view
what steps can be taken to achieve the goal of good governance.
Answer:
Good governance is essential for the development and prosperity of any country, and Pakistan is
no exception. However, achieving good governance in Pakistan has been a significant challenge
due to various obstacles, including:
 1. Corruption: Corruption is widespread in Pakistan and has a significant impact on
governance. It affects the allocation of resources, hinders economic growth, and
undermines public trust in the government.
2. Political Instability: Political instability is a major obstacle to good governance in
Pakistan. Frequent changes in government, political polarization, and weak democratic
institutions have led to a lack of continuity and consistency in policy making and
implementation.
3. Weak Institutions: Pakistan's institutions, including the judiciary, law enforcement, and
civil service, are often weak and under-resourced, leading to a lack of accountability,
transparency, and efficiency.
4. Lack of Public Participation: Public participation in decision making is limited in
Pakistan, leading to a lack of ownership and accountability in governance.
5. Terrorism and Security Issues: Pakistan is facing security challenges due to terrorism and
extremist ideologies, which have hampered economic growth, affected social cohesion,
and undermined the rule of law.
To achieve good governance in Pakistan, several steps can be taken, including:
1. Strengthening Democratic Institutions: Strengthening democratic institutions such as the
parliament, judiciary, and civil service is crucial for good governance. This can be done
by increasing their autonomy, ensuring their independence, and providing them with the
necessary resources.
2. Anti-Corruption Measures: Corruption can be addressed by strengthening anti-corruption
institutions, enforcing strict laws and regulations, and promoting transparency and
accountability in public institutions.
3. Public Participation: Encouraging public participation in decision making can lead to
greater ownership and accountability in governance. This can be done by ensuring
transparency in decision making, promoting public consultations, and engaging citizens
in policy making.
4. Investing in Education and Health: Investing in education and health is critical for human
development, and it can also lead to economic growth and good governance.
5. Addressing Security Issues: Addressing security challenges such as terrorism and
extremism requires a comprehensive approach, including law enforcement,
counter-terrorism measures, and addressing the root causes of violence.
Overall, achieving good governance in Pakistan is a long-term process that requires sustained
efforts, political will, and the involvement of all stakeholders, including the government, civil
society, and citizens.

Q.No.7: Write notes on any Two of the following: -

Answer:
a. Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO):
The Economic Cooperation Organization is a regional intergovernmental organization
established in 1985 with the aim of promoting economic cooperation and development among
its member countries. The organization comprises ten member states, including Pakistan,
Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and
Uzbekistan.
The main objective of ECO is to promote regional integration, trade, investment, and economic
growth through various initiatives and programs. The organization focuses on various sectors,
including transport, energy, trade, agriculture, and tourism. ECO also aims to enhance
connectivity among its member countries by promoting regional infrastructure development,
such as the construction of roads, railways, and pipelines.
ECO has implemented several projects and programs in different sectors, including the
establishment of the ECO Trade and Development Bank, the ECO Regional Institute of
Standards and Quality, and the ECO Cultural Institute. The organization has also established the
ECO Chamber of Commerce and Industry to promote trade and investment among member
countries.

b. National Security Challenges for Pakistan:

Pakistan has been facing several national security challenges, including internal and external
threats. Internal security challenges include terrorism, extremism, separatism, and sectarianism.
These challenges have resulted in the loss of many lives, damage to infrastructure, and
economic losses.
Pakistan's external security challenges include tensions with neighboring countries, such as
India and Afghanistan, and the threat of international terrorism. The presence of militant groups
along Pakistan's borders and their cross-border attacks pose significant security challenges for
Pakistan.
The country has taken several measures to address these security challenges, including
counter-terrorism operations, border management, and enhancing its intelligence capabilities.
The National Action Plan was also launched in 2014 to combat terrorism and extremism in the
country.

c. Maulvi Tameez-ud-Din Case:

After the demise of the Liaqat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din appointed Ghulam
Muhammad as Governor General and he himself became the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
However, Ghulam Muhammad replaced Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din with Muhammad Ali Bogra.
To end the powers of the Governor General regarding the removal of the PM, Muhammad Ali
Bogra tried a constitutional amendment. In response to it, the Governor General dismissed the
Constitutional Assembly (Now NA), dissolved the Cabinet and formed a Council of Ministers.
The president (Now Speaker) of the Constitutional Assembly, Maulvi Tameez-ud-Din
appealed in the Sindh High Court and the court gave verdict in his favor. The Federal
Government went to the Federal Court. The Federal Court maintained that Sindh High Court
has no jurisdiction over this case. Moreover, the Federal Court approved the dismissal of the
Constitutional Assembly, because the amendment in the Government of India Act, 1935,
requires the assent of the Governor General. This verdict set an example of Doctrine of
Necessity in the country and validated the future martial laws.
 2016
Q.No.1: Allama Iqbal's Presidential Address 1930 at Allahabad paved the way for
creation of Pakistan. Discuss.
Answer:
Allama Iqbal's Presidential Address at the All India Muslim League's annual session in
Allahabad in 1930 is considered a landmark event in the history of the Indian subcontinent,
particularly with regard to the creation of Pakistan.
In his address, Iqbal put forward the idea of a separate Muslim state in the northwestern region
of India, which would be based on Islamic principles and provide a homeland for the Muslim
minority in the country. He argued that the Muslim community had a distinct culture and
history, and that they needed a separate state in order to preserve and promote their unique
identity.
Iqbal's address was a response to the growing concerns among Muslims in India about their
political and social status in a Hindu-majority country. They felt marginalized and discriminated
against, and were afraid that their interests and rights would be ignored in a united India. Iqbal's
vision of a separate Muslim state resonated with many Muslims, who saw it as a solution to
their problems.
The idea of Pakistan, as proposed by Iqbal, was further developed and promoted by other
Muslim leaders, particularly Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who became the leader of the Muslim
League in 1934. Jinnah saw the creation of Pakistan as the only way to protect the interests and
rights of the Muslim minority in India, and he worked tirelessly to achieve this goal.
The demand for a separate Muslim state gained momentum over the next two decades, and
eventually led to the partition of India in 1947, which resulted in the creation of Pakistan. The
importance of Iqbal's vision and his role in shaping the political landscape of the Indian
subcontinent cannot be overstated, and he is widely regarded as one of the founding fathers of
Pakistan.

Q.No.2: Lucknow Pact 1916 is considered the culmination of Hindu-Muslim Unity? What
circumstances led to this historic pact?
Answer:
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 is widely regarded as a significant moment in the history of
Hindu-Muslim unity in India. The pact was signed between the All India Muslim League and
the Indian National Congress, and it represented a rare moment of collaboration between the
two major communities in the country.
The circumstances that led to the signing of the Lucknow Pact were complex and multi-faceted.
One major factor was the growing sense of alienation among Muslims in India, who felt that
they were being marginalized and ignored by the Hindu-dominated Congress. This was partly
due to the Congress's emphasis on secularism and its reluctance to take up Muslim-specific
issues, such as the demand for separate electorates.
In response to this situation, the Muslim League had been advocating for greater Muslim
representation in the political system, including the introduction of separate electorates.
However, this had led to tensions between the League and the Congress, which saw the demand
for separate electorates as divisive and a threat to the idea of a united India.
The turning point came in 1916, when the Congress and the Muslim League held their annual
sessions in Lucknow. The two sides were able to find common ground on several key issues,
including the demand for self-government for India, the abolition of the Council of India, and
the inclusion of more Indians in the civil service.
Perhaps most importantly, the Congress agreed to support the Muslim League's demand for
separate electorates, as long as they were not used to create permanent communal divisions.
This was a significant concession by the Congress, and it helped to bridge the gap between the
two communities.
The Lucknow Pact was seen as a major achievement for both the Congress and the Muslim
League, and it was celebrated as a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity. However, the pact was not
without its critics, and there were some who felt that it did not go far enough in addressing the
concerns of Muslims.
Despite these criticisms, the Lucknow Pact remains an important milestone in the history of
Hindu-Muslim relations in India, and it is remembered as a moment of cooperation and
collaboration between two communities that have often been at odds with each other.

Q.No.3: Give a brief account of constitutional and political developments in Pakistan from
1947 to 1956.
Answer:
Pakistan became an independent nation in 1947 after the partition of India, and in the years that
followed, the country underwent significant constitutional and political developments. Here is a
brief account of some of the key events during this period:
● 1947: Pakistan's first Constituent Assembly is formed to draft a new constitution for the
country. The assembly is dominated by the Muslim League, which had been instrumental
in the creation of Pakistan.
● 1948: The first governor-general of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, passes away,
leading to a power vacuum in the country. Khwaja Nazimuddin is appointed as his
successor.
● 1949: The Objectives Resolution is passed by the Constituent Assembly, which lays out
the guiding principles of the new state, including the establishment of an Islamic system
of governance.
● 1951: The first general elections in Pakistan are held, which are won by the Muslim
League. Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes the prime minister of the country.
 ● 1954: The Anti-Ahmadiyya riots break out in Punjab, which lead to a wave of sectarian
violence across the country. The government responds by declaring the Ahmadiyya
community as non-Muslims.
● 1955: The first Constituent Assembly is dissolved, and a new one is formed to draft a
new constitution for the country. The assembly is composed of delegates from all of
Pakistan's provinces and regions.
● 1956: The new constitution is adopted, which establishes Pakistan as an Islamic republic
with a parliamentary form of government. Iskander Mirza is elected as the country's first
president, while Chaudhry Muhammad Ali becomes the prime minister.
Overall, the period from 1947 to 1956 was marked by significant political and constitutional
developments in Pakistan. The country underwent a process of nation-building, which involved
the establishment of new institutions and the drafting of a new constitution. At the same time,
Pakistan was grappling with a range of social and political challenges, including sectarian
violence and the struggle to define the role of Islam in the country's governance.

