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 QUANTITATIVE

-Training & Placement Cell

APTITUDE VOLUME-II

for Campus
Interview

VOLUME-II

Dinesh Khattar
Cover image: Shutterstock.com www.pearson.co.in
 The Pearson Guide to

Quantitative Aptitude
for
Competitive Examinations

Volume 2

A01_VOL 2_9997_SE_FM.indd 1 2/4/2016 1:01:00 PM

 Copyright © 2016 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd

Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, formerly
known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia.

No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior
written consent.

This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the
right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.

ISBN: 9789332570009

e-ISBN: 9789332578661

Head Office: A-8 (A), 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, Sector 62, Noida 201 309, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060
www.pearson.co.in, Email: companysecretary.india@pearson.com

A01_VOL 2_9997_SE_FM.indd 2 2/5/2016 5:01:52 PM

 Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Stocks, Shares and Debentures 1

Chapter 2 Discount: True and Banker’s 16
Chapter 3 Binary Number System 27
Chapter 4 Series 33
Chapter 5 Clocks and Calendar 61
Chapter 6 Polynomials 73
Chapter 7 H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Polynomials 82
Chapter 8 Linear Equations 89
Chapter 9 Quadratic Equations 110
Chapter 10 Progressions 126
Chapter 11 Set Theory 154
Chapter 12 Permutations and Combinations 175
Chapter 13 Probability 200
Chapter 14 Mensuration I: Area and Perimeter 230
Chapter 15 Mensuration II: Volume and Surface Area 296
Chapter 16 Trigonometric Ratios 334
Chapter 17 Heights and Distances 350
Chapter 18 Plane Geometry 369
Chapter 19 Co-ordinate Geometry 419

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JEE_MAIN_EXAM_Chemistry-FM.indd 4 5/26/2014 2:16:04 PM

 1 Stocks, Shares and Debentures

Introduction Sl. Par value Number of Rate of dividend

To start a big business or an industry, a large sum of money No. of a share Common Shares declared on a
is required. It may not be possible for one or two persons to Common Share
arrange for the requisite finance and expertise required for (i) `10 500 10% per annum
the project. So a number of individuals join hands to form a (ii) `10 800 5% semi-annually
company called a Joint Stock Company. It is a registered (iii) `100 1500 5% quarterly
body under the Companies Act. The persons who join
(iv) `10 2500 2% per month
together to form the company are called its Promoters. The
total amount of money required by the company is called Solution: (i) Annual dividend on one share
the Capital.
 10 
The promoters of the company issue a circular giving = 10% of `10 = `  × 10  = Re.1
the details of the project, its benefits and drawbacks; and  100 
invite the public to come forward and subscribe towards the Annual dividend on 500 shares
capital of the company. The company divides the required = `(500 × 1) = `500.
capital into small units of equal amount. Each unit is called
a share. Each person who purchases one or more shares (ii) Annual dividend on one share
of the company is called a shareholder of the company. = `(2 × 5)% of `10
The company issues a share certificate to each of its  10 
shareholders stating the number of shares alloted to the = ` × 10  = Re.1
 100 
person and the value of each share. The value of a share as
stated on the share certificate is called the nominal value \ Annual dividend on 800 shares
(face value or par value) of the share. = `(800 × 1) = `800.
When a company earns a profit during a financial year, (iii) Annual dividend on one share
a part of it is used in paying for working expenses, taxes,
interest on loans and keeping some part of it as reserve fund = (4 × 5)% of `100
for future expansion of the project, the remaining profit is  20 
= ` × 100  = `20
distributed among the shareholders. The distributed profit is  100 
called the dividend.
\ Annual dividend on 1500 shares
Dividends are declared annually, semi-annually,
quarterly as per regulations of the company. The dividend = `(1500 × 20) = `30000.
on a share is expressed as certain percentage of its face (iv) Annual dividend on one share
value which is printed on the share certificate. Sometimes = (12 × 2)% of `10
it is also expressed as a specified amount per share. For
example, we may say that dividend on a share is 12% of its  24 
= ` × 10  = `2.40
face value or the dividend is `2 per share.  100 
Illustration 1  Find the annual dividend paid in each of the \ Annual dividend on 2500 shares
following cases: = `(2500 × 2.40) = `6000.

Chapter_1.indd 1 01-02-2016 11:12:19

 2 Chapter 1

TYPES OF SHARES Illustration 2  Find the cost of purchasing 150 shares of a

company, each of par value `10, quoted at `16 each in the
The shares are generally of two types:
market from the original shareholder. Also, find the gain to
(i) Preferred shares the new shareholder if he sells each share at a premium of
(ii) Common (ordinary) shares `10.
(i) Preferred shares   These shares get preference in Solution: Market value of share = `16
terms of payment of dividend and return of capital \ Market value of 150 shares
over ordinary shares. The rate of dividend for these = `(150 × 16) = `2400
shares is decided when they are issued and dividend Thus, the new shareholder spent `2400 for buying 150
to preferred shareholders is paid before any dividend shares. The new shareholder sold the shares at a premium
is paid to common shareholders. of `10.
(ii) Ordinary shares  Ordinary shareholders are paid \ Now, market value of a share
dividend only when profits are left after preferred = `(10 + 10) = `20
shareholders have been paid dividend at specified
The selling price of 150 shares at the new market value
rate. The rate of dividend on these shares is also not
fixed and depends upon the amount of available profit. = `(150 × 20) = `3000
\  Gain of the new shareholder in the transaction
FACE VALUE AND MARKET VALUE OF A SHARE = `(3000 – 2400) = `600.
The price at which the shares are initially issued by the Illustration 3  Raja buys 200 shares, each of par value `10
company to its shareholders is called the face value of a of a company which pays annual dividend of 15% at such
share (This is also called nominal or par value of a share). a price that he gets 12% on his investment. Find the market
In fact, this is that value of a share which is mentioned in the value of a share.
share certificate issued by the company to its shareholders. Solution: Par value of 200 shares
As other things, shares are also sold in (or purchased = `(200 × 10) = `2000.
from) the market. The value of a share quoted in the market
Dividend received by Raja
is called the market value of the share. The market value
of a share keeps on changing according to its demand and  2000 × 15 
= `  = `300.
supply changes.  100 
If the market value of a share is equal to the par value Let the market value of 200 shares be `x. We have to
of the share, the share is said to be at par. If the market find x such that 12% of x = 300,
value of a share is more than its face (or par) value, the
12 100 × 300
share is said to be at premium. On other hand, if the market i.e., × x = 300   \  x = = 2500
value of a share is less than its face value, the share is said 100 12
to be at discount (or below par). i.e., Market value of 200 shares = `2500
For example If the market value of a `100 share is `130, it Hence, the market value of one share = `12.50.
is said to be at 30% premium.
If the market value of a `100 share is `90, it is said to Stocks and Brokerage
be at 10% discount. If `100 share is quoted at 45 premium
Stock
then its market value is
In the previous section, we have learnt about shares which
`(100 + 45) = `145.
can be sold and purchased by the public. The nominal value
Every company declares dividend on the face value of or face value of shares is fixed (usually `10 or `100) but
its shares irrespective of the market value of the share. their market value varies.
Notes: The statement “32%, `100 shares at `125” means: Sometimes, joint stock companies or the government
(i) Face value of each share is `100 also raises loans from the market by issuing bonds or
(ii) Dividend on each share is 32% of the face value promisory notes. They promise to pay a fixed amount (called
(iii) Market value of each share is `125 redemption value) on a future date and interest payments at
(iv) An investment of `125 earns an annual income of fixed periods until that time. The money paid to company or
`32. government for buying such bonds is called stock.

Chapter_1.indd 2 01-02-2016 11:12:19

  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 3

The stocks are usually known by their rates of dividend. Illustration 5   Find the income on 10% stock of `25000
Thus by 9% stock we mean that the dividend on a `100 purchased at `120.
stock is `9. Solution:  Face value of stock = `25000
If the market value of `100 stock, which yields a Income on `100 stock = `10
dividend of `5, is `115, the stock is called 5% stock at 115.
Similarly, 10% stock at 120 means that a stock of face value  10 
Income on `1 stock = `  
`100 gives a dividend of `10 and is available in the market  100 
of 120. Income on `25000 stock
Note: There can be stocks in units different from `100, say  25000 × 10 
= ` 
`500, `1000, etc., but the phrase “8% stock at 90” can be  100 
used only in case of that stock whose face value is `100. = `2500.
Dividend on a stock is fixed (declared at the time of issue)
whereas for a share it varies with time. Usually, the date COMPUTATION OF INVESTMENT OR MARKET
of maturity of the stock is fixed. In case the holder of the VALUE OF A STOCK
stock requires money before the due date, he can sell his
stock to some other person, whereby his claim of interest is If the face value of a stock is given, the market value of the
transferred to that person. stock can be found on the basis of market value of each unit
of stock.
Brokerage
Illustration 6   Find the investment required to purchase
The sale and purchase of stock is generally executed through `75000 of 10% stock at 95.
a stockbroker, who charges some money, called Brokerage Solution: Market value of `100 stock = `95
from both the seller and purchaser. The brokerage is charged
\  Market value of `75000 stock
either as some fixed amount on each unit of stock or as some
percentage of the market value of unit of stock.  95 
= ` × 75000  = `71250
Thus, the brokerage of `x means that x rupees are to  100 
be added or subtracted from the market value of the stock. \  An investment of `71250 is required to purchase
Similarly, brokerage 2% means that the brokerage equal to `75000 of 10% stock at 95.
2% of the market value of a unit of stock and be added to (or
Illustration 7   Find the investment required to get an
subtracted from) the market value of a unit of stock.
1
Notes: income of `4200 from 10 % stock at 80 (Brokerage: 2%).
2
(i) The brokerage is added to the market value when the  2 
stock is purchased. Solution:  Brokerage = 2% of `80 = `  × 80  = `1.60
 100 
(ii) The brokerage is subtracted from the market value
when the stock is sold. \ Investment needed to buy `100 stock
1
= `81.60 on which the income is `10
CALCULATION OF INCOME ON A STOCK 2
1
When the face value of the total stock is given, the income For income of `10 , the investment = `81.60
can be calculated on the assumption that the face value of 2
For income of `4200, the investment
each unit of stock is `100. On the contrary, if the market
value of the total investment is given, the income can be  2 
= `  81.60 × × 4200  = `32640.
calculated on the basis of the market value of a unit of stock.  21 
Illustration 4  Find the income from `2875 of 4% stock.
COMPUTATION OF GAIN OR LOSS IN THE SALE
Solution: By 4% stock, we mean a stock of `100 will fetch AND PURCHASE OF A STOCK
a dividend of `4 p.a.
Hence, the income from `2875 of 4% stock When the market is favourable to stock holders, i.e., they
are likely to get better proceeds for their stock, they sell the
2875 × 4
= = `115. stock and may reinvest the money so obtained in another
100 stock which may give them more income.

Chapter_1.indd 3 01-02-2016 11:12:19

 4 Chapter 1

Illustration 8  Ram bought `12000 of 8% stock at 92 and period of time and at a fixed rate of interest by dividing
sold it when the price rose to 98. Find his total gain and gain the amount required into small parts. These small parts are
per cent. called debentures.
Solution: Investment made by Ram in buying `12000 of The debenture holders are creditors of the company
8% stock at 92 and do not have any right on the profits declared by the
 92  company. However, interest at fixed rate and fixed time
= ` 12000 × = `11040.
 100  is payable to debenture holders, irrespective of the fact
whether the company is running in profits or losses.
When the price rose to `98, Ram sold the stock, thus
Like shares, debentures can also be sold in or purchased
money realised from selling the stock
from the market. The terms used in case of shares, are also
 98  used with the same meaning in case of debentures. Thus
= ` 12000 × = `11760.
 100  we use the terms ‘debentures at premium’, ‘debentures at
\  Gain realised in the transaction discount’ etc. Furthermore, the rules for calculating the
brokerage on debenture are also the same as those in case
= `(11760 – 11040) = `720
of shares.
(720 × 100) 12
\  Gain per cent = = 6 %.
11040 23 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHARES AND
DEBENTURES
Change IN INCOME ON SALE OR REINVESTMENT
Shares Debentures
A person having one type of stock may sell it to buy another (a) Share money forms a (a) Debentures are a mere
which gives higher income. In such problems, the income in part of the capital of the debt.
two cases is calculated and change is found out. company. (b) Debenture holders are
(b) Shareholders have right creditors of the company
Illustration 9  Ram invests `46500 in 6% stock at 93 and on the profit declared by and do not have any right
sells the stock when its price rose to `95. He invests the the company. on the profit declared by
sale proceeds in 9% stock at 95. Find the change in Ram’s the company.
income. (c) Shareholders may re- (c) Debenture holders re-
 6  ceive different dividend ceive interest at a fixed
Solution:  Income from first stock = `  × 46500 
 93  according as profit is rate.
more or less.
           = `3000
We have to find the amount realized on selling this Illustration 10  Find the income percent of a buyer on 8%
stock. debentures of face value `120 and available in the market
Amount realized on selling `93 stock = `95 at `180.
\ Amount realized on selling `46500 stock Solution: The market value of a debenture is `180
95 \ Income on `180 is `8
=` × 4650 = `47500
93  8  1
\ Income on `120 is `  × 120  = ` 5
This amount is invested in 9% stock at 95  180  3
\ Income from 2nd stock 1
\ Per cent income on the debenture is 5 %.
3
 9 
= `  × 47500  = `4500
 95  Illustration 11  Ram has 500 shares of par value `10 each
of a company and 500 debentures of par value `100 each.
Hence, increase in income The company pays a dividend of 8% on the shares and pays
= `(4500 – 3000) = `1500. an interest of 10% on its debentures. Find the total annual
income of Ram and the rate of return on her investments.
DEBENTURES
Solution: Annual dividend on 500 shares
Sometimes a running joint stock company may require more (500 × 10 × 8)
capital for its further expansion. The company borrows the =`
100
required sum of money from the general public for a fixed = `400.

Chapter_1.indd 4 01-02-2016 11:12:19

  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 5

Annual interest on 500 debentures Total investment of Ram

(500 × 100 × 10) = `(500 × 10 + 500 × 100) = `55000.
=`
100 Rate of return on Ram’s investment
= `5000.  5400 
=  × 100  %
\  Total annual income of Ram  55000 
= `(5000 + 400) 108 9
= `5400. = %  or   9 %.
11 11

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A man who owned 25% of the equity capital of a certain Arun drives twice as many miles as Balu. What is the ratio
company sold one-third of his holding last year and five- of the number of hours that Arun spends in driving to the
twelfths of the remaining this year. What part of the meeting to the number of the hours that Balu spends in
business does he now own ? driving to the meeting?
(a) 1/5 (b) 5/144 (a) 3:2 (b) 8:3
(c) 7/72 (d) 65/72 (c) 2:3 (d) 4:3
[Based on MAT, 2004] 7. A man wants to secure an annual income of `1,500 by
2. Arun has 800 shares of par value of `50 each, and 600 investing in 15% debentures of face value `100 each and
debentures of par value `100 each of a company. The available for `104 each. If the brokerage is 1%, then the
company pays an annual dividend of 6% the shares and sum of money he should invest is
interest of 12% on the debentures. The rate of return of his (a) `19,642 (b) `10,784
investment is (c) `10,504 (d) `15,000
(a) 8% (b) 9.6% 8. A person invests `5508 in ‘4% stock at 102’. He afterwards
(c) 10.6% (d) 8.6% sells out at 105 and reinvest in ‘5% stock at 126’. What is
[Based on MAT, 2008] the change in his income?
3. The capital of a company is made up of 50,000 preferred (a) `20 (b) `7
shares with dividend of 20% and 20,000 common shares, (c) `10 (d) `9
the par value of each type of share being `10. The company [Based on IIFT, 2005]
had a total profit of `1,80,000 out of which `30,000 was 9. Shyam, Gopal and Madhur are three partners in a business.
kept in reserve fund and the remaining distributed to Their capitals are respectively `4000, `8000 and `6000.
shareholders. Find the dividend per cent to the common Shyam gets 20% of total profit for managing the business.
share-holders. The remaining profit is divided among the three in the
(a) 20% (b) 24% ratio of their capitals. At the end of the year, the profit of
(c) 25% (d) 30% Shyam is `2200 less than the sum of the profit of Gopal
4. At what price should I buy a share, the value of which and Madhur. How much profit, Madhur will get?
is `100, paying a dividend of 8%, so that my yield is (a) `1600 (b) `2400
11%? (c) `3000 (d) `5000
(a) `70 (b) `72.72 [Based on IIFT, 2010]
(c) `75 (d) `84 10. A sum of `2236 is divided among A, B and C such that A
receives 25% more than C and C receives 25% less than
5. A person had deposited `13,200 in a bank which pays B. What is A’s share in the amount?
14% interest. He withdraws the money and invests in
(a) `460 (b) `890
`100 stock at `110 which pays a dividend of 15%. How
much does he gain or lose? (c) `780 (d) `1280
[Based on Indian Overseas Bank PO, 2009]
(a) loses `48 (b) gains `48
(c) loses `132 (d) gains `132 11. A sum of money is divided among A, B, C and D in the
ratio of 2:3:7:11, respectively. If the share of C is `2755
6. Arun and Balu drive separately for a meeting. Arun’s more than the share of A, then what is the total amount of
average driving speed is one-third greater than Balu’s and money of B and D together?

Chapter_1.indd 5 01-02-2016 11:12:20

 6 Chapter 1

(a) `4408 (b) `5510 19. Jatin invested `27,260 in buying `100 shares of a company
(c) `6612 (d) `7714 at `116 each. If the company paid 16% dividend at the end
[Based on SBI PO, 2008] of the year, find his income from the dividend.
12. Mrudul invested an amount of `29500 in order to start a (a) `3,560 (b) `2,760
business. Shalaka joined her 4 months later by investing (c) `3,760 (d) `3,660
an amount of `33500. If the business earned a profit of
20. A company issued 50,000 shares of par value `10 each.
`120575 at the end of two years, what was Mrudul’s share
If the total dividend declared by the company is `62,500,
of the profit?
find the rate of dividend paid by the company.
(a) `60725 (b) `61950
(c) `59250 (d) `58625 1 1
(a) 8 % (b) 12 %
[Based on Indian Bank PO, 2011] 2 2
13. A man had two sons. To the elder he left five-elevenths 3
(c) 12% (d) 13 %
of his property, to the younger five-elevenths of the 4
remainder, the rest of the window. Find the share of the
1
sons if the widow gets `3600. 21. A company declared a semi-annual dividend of 7 %.
2
(a) `1200, `1000 (b) `6600, `2000
Find the annual dividend of Chetan, owning 1,250 shares
(c) `7500, `1000 (d) None of these
of the company having a par value of `10 each.
[Based on NMAT, 2006]
(a) `1,875 (b) `1,757
14. Rahul spends 50% of his monthly income on household
(c) `1,680 (d) `1,575
items, 20% of his monthly income on buying clothes, 5%
of his monthly income on medicines and the remaining 22. A medicine company issued 1,25,000 shares of par value
amount of `11250 he saves. What is Rahul’s monthly `20 each. If the total dividend declared by the company is
income? `3,75,000, find the rate of dividend paid by the company.
(a) `38200 (b) `34000 (a) 15 % (b) 13%
(c) `41600 (d) `45000 (c) 10% (d) 14%
[Based on IDBI PO, 2009]
23. Seema had 50 preferred shares and 400 common shares of
15. Sonu invested 10% more than Mona. Mona invested 10%
par value `100 each. If the dividend declared on preferred
less than Raghu. If the total sum of their investment is
shares is 10% per annum and a semi-annual dividend
`5780, how much amount did Raghu invest?
of 7.5% is on common shares find the annual dividend
(a) `2010 (b) `2000 received by Seema.
(c) `2100 (d) `2210 (a) `7,500 (b) `6,500
[Based on Bank of Baroda PO, 2010]
(c) `8,500 (d) `5,500
16. In a business partnership among A, B, C and D, the profit
is shared as follows 24. Find the annual dividend received by Sunil for his 200
A 's share B 's share's share 1 preferred shares and 1,000 common shares, both of par
= = value `100 each if the dividend declared on a preferred
B 's share C 's share's share 3
1
If the total profit is `4,00,000 the share of C is share is 10% per annum and an annual dividend of 12
2
(a) `1,12,500 (b) `1,37,500 % on the common shares.
(c) `90,000 (d) `2,70,000 (a) `4,500 (b) `550
[Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
(c) `4,000 (d) `3,500
17. A company declared an annual dividend of 10%. Find
the annual dividend of Ram owning 1,500 shares of the 25. A company issued 50,000 shares of par value `100 each. If
company of par value `10 each. the total dividend declared by the company is `1,25,000,
out of which `50,000 have been kept in reserve fund and
(a) `1,400 (b) `1,500
the remaining is distributed as dividend, find the rate of
(c) `1,700 (d) `1,600 dividend paid by the company.
18. A company declared an annual dividend of 10%. Find the 3 1
annual dividend received by Anu owning 4,000 shares of (a) 2 % (b) 1 %
4 2
the company having a par value of `100 each.
(a) `45,000 (b) `40,000 1
(c) 1 % (d) 2%
(c) `50,000 (d) `60,000 4