Q.No.4: Discuss Pakistan-China relations, highlighting the economic and strategic

importance of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
Answer:
Pakistan-China relations have a long history dating back to the early 1950s when Pakistan
became one of the first countries to recognize the People's Republic of China. Over the years,
the relationship between the two countries has deepened and diversified, with China emerging
as a key economic and strategic partner for Pakistan. One of the most significant examples of
this partnership is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
CPEC is a multi-billion-dollar infrastructure and development project that aims to connect
Pakistan's Gwadar Port with China's northwestern region of Xinjiang through a network of
highways, railways, and pipelines. The project was launched in 2013 as part of China's Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI), which seeks to enhance connectivity and economic integration across
Asia, Europe, and Africa.
The economic and strategic importance of CPEC for Pakistan cannot be overstated. On the
economic front, the project is expected to create thousands of jobs and boost economic growth
in Pakistan, which has struggled with chronic unemployment and low levels of economic
development. CPEC also includes investments in key sectors such as energy, infrastructure, and
telecommunications, which are critical for Pakistan's long-term economic development.
Strategically, CPEC is significant as it will provide China with an alternative route to the Indian
Ocean, bypassing the congested Strait of Malacca. This will enhance China's energy security
and reduce its dependence on the US-dominated maritime trade routes. For Pakistan, CPEC is
seen as a game-changer that will help to position the country as a hub of regional connectivity
and economic growth, enhancing its geopolitical significance.
However, the project has also faced criticism and controversy. Some analysts have raised
concerns about the environmental and social impact of the project, while others have criticized
its lack of transparency and accountability. There have also been concerns about the potential
security implications of the project, with some experts warning that it could make Pakistan
more vulnerable to terrorist attacks.
Despite these challenges, CPEC remains a flagship project for Pakistan-China relations,
highlighting the importance of the economic and strategic partnership between the two
countries. With continued investment and development, CPEC has the potential to transform the
economic landscape of Pakistan and enhance China's position as a key player in the region.