Chapter_1.indd 6 01-02-2016 11:12:20

  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 7

26. Find the annual dividend received by Nishita from 1,200 of 15%. If the market value of a share of Company Y is
preferred shares and 3,000 common shares, both of par `40, find the number of shares of Company Y purchased
value `50 each, if the dividend paid on preferred shares by the man.
1 (a) 3,850 (b) 3,750
is 10% and semi-annual dividend of 3 % is declared on
2 (c) 3,700 (d) 3,800
common shares.
33. The shares of a company of par value `10 each, are
(a) `18,500 (b) `16,500
available at 20% premium. Find the amount paid by the
(c) `14,500 (d) `14,800 buyer who wants to buy 2,500 shares. What would be the
27. 12500 shares, of par value `20 each, are purchased from gain of the buyer if he sells those shares at the rate of `20
Ram by Mohan at a price of `25 each. Find the amount per share?
required to purchase the shares. If Mohan further sells (a) `25,000 (b) `30,000
the shares at a premium of `11 each, find his gain in the (c) `20,000 (d) `22,000
transaction.
34. Find the income on 12% stock of `60,000 purchased at
(a) `75,000 (b) `85,000
`110.
(c) `70,000 (d) `65,000
(a) `7,200 (b) `7,500
28. Mac buys 200 shares of par value `10 each, of a company, (c) `7,400 (d) `8,200
which pays an annual dividend of 8% at such a price that
he gets 10% on his investment. Find the market value of 1
35. Find the income on 7 % stock of `20,000 purchased at
one share. 2
(a) `8 (b) `10 `120.
(c) `6 (d) `12 (a) `1,550 (b) `1,450
(c) `1,500 (d) `1,600
29. Shyam purchased 12,000 shares of a company, of par
value `10 each, paying an annual dividend of 15% at 36. Find the income by investing `81,000 in 9% stock at 135.
such a price, that he gets 10% on his investment. Find the (a) `5,500 (b) `6,400
market value of a share.
(c) `5,400 (d) `6,000
(a) `25 (b) `15
1
(c) `20 (d) `14 37. Find the income obtained by investing `90,000 in 7 %
2
30. The capital of a company is made up of 50,000 preferred 1
shares with dividend of 20% and 20,000 common shares, stock at 112 .
2
the par value of each type of share being `10. The company
had a total profit of `1,80,000 out of which `30,000 were (a) `6,000 (b) `6,500
kept in reserve fund and the remaining distributed to (c) `7,500 (d) `7,000
shareholders. Find the dividend per cent to the common
shareholders. 1
38. A person buys 9 % stock of `72,000 at 144. Find his
(a) 24% (b) 20% 2
annual income.
(c) 25% (d) 30%
(a) `6,640 (b) `6,840
31. A company has issued 10,000 preferred shares and 50,000 (c) `6,900 (d) `7,240
common shares both of par value `100 each. The dividend
on a preferred share and a common share is 12% and 1
17.6%, respectively. The company had a total profit of 15 39. Mr Lal invested `92,000 in 9% stock at 91 (Brokerage:
2
lakh rupees out of which some amount was kept in reserve
Re 1). Find the annual income of Mr Lal from this
fund and the remaining distributed as dividend. Find the
investment.
amount kept in reserve fund.
(a) `9,000 (b) `9,500
(a) `5 lakh (b) `6 lakh
(c) `10,500 (d) `8,000
(c) `6.5 lakh (d) `5.5 lakh
1 1
32. A man sells 5,000 common shares of a Company X (each 40. Raja invested `99,000 in 7 % stocks at 81 (Broker-
of par value `10), which pays a dividend of 20%, at `30 2 2
per share. He invests the sale proceeds in ordinary shares age: Re 1). Find Raja’s annual income from his invest-
of Company Y (each of par value `25) that pays a dividend ment.

Chapter_1.indd 7 01-02-2016 11:12:20

 8 Chapter 1

(a) `9,500 (b) `10,000 49. Sushma invested `2,45,000 in 7% stock at 98 and sold the
(c) `10,500 (d) `9,000 stock when its price rose to `100. She invested the sale
proceeds in 9% stock at 125. Find the change in income
1
41. Ram invested `88,008 in 9 % stock at 112 (Brokerage: of Sushma.
2
(a) `600 (b) `400
`2). Find annual income of Ram from this investment.
(c) `500 (d) `650
(a) `6,334 (b) `6,874
(c) `7,334 (d) `6,534 50. Anu invested `32,400 in 8% stock at 90. She sold out
`18,000 stock when the price rose to `95 and the remaining
42. Find the investment required to purchase `1,25,000 of 8% stock at `98. She invested the total sale proceeds in 10%
stock at 92. 1
stock at 96 . Find the change in income of Anu.
(a) `1,15,000 (b) `1,20,000 2
(c) `1,05,000 (d) `1,25,000 (a) `750 (b) `720
(c) `760 (d) `740
43. What investment will be required to purchase `90,000 of
8% stock at 110? 51. A man invested `50,490 in 5% stock at 99 and sold it
(a) `88,000 (b) `99,000 when the price rose to `102. He invested the sale proceeds
in 8% stock at 96. Find the change in man’s income
(c) `88,500 (d) `9,950
(Brokerage: `3)
44. Find the investment required to get an income of `1,938 (a) `1,485 (b) `1,585
1
from 9 % stock at 90 (Brokerage 1%). (c) `1,385 (d) `1,685
2
(a) `19,642.60 (b) `17,543.00 52. A man invested `2,60,000 in 5% stock at 104. He sold the
(c) `18,543.60 (d) `18,600.60 stock when the price rose to `125 and invested the sale
proceeds in 6% stock. By doing this his income increased
45. A man bought `20,000 of 5% stock at 90 and sold it when by `2,500. At what price did he purchase the second
3 stock?
its price rose to `93 . Find his gain per cent.
4 (a) `225 (b) `175
1 1 (c) `125 (d) `150
(a) 5 % (b) 4 %
6 6 53. Find the income per cent of a buyer on 5% debentures of
5 5 face value `95 and available in the market for `125.
(c) 5 % (d) 4 %
6 6 (a) 4.8% (b) 5.8%
(c) 3.8% (d) 2.8%
1
46. Meena bought `36,000 of 7 % stock at 92 and sold it 54. Find the income per cent on 10% debentures of par value
2
`120 available in the market for `150.
3
when its price rose to `93 . Find her gain per cent. (a) 9% (b) 8%
4
(a) 1.9% (b) 2.9% (c) 7% (d) 6%

(c) 2.3% (d) 1.4% 55. Brij has 800 shares of par value `50 each and 600
debentures of par value `100 each of a company. The
47. A man invested `27,600 in 4% stock at 92. He sold company pays an annual dividend of 6% on the shares and
`20,000 stock when the price rose to `96, and sold the interest of 12% on the debentures. Find the total annual
remaining stock when the market value fell to `90. How income of Brij and rate of return on his investment.
much did he gain or loss in the transaction?
(a) `9,600, 9.6% (b) `8,000, 8%
(a) Gain = `600 (b) Loss = `600
(c) `10,600, 10.6% (d) `9,000, 8.6%
(c) Loss = `650 (d) Gain = `650
56. A man bought 20 shares of `50 at 5 discount, the rate of
48. A person invested `28,500 in 5% stock at 95. He sold
3
`15,000 stock when the price rose to `98 and sold the discount being 4 %. The rate of interest obtained is
remaining stock when the market value of the stock fell to 4
`90. How much did he gain or loss in the transaction? 3 1
(a) 4 % (b) 3 %
(a) Gain = `300 (b) Loss = `300 4 4
(c) Gain = `400 (d) Loss = `400 (c) 5.28% (d) 4.95%

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  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 9

57. I sold out all the 100 shares of company A at `95 per share,
which is giving 10% dividend and then purchase shares
of company B at a price of `114 per share. Company B
is giving a dividend of 15%. In these transactions, how
much I gained/loss? (Assume face value of share of both
the companies be `100).
(a) `10 loss (b) `250 profit
(c) `150 loss (d) `175 profit
58. Ram invests in 5% and 8% stocks buying them at x%
premium and at a discount of x%, respectively. The total
amount of premium paid is 70% of the total discount
received. The dividend from the 5% stock forms x% of
dividend from the 8% stock. Find x.
(a) 34.5% (b) 35.37%
(c) 43.75% (d) 56.8%

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS

1. (c) Let the total capital of the company = x Suppose Arun drives 2x miles and Balu drives x miles
\ The capital that the man held last year to the meeting.
1 1 1 x x x \ Arun drives 2x miles in 2 hours and Balu drives x
= x − of x = − = 3
4 3 4 4 12 6 miles in hour.
The capital that the man holds this year 4
3
x 5 x x 5x 7x ⇒ Required ratio = 2 : = 8:3
= − of = − = . 4
6 12 6 6 72 72
7. (c)
2. (b) Total investment = 800 × 50 + 600 × 100 8. (d) Let the CP of share be `100.
= 40000 + 60000 = 100000 5508
Annual return = 6% of 40000 + 12% of 60000 Number of shares =
102
6 × 40000 12 × 60000
= + = 54 and value of share
100 100 = 5400
= 2400 + 7200 = 9600 \ SP = 54 × 105 = 5670
9600 5670
= Rate of return = × 100% = 9.6% Now, share = = 45 and
100000 126
3. (c) Dividend for preferred share value of share = 4500
20 Now, change in income
= 50000 × 10 × = `1,00,000
100 = 5400 × 4 % – 4500 × 5 %
Rest dividend = 180000 – 100000 – 30000 = 216 – 225 = – 9 = `9
= `50,000 9. (b) The ratio of the profits of Shyam, Gopal and Mathur is
% of dividend for common share 2:4:3. Let the annual profit be x.
50000 × 100    Then, Shyam will get (0.2x) of this and the
= = 25%
20000 × 10 remaining (0.8x) will be distributed in the ratio of
their capitals.
4. (b) Given 11% of x = 8
7 2
800 Given, (0.8 x)  (0.8 x)  0.2 x = 2200
⇒ x= = `72.72 9 9
11
So,  x = 9000
5. (a) Interest earned on `13,200 at the rate of 14%
= `1,848 0.8  9000
Thus, Mathur’s share = = 2400
13200 3
\ Number of shares purchased = = 120
110 10. (c) Suppose B got `x.
Dividend earned by him on 120 shares at the rate of 25
Amount to C = x – x ×
`15 per share = `1,800 100
\ Net loss = `48 100 x − 25 x
=
6. (b) Arun’s speed = x miles/h, say 100
4x 75 x 3x
\ Balu’s speed = miles/h = =`
3 100 4

Chapter_1.indd 9 01-02-2016 11:12:21

 10 Chapter 1

3 x 125 15 x 15. (b) Suppose amount invested by Raghu = `x

So, the amount to A = × =
4 100 16 Amount invested by Mona
15 x 3x 9
A:B:C =
:x: = x = 0.9x
16 4 10
= 15x:16x:12x Amount invested by Sonu
Sum of the ratio = 15x + 16x + 12x = 43x 9 110
= x× = 0.99x
2236 × 15 x 10 100
\ Share of A = = `780
43 x x + 0.9x + 0.99x = 5780
11. (d) Suppose the amount of A, B, C and D are 2x, 3x, 7x, 2.89x = 5780
11x. 5780
x= = `2000
Q 7x – 2x = 2755 2.89
1
\ 5x = 2755 16. (c) A’s share = of B’s share
3
2755
x= = 551
5 1
B’s share = of C’s share
\ Total amount of B and D 3
= (3 + 11)x 1
C’s share = of D’s share
= 14 × 551 [x = 551] 3
= 7714 1 1 
Q C’s share =  + + 1 + 3 
12. (b) Monthly investment by Mrudul 9 3 
= 29500 × 24 = 708000 = `4,00,000
and by Shalaka = 33500 × 20 = 670000  1 + 3 + 9 + 27 
C’s share = 
⇒ 
Ratio = 708000:670000  9 
= 708:670 = `4,00,000
708 9
Share of Mrudul = × 120575 = 61950 \ C’s share = × 4,00,000
708 + 670 40
5 = `90,000
13. (d) First son gets = ;
11 17. (b) Annual dividend on one share
5 6 30 = 10% of ` 10
Second son gets = × =
11 11 121  10 
= ` 10 ×  = Re 1
5 30  36  100 
Widow gets = 1 −  +  = = 3600
 11 121  121 Annual dividend of Ram owning 1,500 shares
So, total = 12100. = (1500 ×1) = `1,500.
Hence, sons get `5500 and `3000, respectively.    Alternatively, we could have found the total par
value of 1,500 shares first and then find dividend at
14. (d) Suppose monthly income is x 10% of it as shown below:
(100 − 75) Total par value of 1,500 shares
x× = 11250
100 = `(1500 × 10) = `1,5000
25 \ Total annual dividend of Ram
⇒ x× = 11250
100 10 

1 = 15000 ×  = `1,500
⇒ x× = 11250  100 
4
⇒ x = 11250 × 4 18. (b) Annual dividend on one share = 10% of ` 100
x = `45000  10 
= `  × 100  = `10
Short cut  100 
100 \ Annual dividend on 4,000 shares
× 11250 = `45000
(100 − 50 − 20 − 5) = `(4000 × 10) = `40,000

Chapter_1.indd 10 01-02-2016 11:12:22

  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 11

19. (c) Number of shares purchased by Jatin Dividend on 1,000 common shares
27260 1
= = 235 = 12 % of `(1000 × 100)
116 2
Face value of 235 shares  25 / 2 
= `  × 100000 
= `(235 × 100) = `23,500  100 
Annual income from 235 shares
 25 
= 16% of `23,500 = `  × 1000  = `12,500
 2 
 16 
= `  × 23500  = `3,760 \ Total dividend received
 100 
= `( 2000 + 12500) = `4,500
20. (b) Number of shares = 50,000
25. (b) The total dividend declared = `1,25,000
Par value of a share = `10
Amount kept in reserve fund = `50,000
\ Total par value of 50,000 shares = `5,00,000
Net amount paid as dividend to the shareholders
Total dividend = `62,500 = `(125000 – 50000) = `75,000
\ Rate of dividend paid by the company Number of shares of par value `100 each
 62500  1 = 50,000
=  × 100  % = 12 %
 500000  2 Total par value of 50,000 shares
= `(50000 × 100) = `50,00,000
 1 Rate of dividend paid by the company
21. (a) Annual dividend on one share =  2 × 7  %
 2
i.e.,  15% of `10  75000  3 1
=  × 100  % = % = 1 %
 15   5000000  2 2
=  × 10  = `1.50
 100  26. (b) Dividend on 1,200 preferred shares
\ Annual dividend on 1,250 shares = 10% of `(1200 × 50)
= `(1250 × 1.50) = `1,875  10 
= `  × 1200 × 50  = `60,00
22. (a) Number of shares = 1,25,000  100 
Par value of a share = `20 Dividend on 3,000 common shares
\ Total par value of 1,25,000 shares  1 
=  3 × 2  % of `(3000 × 50)
= `(1250000 × 20) = `25,00,000  2 
Total dividend = `3,75,000
 7 
\ Rate of dividend paid by the company = `  × 3000 × 50  = `10,500
 100 
 375000  \ Total dividend received by Nishita
=  × 100  % = 15%
 2500000  = `(6000 + 10500) = `16,500
23. (b) Dividend on 50 preferred shares 27. (a) Market value of a share = `25
 10  \ Market value of 12,500 shares
= `  50 × 100 ×  = `500
 100  = `(25 × 12500) = `3,12,500
Dividend on 400 common shares   Thus, the amount required to purchase 12500
shares = `312500
 100 15 
= `  400 × × × 2  = `6,000    Then, Mohan sells these shares at a premium of
 100 2  `11 each.
\ Total dividend received by Seema \ New market rate per shares
= `(500 + 6000) = `6,500 = `(20 + 11) = `31
\ Selling price of these shares
24. (a) Dividend on 200 preferred shares
= `( 31 × 12500) = `3,87,500
= 10% of `(200 × 100)
\ Gain = S.P. – C.P.
 10  = `(387500 – 312500)
= `  × 20000  = `2,000
 100  = `75,000

Chapter_1.indd 11 01-02-2016 11:12:22

 12 Chapter 1

28. (a) Par value of 200 shares = `(200 × 10) 31. (a) 12% of `(10000 × 100)
= `2,000  12 
= `  × 10000 × 100  = `1,20,000
 8   100 
Dividend received by Mac = `  × 2000 
 100  Dividend on 50,000 common shares
= `160 = 17.6% of `(50000 × 100)
Let the market value of 200 shares be `x  17.6 
We have to find x such that 10% of x = 160 = `  × 50000 × 100  = `880000
 100 
10 \ Total dividend paid = `(120000 + 880000)
⇒ × x = 160
100
= `1000000 = `10 lakh
⇒ x = 160 × 10 = 1,600 \ Amount kept in reserve fund
i.e., Market value of 200 shares = `1,600 = `15 lakh – 10 lakh = `5 lakh
Hence, the market value of one share
32. (b) Income of the man from 5,000 ordinary shares of
 1600  Company X, which pays a dividend of 20%
= `   = `8
 200 
 5000 × 10 × 20 
= `   = `10,000
29. (b) Par value of 12,000 shares = `(12000 × 10)  100 
          = `1,20,000 Selling price of a share of Company X = `30
Dividend received by Shyam \ Selling price of 5,000 shares of Company X
 15  = `(5000 × 30)
= `  × 120000  = `18,000
 100  = `1,50,000
Let the market value of 12000 shares be `x.    Now, the market value of a share of Company Y is
We have to find x such that 10% of x = 18000 given to be `40.
10 \ Number of shares of Company Y purchased by the
⇒ × x = 18000 man from `1,50,000
100
⇒ x = 18000 × 10 = 180000  150000 
=   = `3,750
i.e., Market value of 12,000 shares = `1,80,000.  40 
Hence, the market value of one share 33. (c) Par value of a share = `10
 180000   120 
= `   = `15 Market value of a share = ` 10 ×  = `12
 12000   100 
30. (c) The total profit of the company = `1,80,000    The amount to be paid by the buyer to purchase
Amount kept in reserve fund = `30,000 2,500 shares = `(2500 × 12) = `30,000
\ Net amount paid as dividend to shareholders Gain of the shareholder on selling one share
= `(180000 – 30000) = `1,50,000 = `(20 – 12) = `8
   Dividend paid by the company on 50,000 preferred \ Gain from selling 2,500 shares
shares = `(2500 × 8) = `20,000
 10 × 20 
= `  50000 ×  = `1,00,000 34. (a) Face value of the stock = `60000
 10 
Income on `100 stock = `12
\ Dividend to be paid to common shareholders  12 
= `(150000 – 100000) = `50,000 Income on Re 1 stock = `  
 100 
Thus, dividend paid on a common share
 12 
 50000  Income on `60,000 = `  × 60000 
= `   = `2.50  100 
 20000 
= `7,200
Hence, dividend per cent paid on a common share
35. (c) Face value of the stock = `20,000
 2.50  1
= `  × 100  % = 25% Income on `100 stock = `7
 10  2

Chapter_1.indd 12 01-02-2016 11:12:23

  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 13

 15 / 2   15  42. (a) Market value of `100 stock = `92

Income on Re 1 stock = `   = `  \ Market value of `1,25,000 stock
 100   200 
 92 
 15  = `  × 125000  = `1,15,000

Income on `20,000 stock = `  × 20000   100 
 200 
= `1,500 \ An investment of `1,15,000 is required to purchase
`1,25,000 of 8% stock at 92.
36. (c) Here the market value of the stock
= `81,000 43. (b) Market value of `100 stock = `110
   By investing `135, stock of par value `100 is \ Market value of `90,000 stock
available  110 
\ Income on `135 is `9 = `  × 90000  = `99,000
 100 
 9  \ An investment of `99,000 is required to purchase
\ Income on `81,000 is `  × 81000 
 135  `90,000 of 8% stock at 110.
= `5,400
44. (c) Brokerage = 1% `90 = Re 0.90
37. (a) Here market value of the stock = `90,000 \ Investment needed to buy `100 stock
1 = `90.90 on which the income is `9%
   By investing `112 , stock of par value `100 is
2
available. 1
For income of `9 , the investment
1 1 2
\ Income on `112 is 7 %
2 2 = `90.90
 15 2  For income of `1,938, the investment

\ Income on `90,000 is `  × × 90000 
 2 225   90.90 × 2 
= `  × 1938  = `18,543.60
= `6,000  19 
38. (b) Face value of the stock = `72,000 45. (b) Investment made by the man in buying `20,000 of 5%
 72000 19  stock at 90
\ Income on stock = `  ×  = `6,840
 100 2  90 
= `  × 20000  = `18,000
39. (b) Market value of `100 stock  100 
= `(91 + 1) = `92 3
   When the price rose to `93 , the man sold the
1 4
Income on `92 = `9
2 stock. Thus, money realized from selling the stock
 19 19   375 1 