Q.No.5: "The initial years of Pakistan were very crucial for its existence". Discuss.
Answer:
The initial years of Pakistan were indeed very crucial for its existence as a newly created nation.
Pakistan was formed as a result of the partition of India in 1947, and the country faced a range
of political, economic, and social challenges in its early years.
One of the biggest challenges that Pakistan faced in its early years was the issue of identity. The
country was created as a homeland for Muslims, but its population was diverse, comprising
people from different ethnic, linguistic, and religious backgrounds. The challenge for Pakistan
was to forge a common national identity that would transcend these differences and unite the
country.
Another major challenge that Pakistan faced in its early years was the issue of territorial
integrity. The country was geographically divided into two parts, with the eastern part (East
Pakistan, now Bangladesh) separated from the western part by India. This created a range of
logistical and security challenges for the country, which had to grapple with issues such as
transport, trade, and communication across the border.
Pakistan also faced economic challenges in its early years, as it had to build a new economy
from scratch. The country had limited resources and infrastructure, and it had to invest heavily
in areas such as agriculture, industry, and energy in order to create a sustainable economic base.
This was complicated by the fact that Pakistan was also struggling with issues such as inflation,
currency devaluation, and balance of payments deficits.
Finally, Pakistan faced a range of security challenges in its early years, including the issue of
territorial disputes with India and regional conflicts such as the Kashmir conflict. The country
also had to deal with internal security threats, such as sectarian violence and separatist
movements.
Despite these challenges, Pakistan managed to survive its early years and establish itself as a
sovereign nation. The country made significant progress in areas such as economic
development, education, and social welfare, and it played an active role in regional and global
affairs. However, the challenges that Pakistan faced in its early years continue to shape its
political, social, and economic landscape to this day.
Q.No.6: "Separation of East-Pakistan, though a tragic part of History of Pakistan, was not
the negation of Two Nations Theory." Discuss
Answer:
The Two Nations Theory was a concept that formed the basis of the demand for the creation of
Pakistan. It posited that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations with distinct cultural,
linguistic, and historical identities, and that they could not live together in a single unified state.
The theory was used to argue for the creation of a separate Muslim homeland in the form of
Pakistan, which was established in 1947.
The separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971 was a tragic event in the history of
Pakistan. It was the result of a complex set of factors, including economic disparities, political
marginalization, and cultural differences between East and West Pakistan. The events leading up
to the separation of East Pakistan were marked by political unrest, protests, and military
intervention, culminating in a war between India and Pakistan that resulted in the creation of
Bangladesh.
Despite the tragedy of the separation of East Pakistan, it did not necessarily negate the Two
Nations Theory. The theory was based on the idea that Muslims and Hindus were two separate
nations, and it did not necessarily presuppose that Muslims were a single unified group with no
internal differences. The separation of East Pakistan was not a rejection of the idea that Muslims
and Hindus were two separate nations, but rather a reflection of the fact that within the Muslim
community there were different regional, linguistic, and cultural identities that needed to be
recognized and accommodated.
In fact, the separation of East Pakistan could be seen as an affirmation of the Two Nations
Theory, as it demonstrated that Muslims in different parts of the Indian subcontinent had
distinct identities and aspirations that needed to be recognized and respected. The fact that East
Pakistan ultimately became an independent country with its own national identity and culture is
a testament to the power of the Two Nations Theory in recognizing the diversity of Muslim
communities and their aspirations for self-determination.
In conclusion, while the separation of East Pakistan was a tragic event in the history of
Pakistan, it did not negate the Two Nations Theory. Rather, it demonstrated the need to
recognize and accommodate the diversity of Muslim communities and their aspirations for
self-determination. The Two Nations Theory remains an important concept in the history of
Pakistan and continues to shape its political and social landscape to this day.

Q.No.7: Write notes on any Two of the following:-

Answer:
a. SAARC:
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional
intergovernmental organization comprising eight member states in South Asia, namely
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The
organization was established in 1985 with the aim of promoting regional cooperation and
economic integration in South Asia.
SAARC is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal, and operates through a variety of mechanisms,
including summits, ministerial meetings, and working groups. The organization covers a range
of areas, including trade, investment, energy, transport, tourism, culture, and people-to-people
contacts.
Despite the potential benefits of regional cooperation, SAARC has faced a range of challenges
over the years, including political differences between member states, lack of progress on
economic integration, and security concerns. Nevertheless, the organization remains an
important forum for dialogue and cooperation among South Asian countries.

b. Kashmir Dispute:
The Kashmir dispute is a longstanding territorial conflict between India and Pakistan over the
region of Jammu and Kashmir. The dispute dates back to the partition of India in 1947, when
the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was given the option of acceding to either India or
Pakistan. The state's Hindu ruler opted for India, but Pakistan disputed the accession and sent
troops to occupy part of the region.
Since then, India and Pakistan have fought three wars over the region, and the dispute has
remained unresolved. The situation in Jammu and Kashmir remains volatile, with ongoing
violence, human rights abuses, and political unrest. India and Pakistan both claim the region in
its entirety, but control different parts of it, with India administering the majority of the region
and Pakistan controlling a smaller part.
The international community has been involved in efforts to resolve the Kashmir dispute, with
the United Nations playing a key role through its Security Council resolutions. However, a
resolution to the conflict remains elusive, and the situation in Jammu and Kashmir continues to
pose a significant challenge to regional stability.

c. Pakistan's Role in the United Nations:

Pakistan has been a member of the United Nations since its inception in 1947, and has played
an active role in the organization's work on a range of issues. Pakistan has been a
non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council on six occasions, most recently
in 2012-2013.
Pakistan has also contributed to United Nations peacekeeping operations, with Pakistani troops
serving in a number of missions around the world, including in Africa and the Middle East.
Pakistan has been one of the largest contributors of troops to UN peacekeeping missions, with
over 200,000 Pakistani soldiers having served in various missions since 1960.
Pakistan has also been active in a range of United Nations bodies and forums, including the
General Assembly, the Human Rights Council, and the Economic and Social Council. The
country has been a strong advocate for issues such as nuclear disarmament, climate change, and
the rights of developing countries.
Overall, Pakistan's role in the United Nations has been significant, and the country has played
an active role in advancing the organization's goals and objectives.