\ Income on `92,000 = `  × × 92000  = `  × × 20000  = `18,750
 2 92   4 100 
= `9,500 \ Gain in the transaction
40. (d) Market value of `100 stock = `(18750 – 18000) = `750
 1  1
= `  81 + 1 = `82  750  1
 2  2 \ Gain per cent =  × 100  % = 4 %
 18000  6
Income on `82 = `7
 15 2  46. (a) Investment made by Meena in buying `36,000 of
\ Income on `99,000 = `  × × 99000 
 2 165 
1  92 
= `9,000 7
% stock at 92 = `  × 36000 
2  100 
41. (c) Market value of `100 stock
= `33,120
= `(112 + 2) = `114
3
1    When the price rose to `93 , Meena sold the
Income on `114 = `9 4
2
stock. Thus, money realized from selling the stock
19 1
× \ Income on `88,008= `
× 88008  375 1 
2 114 = `  × × 36000  = `33,750
= `7,334  4 100 

Chapter_1.indd 13 01-02-2016 11:12:23

 14 Chapter 1

\ Gain in the transaction This amount is invested in 9% stock at 125

= `(33750 – 33120) = `630 \ Income from second stock
 630   9 
Gain per cent = 
\ × 100  % = `  × 250000  = `18,000
 33120   125 
= 1.9 (approx) Hence, increase in income
= `(18000 – 17500) = `500
47. (a) Stock purchased by investing `27,600 in 4% stock at
92 50. (b) Income from first stock

 27600 × 100   8 
= `  = `  × 32400  = `2,880
 = `30,000  90 
 92 
Money realized by selling `20,000 stock at market Amount of stock purchased by Anu
value of `96  100 
= `  × 32400  = `36,000
 20000 × 96   90 
= `   = `19,200
 100  Amount received by selling `18,000 stock at 95
Remaining stock = `(30000 – 20000) = `10,000  95 
Money realized by selling `10,000 stock at `90 = `  × 18000  = `17,100
 100 
 90  Amount received by selling the remaining s 18,000
= ` 10000 ×  = `9,000
 100  stock at 98
\ Total money realized by selling the whole stock  98 
= `  × 18000  = `17,640
= `(19200 + 9000) = `28,200  100 
Money invested = `27,600 \ Total amount received
\ Gain = `(28200 – 27600) = `600 = `(17100 + 17640) = `34,740
48. (b) Stock purchased by investing `28,500 in 5% stock at The amount of `34,740 is invested in 10% stock at
95 1
96 .
 100  2
= `  × 28500  = `30,000
 95  \ Income from this stock
Money realized by selling `15,000 stock market 2
 
value of `98 = ` 10 × × 34740  = `3,600
 193 
 98 
= `  × 15000  = `14,700 Hence, change in income
 100 
= `(3600 – 2880) = `720
Remaining stock = `( 30000 – 15000) = `15,000
Money realized by selling `15,000 stock at `90 51. (a) Purchase price of first stock
= `(99 + 3) = `102
 90 
= `  × 15000  = `13,500 \ Income on first stock
 100 
\  Total money realized  5 
= `  × 50490  = `2,475
= `(14700 + 13500) = `28,200  102 
Money invested = `28,500 Sale price of stock = `(102 – 3) = `99
\ Loss = `(28500 – 28200) = `300 \ Amount received by selling the first stock
 7   99 
49. (c) Income from first stock = `  × 245000  = `  × 50490  = `49,005
 98   102 
= `17,500 Purchase price of the second stock
We have to find the amount realised on selling this = `(96 + 3) = `99
stock. \ Income on second stock
Amount realized on selling `98 stock = `100  8 
= `  × 49005  = `3,960
\ Amount realized on selling `2,45,000 stock  99 
 100  Hence, change in income
= `  × 245000  = `2,50,000
 98  = `(3960 – 2475) = `1,485

Chapter_1.indd 14 01-02-2016 11:12:24

  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 15

 5  = `(40000 + 60000)
52. (c) Income on first stock = `  × 260000  = `1,00,000
 104 
= `12,500 \ Rate of return
Money realized by selling the stock when price  9600 
=  × 100  % = 9.6%
rose to `125  100000 
 125 
= `  × 260000  = `3,12,500 56. (c) Face value = `(50 × 20) = `1,000
 104 
 1000 × 19   95 
Income on second stock is `2,500 more than on the Dividend = `   = ` 
first stock.  4 × 100   2 
\ Income on second stock Investment = `(45 × 20) = `900
= `(12500 + 2500) = `15,000  95 × 100 
Rate = `   = 5.28%
Let `x be the market value of the second stock  2 × 900 
312500 × 6 312500 × 6 10
\ = 15000 ⇒ x = = 125 57. (b) Divdend from company A = × 100 × 100
x 15000 100
i.e.,  The man purchased the stock at `125 = `1,000
53. (c) The market value of a debenture = `125 Dividend from company
\ Income on `125 is `5 100 × 95 15
B= × 100 ×
 5  19 114 100
\ Income on `95 is `  × 95  = `
 125  5 = 83.33 × 15 = `1,250
\ Per cent income on the debentures is 3.8% Hence, total gain = `250
54. (b) The market value of a debenture = `150 58. (c) Let ‘a’ stocks be bought at x% premium, i.e., at `(100
\ Income on `150 is `10 + x) per stock.
 10  Let ‘b’ stocks be bought at x% discount, i.e., at `(100
\ Income on `120 = `  × 120  = `8 – x) per stock.
 150 
Now, total premium paid = ax and total discount = bx
\ Per cent income on the debentures = 8%
\ ax = 70% of bx ⇒ ax = 0.7bx
55. (a) Annual dividend on 800 shares
a 7
 800 × 50 × 6  \ =
= `   = `2,400 b 10
 100  Dividend from 5% stock = 5a
Annual interest on 600 debentures Dividend from 8% stock = 8b
 600 × 100 × 12  5a
= `   = `7,200
 100  \ Required percentage = × 100
8b
\ Total annual income of Brij
5 7
= `(2400 + 7200) = `9,600 = × × 100
8 10
Total investment of Brij
= 43.75%
= `(800 × 50 + 600 × 100)

Chapter_1.indd 15 01-02-2016 11:12:24

Another random document with
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very soon, on the reasonable assumption that no rain supply is
inexhaustible and that the past month must have ‘pretty well emptied
the watering-pot.’ They were to learn for another solid three months
almost without a break what the Flanders watering-pot can supply
when it really sets about the job in earnest, and it was to come to be
a standing joke and boast of the first Expeditionaries that you could
always tell one of the men who went through that first winter in
France because an examination of his toes would show him to be
web-footed.
But at the end of December the wet had not been accepted as
such a permanent feature of life as it was to become, and there were
plenty of men in the column who, as they marched out that
Christmas Eve, looked up at the sky and round the grey horizon and
tried to find, or persuade themselves and each other they could see,
a spot where it was ‘lifting.’ But it did not lift, and before long the
men’s damp clothes, half dried by body heat in sleeping in them, had
become soaked and saturated through again. It was cold too, and
fingers gripped about the wet reins of their pairs of horses grew
numbed and stiff, were periodically revived with much blowing of
warm breath—the only item of warmth left about a man—into cupped
hands, and arm beating and flapping. The roads were heavy, rutted
and inches deep in stiff mud, flooded in parts by the overflow from
brimming-over ditches.
The march was bad enough in its early stages; it became acute in
its discomfort as the day wore on, and men and horses grew tired
and more tired. By far the worst feature was the constant series of
halts. The road taken by the column was filled for miles with a slow-
crawling and packed procession of horses and wagons. The slightest
check at the head of the procession meant a stop to all the rest, and
because each wagon took a fraction of time longer than the one
ahead to see its predecessor started and to get under way itself,
what to a wagon in the front ranks was no more than a slowing to
avoid running into the wagon ahead was easily translated a few
teams back into a pull-up and immediate move on, and further back
the line to a longer and longer interval of halt. So that in the middle
and rear of the line there were frequent halts of a minute, two, three,
and up to ten minutes. And if a wagon driving through an extra soft
portion of road was caught and held beyond the immediate strength
of the tired team to pull out, the halt might spin out into anything up
to fifteen minutes. Several times during the day there were hour-long
halts at cross- or fork-roads, while cross streams of traffic passed
clear or entering streams were shuffled in. Towards mid-day
exasperated officers strove to avail themselves of the frequent halts
to water and feed. Buckets would be unhooked from their places
under the wagons, and the drivers, leaning out and scooping the
water up from the ditches, would perhaps get so far in the watering
performance when there would be a hurried order to ‘Get mounted,’
the buckets would be emptied, the drivers hurriedly remount and
move on again—to halt again perhaps within a hundred yards. No
officer dare halt or hold his section of the column to complete his
watering and feeding because the orders were imperative to press
on and avoid halting the whole. A halt to feed was actually made
about 2 p.m. when it was plain that there was no hope of getting the
column in, as had been intended, by the early afternoon; but the halt
was so short that there could be no attempt to cook food or make a
hot drink for the men. They ate cold bully beef and biscuit while the
horses fed, and finished their meal in the saddle when the horses
moved again.
During the afternoon it grew steadily colder, and the rain drizzled
on without ceasing. The road ran parallel now with the firing line, and
as the darkness fell the horizon was lit continually with rising and
falling belts of light from the trench flares, while the guns flashed
quick leaping and vanishing gusts of vivid light, rolled and grumbled
and roared incessantly. The rattle and splutter of rifle fire swelled to
what one might have thought an alarming nearness when the road
twisted in towards the firing line, or a falling away of the ground or
change in the wind allowed the sound to carry better, dropped away
again to no more than a distant crackle as a belt of wood shut it off
or the road ran wide out from the battle line.
But of all these things the men on the road were heedless. They
were concerned only with the slowness of the journey, the wish for it
to end, the approach of dark long before it could be completed. The
column carried no lights, and as the night shut down the road under
the horses’ feet became almost invisible to the eyes of the drivers
sitting on their horses or box seats. Each lead driver had to be
content to follow close on the tracks of the wagon in front of him, to
hold his tired horses up when they stumbled, to halt them quickly
when the wagon ahead halted, to move them on again instantly on
the other vehicle starting. Every man kept his eyes carefully away
from the dancing lights on the horizon, because watching them for a
few seconds meant a temporary total blindness and the vanishing of
the road beneath them when they came to look down, and this
driving in the dark was quite bad enough without that.
The inevitable happened at last. A team driven too close to the
road-side brought its wagon wheels within a foot of the ditch, just at
a part, unfortunately, where the road-edge sloped sharply to the
steep side of the ditch. The ‘long-rein driver’ perched on the box
called a sharp word of warning and swung his wheelers to the left,
felt the wagon beneath him skid sideways, lurch suddenly, sink
sharply ‘by the stern’ and halt abruptly. The driver of the next team
saw what had happened, shouted to the other drivers behind him,
wrenched his horses’ heads clear of the bogged wagon and tried to
pull up. But the horses, jerked from their sleepy plodding, swerved,
plunged, slithered wildly on the wet road; the wagon wheels, gripped
fast by the sharp thrust of the brake, failed to bite on the slippery
surface, skidded forward, butted the wheelers heavily, slewed,
slithered again and brought up with a splintering jar and a rear wheel
fast locked in the wheel of the bogged wagon. The near wheeler of
the second team, floundering and splashing and scrambling wildly
for foothold, caught the bump of the wagon, fell, and slid wholesale
into the ditch. The road was completely and effectually blocked.
Now the ditches in this part of Flanders are anything from about
three to six feet deep, and their sides are cut down as straight and
smooth as a wall; in winter they are full to the brim with ice-cold
water, and their bottom is an unplumbed depth of mud of the
consistency of molasses and the tenacity of fish glue. From all of
which you will understand and appreciate the difficulty of rescuing
the trapped wagon and horse, although you will never, unless you
have experienced it, understand the wetness, the cold, the
exasperating stupidity of the horse, the monumental bulk and weight
and the passive resistance of a wet and mud-plastered wagon, the
bitter unpleasantness of the whole job.
Actually, although this may appear surprising, the salving of the
horse was a greater difficulty than the restoration of the wagon to the
road. The wagon had to be unloaded, it is true, but after that a plank
pushed sloping down under the wheel, a swarm of men clustering
and clutching on the wheels and tailing on a couple of drag-ropes,
brought the concern out with a rush. Then the team was hooked in
again and the wagon rolled off, and with a chorus of cries, of
scuffling hoofs, of grinding wheels, the column halted behind the
stalled wagons came to life and rumbled on their way. The horse
made a longer and more temper-raising job. Driver Jim Ruff, of the
A.S.C., had always had an inordinate pride in his wheelers, a liking
for them that in connection with a human would have been called
love, a belief in their intelligence that was beyond doubt. But that
night his pride had a muddy fall, his love a cooling off into
annoyance, his belief a staggering blow. ‘Golly,’ the ditched near-
wheeler, displayed a stupidity that, as Driver Ruff assured her, would
have disgraced ‘a mongrel mule,’ an indifference to helping herself,
and a calm resignation and acceptance of her fate that respectively,
and again in the words of Driver Ruff, ‘was more like a oyster than a
’orse’ and ‘might do for a bloomin’ padre, but wasn’t no use in the
A.S.C.’ Driver Ruff, at the first crash of catastrophe, had flung down
off his perch and was round at his wheelers’ heads in a flash,
unhooking ‘Wog,’ lying quietly on his side in the road and waiting for
assistance and instructions, and adjuring the struggling ‘Golly’ to
keep quiet an’ not make a fool of herself. ‘Golly’ took the advice so
completely that, having quietened, she refused—although the mud
clamped about her legs may have had something to do with it—to
move a limb thereafter. At first Ruff and the other drivers called to
assist tried to persuade her to get her fore-feet on the bank, then by
passing a drag-rope round her fore-legs tried to pull them from under
her and up on to firm ground. The only result was to upset her
balance and set her slowly sinking sideways until her body was
completely covered and only her neck and head were above water. It
began to look as if the horse must drown in a four- or five-foot ditch.
Meantime the wagon was man-handled along and into the side of
the road and the stream of vehicles resumed their interrupted march,
rumbling past a busy rescue party grouped at the ditch-side, working
in the light of a couple of lanterns with picks and spades and drag-
ropes, to extricate the sunken ‘Golly.’ At last a shelving cut was
made in the bank of the ditch, and Driver Ruff, already three parts
soaked with splashings and fumblings to fix a rope correctly about
his horse, completed the job and the soaking by plunging boldly into
the ditch and passing a couple of ropes under the mare’s body. A
string of men tailed on to the ropes, and at the word from an A.S.C.
officer who had taken charge of the proceedings threw their weight
into a regular tug-of-war heave, and hauled the animal out bodily on
to the shelving bank, up it, and on to the road.
It was after ten o’clock before the wheelers were hooked in and
the wagon swung into the traffic procession, with Driver Ruff soaked
and shivering on the box. In ten minutes he had to pull up again for
another block somewhere in the darkness ahead. He climbed down
and stamped to and fro for full thirty minutes. Then he went and
rummaged out a couple of box-lids he had been saving in his wagon
for firewood, and, always keeping a wary ear turned to the road for
the sound of callings and crunching wheels that would tell him the
transport was on the move again, jumped the ditch, hunted in the
darkness of a patch of wood, and managed to collect a small armful
of twigs and branches. He split his dry wood, built it up and lit it, his
fingers so numbed and shaking that he could scarcely fumble out a
match. Under the shelter of his cap—it was still drizzling fine rain—
he managed to get a brisk flame going, and when he had it burning
strong and bright piled his twigs and branches on it. The wood
hissed and sputtered, but caught at last, and tongues of flame began
to crackle up, throwing a cheerful radiance on the wet faces and
forms of the men who quickly crowded round and a most grateful
glow of life-giving warmth on Driver Ruff, crouched with chattering
teeth and blue lips close over the blaze. But before the fire had even
completely caught there came a distant shout, repeated along and
down the line, ‘Get mounted—get mounted,’ and the sound, far off at
first but rapidly coming nearer and nearer, of tramping hoof-beats,
scrunching wheels, and the rumble of moving wagons. The men
about the fire scattered and ran to their horses, and Ruff had no
choice but to leave his precious fire and run with them. The
procession started, wagon after wagon—and within two hundred
yards halted again. The disgusted Ruff had the mortification of
seeing his fire blazing up strongly and cheerfully and immediately
surrounded by a fresh crowd of the nearest men. It was too far to go
back, since the move might come again any minute, and anyhow
Ruff guessed the difficulty he would have in forcing a way to the front
of the dense ring about his own fire. He tried to wrap his wet coat
closer about him, and sat huddled and shivering on his seat for
another half-hour before the way was clear and the wagons crawled
on again.
It was nearly midnight when he dragged wearily into camp. He
took his horses’ bits out, slacked their girths, gave them generous
feeds, and when their nosebags were empty hung a net full of hay to
the point of the wagon-pole, and then went to the cook-house, where
he was given a mess-tin of soup and meat and a mug of hot tea.
These things finished to the last bite and drop, he, by special and
gracious favour of the cook, took off his soaking boots and hung his
wet jacket before the embers of the fire, sat himself beside it, and
dropped instantly into deep sleep. This, be it noted, was the only
sleep he had been able to have for some thirty-six hours. The night
before the column marched he had been out with his wagon drawing
rations from ‘Refilling Point,’ had been from 6 p.m. on the road,
waiting his turn for loading, moving up a wagon’s length at a time to
the loading-place, where, under the light of a couple of lanterns, men
were hacking up cheeses, dismembering sides of bacon, trundling
out boxes of bully and biscuits and tins of tea and sugar. Driver Ruff
had pulled out as soon as his wagon was loaded, waited for the
others to complete their loading, moved on to rejoin his unit with
them. Delays and checks on a road already, even at that early hour,
astir with traffic, had prevented their reaching the camping-ground
until about a couple of hours before the hour fixed to turn out on the
march, and that brief time had been fully occupied by Ruff, first in
watering and feeding and rubbing down his horses, and then in
getting his own breakfast, packing his kit for the road, and
harnessing up again.
Now, as may be imagined, he slept heavily, sitting huddled over
the half-dead fire, on this his second night out of bed, after a day of
wearying and strenuous work—and in case that be not properly
understood it may be remarked that sitting on the hard wooden seat
of a jolting wagon, bumping and jarring over a rough road, holding a
pair of ‘heavy draught’ horses and steering them with a constantly
needed care, hauling them up every few minutes, all these things are
actually tiring hard physical work.
But he only slept for half an hour. At the end of that time he was
shaken roughly awake and told to get a move on, and to fall in
outside the lines before hooking in his horses. He rose stiffly, sore in
every joint and aching in every limb as if he had been beaten and
bruised with a club. The fire was dead and he was chilled to the
marrow with the cold that had struck in from his wet clothes, with the
more miserable cold that comes out of late and insufficient sleep. He
shook like a man in the ague, and his teeth chattered as he thrust his
arms into the clammy dampness and coldness of his jacket’s clinging
sleeves. Putting on his boots was sheer torture. They were icy cold,
and the wet leather was stiff and hard as a board. Altogether he was
just about as miserable, cold, and uncomfortable as a man can be,
as he hobbled stiffly from the cook-house into the bitter rawness of
the winter morning. As he went out one of the cooks came in and
commenced to make up the fire, and it suddenly struck Driver Ruff
what a magnificent and enviable job a cook had, always messing
about with a warm fire and hot water and other of the pleasantest
things in life. The cook, roused from a warm straw bed in the cold of
one o’clock to light a fire with damp wood, probably held a different
opinion of the pleasures of his office. Ruff had three minutes with his
horses before the ‘Fall in’ was called. They whickered and nuzzled at
him, each jealously pushing the other’s head aside as he spoke to
them and rubbed their noses and pulled their ears. ‘After all, Golly,’
he said, ‘a cook don’t have horses; eh, Wog?’ and at that thought the
cook’s job lost its savour and a gleam of content warmed the driver’s
soul.
A figure suddenly appeared in the shape of lamp-illumined
breeches and boots and a blot of shadow above them, and his
sergeant spoke briskly: ‘Hullo, Ruff. Merry Christmas.’
‘Lumme!’ said Driver Ruff. ‘If I hadn’t clean forgot—same to you,
sergeant.’
‘An’ may we see the next at ’ome,’ said the sergeant. ‘Now what
about this pair o’ yours? Had a stiffish day yesterday, didn’t they?’
Ruff told him briefly but pungently the sort of day they had had and
the work they had done. He was so eloquent on their behalf—quite
omitting any mention of his own sorrows—that the sergeant
promised to manage it somehow that they’d get a light wagon-load
that day and the other wagons share the balance.
Driver Ruff began to feel the world not so bad a place after all, and
even the briefly outlined programme of the day’s work to begin at
once and keep on till evening did not cast him down. ‘They’ll do it
easy with a light load,’ he said cheerfully.
The ‘Fall in’ was called, and wondering rather at this unusual item
of the morning’s work, the men fell in at the end of the horse lines,
standing in an ankle-deep porridge of mud.
Their officer addressed them shortly, an N.C.O. beside him with a
lantern, and another with a handful of envelopes and a bundle of
cardboard boxes. The wagons, said the officer, would go to Refilling
Point, load, march together from there and rejoin the Division at their
new camp, separate there, and each take their rations to their own
units. And because he might not see them together again that day
he had paraded them then to wish them a happy Christmas and
good luck, and to give them a little present that had been sent out to
every man in the Expeditionary Force.
One by one the men received a photograph of the King and
Queen with a message written on the back, and a brass tobacco-box
containing tobacco and cigarettes and the Christmas wishes of
Princess Mary.
 ‘Bloomin’ ’andsome,’ said one driver admiringly. ‘I’m goin’ to send
mine ’ome to be kep’ for me. There’ll be bags o’ new troops out ’ere
in the spring, but we’ll allus ’ave these to show we was out wi’ the
first crush.’
‘My dad’s got ’is Queen’s chocolate box yet that she gave the first
lot out in S’th Africa,’ said Driver Ruff. ‘I’ll be upsides with ’im now.’
‘I been thinkin’ this week past,’ said a third, ‘that I never knew
anythin’ less like Christmas comin’. It seems more like it now
somehow.’
And so ‘somehow’ it did. One might hardly expect a handful of
men, turned out in the raw cold small hours of a winter morning,
standing in mud over their boots, with a long weary day’s work and a
bare half night’s uncomfortable sleep behind them, and another wet
and weary day ahead, to rise with any enthusiasm to a call for ‘three
cheers for the King and Queen.’ But they did it, the ‘H’ray’ leaping
eagerly and cheerfully close on the last sound of the word, of the
officer’s ‘Hip-hip-hip⸺.’
And Driver Ruff’s was the first and loudest and gayest voice of the
lot.
 INTO GERMANY ON THE EVE OF
WAR.
by w. e. de b. whittaker.
Early in 1914 there had been various schemes in being with the
object of crossing the Atlantic by aeroplane under the terms of a
prize offered by a London print. Two alone of these were in any way
practicable, one by an English retired naval officer on an aeroplane
provided at the expense of an American millionaire, and the other by
the late Mr. Gustav Hamel, who was to have flown from
Newfoundland on an English aeroplane, and who would have been
financed by English money. Mr. Hamel was drowned in the English
Channel on May 23, when the arrangements for the great flight were
in a very advanced stage. A few weeks later Mr. H. S. Keating came
forward and made private arrangements to take over part of the
organisation which had been brought together earlier in the year. He
intended himself to make the proposed attempt to fly from
Newfoundland to Ireland at his own expense. This personal
assumption of the burden of the entire cost made the attempt one of
pure sport without any hope of gain, as the expenditure must of
necessity very greatly exceed the amount of the prize offered.
Harry Sheehy Keating, an Irishman by birth, a one-time subaltern
in the Grenadier Guards, had spent a year or two in the United
States and in Mexico, during which period he had become an
aviator. Of an adventurous disposition, he welcomed any form of
sport or daring that would relieve the monotony of existence—before
the war.
The selection of an aeroplane on which to make the Atlantic flight
was a matter of no little difficulty. We heard that on July 10 Herr
Boehm had flown at Johannisthal on an Albatross biplane for twenty-
four hours twelve minutes without once alighting. We decided
therefore that we would go to Berlin and see what the Albatross
Company could do for us.
As we had neither of us travelled in Holland or Germany we
determined to motor from the Hook of Holland to Berlin and back.
The threat of war which by now filled all the London news sheets we
did not believe. ‘Wolf’ had been cried so often. The Sarajevo murder
and its immediate results would drift into history in company with
Fashoda and Agadir and no blood at all would be spilt.
An accident detained us on the way to Harwich, so that we missed
Saturday and Sunday’s boats, and only landed at the Hook in the
very early morning of Tuesday, July 27, and at once entered into a
fog of mystery which did not lift entirely until we reached the Hague
on our return journey on August 5. We neither of us knew a word of
the language of either country which we were to visit, and the daily
papers contained what were to us merely cabalistic symbols.
We crossed the German frontier a mile or two beyond Oldenzaal
and by dinner time we had reached Rheine. Here the weather
changed. The sun disappeared and a depressing soft rain began to
fall. We dined uncomfortably and wondered a little irritably why the
German people should be so excited. We knew no reason.
Anxious to reach Berlin with as little delay as possible we left
Rheine after dinner and drove through the darkness and pouring rain
and appalling roads towards Osnabruck. We had no windscreen and
the hood therefore became valueless. Keating with characteristic
determination drove while I crouched in the bottom of the car. Both of
us were drenched by the time we reached the Kaiserhof Hotel at
Osnabruck and the car was in a pitiful state. We felt that Germany
was giving us no adequate welcome. Our host, a man of charming
manners, told us that the mobilisation orders were about to be
issued, and that shortly the deceitful Russian would be taught a
lesson of value. We were asked, a little eagerly, if England would
assist, and those who listened were obviously disappointed when we
said we thought she would not interfere.
In the morning, as it still rained, we bought a large sheet of
celluloid as a substitute for the long-broken windscreen. At a later
date we bitterly regretted ever having seen or heard of this celluloid.
As the rain still fell we did not leave until the late afternoon, and
therefore did not get further than Minden when night fell. Both of us
were angry, chiefly owing to Keating’s total inability to read a route in
a Continental Guide, which was, in any case, quite inaccurate. Here
at Minden, where our ancestors had fought as allies with the
Germans in the year of victory, 1759, there were unmistakable signs
of approaching war. The hotel (Stadt London) was packed with
officers and their families eating a fond farewell lest on the morrow
the worst might come. Dinner passed to the clicking of heels and an
orgy of ceremonial salutes by officers who were about to bid good-
bye to ‘review-order’ for years to come.
In the streets the tramp of the troops, the clatter of horses’ hoofs,
and the rumble of iron-shod wheels continued throughout the night.
While here we learnt that Austria had on the day before declared war
on Serbia, and that soon the Emperor’s eagles would end all Balkan
troubles for all time.
On Thursday the weather cleared and the sun shone. We passed
through Hanover, where we bought tiny silk flags of the German
States with some faint idea of showing the people that we did not
really dislike them. In Brunswick we ate sandwiches and drank very
dark beer from huge china mugs while we sat in an old oak-panelled
hall with a high roof also of oak.
The bridge-keepers in Magdeburg took toll of us as we passed
through during the early afternoon in high hopes of reaching the
capital early in the evening. The road improved still more and there
was but little traffic to detain us. For long stretches our speed never
dropped much below sixty miles an hour. The gods seemed to be
smiling. We forgot the worries induced by the bad maps and the
German food and became for a space almost happy. When ten miles
from Brandenburg I tried to pass a large cart on the proper side and
promptly ran into it, with disastrous results to one of our front wheels
and to both head lamps. After changing the wheel we managed to
proceed, only to find when six miles from Potsdam and three miles
from the nearest garage that we had no more petrol. At the same
time a tyre gently subsided and our troubles were complete. At this
point our very frayed tempers collapsed entirely and we each
accused the other of being responsible for the existence of Germany
and all its ills! Mercifully all troubles come to an end in time and we
reached Potsdam before ten o’clock.
The Hotel Stadt Königsberg where we stayed was also full of
officers and those dependent on them. A curious note of suppressed
excitement was obvious to strangers like ourselves, though at the
time we were quite unable to account for it. Serbia was surely too
small to affect the German officer caste to such an extent.
The next day, July 31, a Friday, we left the car under repair at a
garage in Potsdam and went by train to Johannisthal through Berlin.
We saw the directors of two leading German aeronautical firms—the
Albatross and the L.V.G.—only to find that in neither case could they
undertake any work of the nature we desired, as they were far too
busy supplying aircraft to the German and Austrian Governments.
They would, they said, require at least six months in which to
complete any order. We, on the other hand, had only six weeks to
spare. The Albatross Company asked us to call again on the
following day in order that we might again meet the board of
directors. As nothing more could be done during the day we paid a
mark apiece and went into the public part of the aerodrome. No
military guard was to be seen save over the great Zeppelin shed,
which was empty, its usual tenant having flown to Posen the day
before.
While we waited we saw eleven Albatross biplanes leave for
Austria by air, piloted by Austrian officers, each accompanied by a
mechanic. The presence of very obvious organisation and the entire
absence of any excitement or confusion impressed us both. Clearly
German aeronautics had left the purely experimental stage, and the
aeroplane had become as much a part of military life as had the
motor-car years before. The method of construction and the degree
of finish of each machine showed the existence of a settled industry.
While until the beginning of the war the average English aeroplane
had the appearance of being the only one of its type, a step in a
series of experiments, the German aeroplane of the time was as
finished and complete as if it were one of a batch of a thousand. All
that was practically possible at that date was to be found on these
German machines which were so soon to test their prowess against
the English.
During dinner at Potsdam the head waiter stood in the middle of
the room and recited, amidst general enthusiasm, the speech the
Kaiser had delivered from the balcony of his palace in Berlin during
the afternoon. True patriotism was shown. The day had come and
the training and hopes of a century were to be put to the test at last.
After dinner we walked through the crowded streets and watched
the excited people snatch the single news sheets from the newsboys
as they passed along. Great masses of enthusiastic youth rushed
along the streets singing national songs, of which ‘Deutschland über
Alles’ was the most popular. The beautiful strains of the Austrian
National Anthem were often heard. Every officer who appeared from
any direction was cheered loudly, and even the police were not
unpopular on this night of nights. We, though we were obvious
foreigners and quite possible Englishmen, were not molested in any
way. Long after we had gone to bed the noise continued without
intermission, until even Keating lost some of his joyous enthusiasm
for war in his greater and more immediate desire for sleep.
Shortly before noon on Saturday, August 1, we again went to
Johannisthal, this time by car. We arrived at the aerodrome at about
half-past one o’clock and decided that, as our interview with the
directors of the Albatross Company was sure to be short, we would
have lunch on the way back to Berlin. It was a foolish decision, as
after events will show. We found sentries at every entrance to the
ground. By the small door leading into the garden in front of the
Albatross offices stood a German soldier in the service dress of a
regiment of the line. As we passed in he said something long in
German and seemed to wish to prevent our entry. Keating smiled,
which is not usual when one deals with German soldiers on duty,
and the sentry was too surprised to stop us. Once inside we were
met by the works manager, a Herr Huttney, who had learnt English in
the United States of America when acquiring merit in his early youth.
He took us before several of the directors of the company and we
again talked of the purchase of an aeroplane. There was an
atmosphere of restraint and suspicion which, in the light of later
knowledge, was not unnatural. Now we were told that no machine at
all could be sold to us for many months, as the army required them
all; ‘even,’ they said, ‘Austria will not be allowed to purchase more.’
Keating offered to buy an Albatross which we knew to be in England.
In reply we were shown a telegram from London saying that
aeroplane had just been commandeered by the Admiralty! This
incident was the first to bring home to us the possibility of Great
Britain joining in the new war. There was an unwieldiness about the
conversation that showed us they did not desire to do business with
us, and so after farewells we were conducted outside the boundaries
of the grounds by the works’ manager. Here to our amazement, and
at the time amusement, we found two soldiers, fully armed and
rationed, standing by the car. When I tried to start the engine, I was
pressed back gently by rifle and bayonet. Herr Huttney asked for
reasons and was told, or so he said, that an officer had been sent for
and until his arrival we could not leave. So, resignedly and hungrily,
for it was by now four o’clock and we had had no lunch, we sat in the
car with Herr Huttney as company. He, too, was not permitted to
leave, if his own statement was to be believed. For nearly two hours
we sat here waiting for the officer who did not come. At six o’clock
we were moved, under instructions from an N.C.O., to an open-air
guard-room by the Zeppelin shed and just inside the aerodrome
fence. Here our wait continued, relieved a little by some lager beer
and leberwurst sandwiches, brought by the kindness of one of our
guard. At dusk we were taken by two policemen in plain clothes
before the officer commanding the aerodrome, who had an
extemporised orderly room in the smaller dirigible shed. With him
were several subalterns of infantry and of the flying section of the
service. None of the officers in the room admitted to any knowledge
of English or French, and so Herr Huttney, who was still in semi-
arrest with us, had perforce to translate all that was said on either
side. A little later, while Keating was being cross-examined, I asked,
quite without malice, the officer nearest me whether he knew
London. Before he had had time to remember whether he knew
English or not he had answered clearly that Piccadilly Circus he did
not know but London it was so dull! After this slip he made no further
secret of his knowledge of English and talked freely.
The commandant, after asking our business and being told the
truth, was clearly sceptical. Finally, as he could get nothing from us
but what was true, he handed us over to the care of the two
policemen. We were ordered to proceed to the Central Police Office
in Berlin, and into our car, designed by the makers as a three-seater,
we crowded Herr Huttney, the two policemen, and ourselves.
Keating drove, and an hour later we found ourselves in a long dismal
corridor three storeys up in Berlin’s Scotland Yard. I was in the last
stage of depression, as Herr Huttney had just told us that he feared
we should not get less than five years’ detention as potential spies.
In addition we were hungry and cold. After a short wait we were
taken before a civilian official who, with the utmost courtesy, cross-
examined us. We were searched and all our belongings from my
German word-books to the remnants of a sandwich were laid
solemnly on the table. Some tiny films I had were developed rapidly
somewhere in the building. After an anxious examination, lasting
perhaps half an hour and which was conducted in a language of
which we did not know a word, we were released with the advice to
leave Berlin with as little delay as possible. As we left the room the
senior official said that he hoped our respective countries would
remain friendly for the salvation of the entire world.
We stayed the night at a quiet hotel in a street parallel to the Unter
den Linden and persuaded Herr Huttney to dine with us. He was
obviously ill at ease and left us as soon as could be done with
courtesy. Even our experience of the afternoon had not brought
home to us any real understanding of the true situation. We still
thought that we had been arrested as a matter of German habit, and
that all would be well in a week or so when the dangers of war had
again passed by. Our German guest was clearly, though we did not
know it at the time, unwilling to be seen in public with us. He left, and
weeks later we heard as a matter of rumour that he had met his
death at the hands of the authorities under suspicion of giving
assistance to enemy spies! It may not be so or we may not have
been the spies in question. One hopes not.
 At the Embassy we managed to borrow some money from the
military attaché and were given a passport on which, unfortunately,
both our names were entered. We were told that if we wished for
freedom we had better endeavour to leave Germany at once. When
we said we intended to motor to the Dutch frontier some doubt was
shown as to whether we should be permitted to travel far. Nobody
doubted for a moment what the end would be. War must come and
England would be in it.
At eleven o’clock we went to a garage and filled the car with
everything necessary for a non-stop journey to Holland, as we
realised that a stoppage on the road would probably become
permanent. The chief trouble was petrol, as an order restricting the
sale was expected at any moment. Consequently, while Keating
talked to the old caretaker by means of my phrase-book, I collected
petrol cans and put them under the dickey seat. Then, in order that
the car might not be seized, we drove away from the garage and left
the car outside the hotel for the rest of the night. Everybody,
including the police, was so excited that no complaint was made.
This settled, we went into a large restaurant organised on
American lines, where one paid a fixed sum on entering and then
helped oneself to any of dozens of different small dishes arranged
on stands. This place was thronged with people, who, with Teutonic
thoroughness, did not permit their excitement of the moment to
interfere with their meals. At first we were shy of speech, fearing our
English tongue would cause trouble. After a space we began to talk
and then, to our amazement, a man at the same table asked if we
were English and, hearing the truth, promptly became
embarrassingly pleasant and insisted on drinking our national health
in dark lager. Others to whom we spoke also showed signs of
pleasure and for a moment or two we were popular. Then for the first
time we learnt how keen the German people were at that time on an
effective naval and military alliance with England. From day to day
on our way to the coast we were to find this the general feeling.
We left the hotel at five on the morning of Sunday, August 2, and
drove out of Berlin by the Unter den Linden. The weather was
perfect, and with consequent optimism we hoped to reach Holland
before nightfall. No stop was to be made until the Dutch frontier had
been passed.
In Potsdam, as we passed through, all was calm. Patriotism is
very tiring. The streets were deserted and we drove through without
notice. All went well with us. The sun was shining and the road, at
this stage of the journey, was good. The next forty kilometres passed
at the rate of one a minute and before seven o’clock we were in
Brandenburg. Here ill-fortune again caught us up. As we crossed the
bridge over the Havel a tyre burst. We had no spare inner tube and
so Keating went to a garage near by in order to get replacements.
His speech revealed him a foreigner, the news spread rapidly and by
the time he returned to the car a large crowd had assembled round
us. At first we thought their interest to be mere curiosity, but we soon
saw that it was underlain by suspicion. To avoid them, and in order to
change tyres quickly, we drove the car into a narrow courtyard near
by and began work. The crowd increased and showed signs of
following us into the yard. At this point we closed the yard gates,
which were of iron scroll work covered with plate glass through which
our movements could be watched.
The mob still increased and its attitude was threatening. A man
whose house abutted on the yard, anxious as to the safety of his
property, sent for the police. Shortly afterwards a sergeant arrived
who, luckily, spoke English according to American practice. He had,
he told us immediately on arrival, been in San Francisco during the
earthquake, hence his knowledge of our language. From him we
learnt that the crowd in the road believed us to be Russian spies and
were taking measures to prevent our escape. At our request he sent
for an officer, to whom we explained our position. Though the latter
showed no signs of enthusiasm he believed our statement after
examining our passport and driving licence. He then left, telling his
sergeant to see us out of the town as soon as we were ready. After
the police interview the crowd melted away and we suffered no
further inconvenience.
By this time we were hungry and asked our friend the sergeant if
he could buy us food. A boy was sent for sausage sandwiches and
beer. We drank with the sergeant to the health of Great Britain and
Germany and to the confusion of the rest of the world. It is easy to
admire a nation when one is at its mercy. It is easier still when one
realises the magnificent patriotism and unity of purpose of that same
nation. When, the tyre fitted, it was time to leave, we endeavoured to
pay the small boy for the food he had brought, only to be stopped by
the sergeant, who said we were his guests and that he would not like
us to leave with a bad opinion of his country! Firm friends, we left
that sergeant with deep regret, as by now we knew our passage
through the country was not to be pleasant.
At Magdeburg we were stopped by the Customs after crossing the
bridge over the Elbe. We were made in full glare of the public eye to
demonstrate the innocence and inadequacy of our wardrobe. Here,
too, the roll of celluloid bought at Osnabruck came under suspicion.
The police argued that it could have no possible use on the car and
that it must be part of a photographic apparatus, the rest of which we
were wilfully concealing. After Keating’s wonderful use of my
incomprehensible phrase-book and many vivid gesticulations from
myself, the police pretended they understood and reluctantly let us
travel onwards.
From this place onwards our trouble intensified. So long as we
continued to move and showed no hesitation all was well, but no
sooner did we stop to examine a signpost at cross roads than we
would be surrounded by an excited mob of men and women armed
to the teeth with muskets that appeared to date from Waterloo and
with spades, picks, and pitchforks of a later date but of no less
sanguinary appearance. It was nervous work endeavouring to
explain ourselves to the local interpreter, probably the parish priest,
while any moment the varied contents of any of these guns might
shatter such brains as worry had left us.
From Hanover onwards we were stopped at practically every
village by patrols of the type described above. That these posts were
installed officially was obvious from the attempt at a uniform worn by
most of these men. At each place our papers were examined
laboriously by the padre or the leading shopkeeper, in each case
without much enlightenment, for in accordance with British insularity
our passport was entirely in English.
 From these causes our average speed dropped to eight miles an
hour, and our nerves began to show signs of weariness. One never
knew from one moment to another when we might be detained and
possibly killed in a fit of misplaced enthusiasm. We had heard, how I
cannot say, that no motoring was permitted after dark. Consequently,
as when darkness fell we had reached Minden, we decided to stay
the night at the Hotel Stadt London. This for the second time and
under such different conditions. On this day there was doubt whether
we should reach home again for years or, if an easy accident came,
perhaps never. The hotel was crowded with officers, this time mostly
in service kit. The dining-room rang with excited talk as to the future
and all were flushed with thoughts of the days to come.
As we dined we sent for a police officer, in order that by reporting
ourselves in time we should avoid delay in leaving on the following
morning. An officer arrived so speedily that we could not fail to
realise that he had been in waiting. We asked if we might leave at
dawn. He said courteously that as the Military Commandant wished
to see us at eight o’clock next day it would not be possible for us to
get away before breakfast. With courtesy he refused to drink with us
and with courtesy he bowed himself out. He was so pleasant that we
felt that our affairs had become more serious during the day.
Shortly after two o’clock I was awakened by the sound of marching
and the rumbling of wagons. From that hour onwards until dawn
battalion after battalion passed on its way to entrain for some battle
front as yet unrevealed to us. Shortly after dawn troops ceased to
pass for some hours and we were able to sleep again. During the
wakeful period we each discovered, as we found on comparing
notes next day, that a sentry was on duty in the corridor outside our
rooms.
The next morning we reported to the Commandant at his office,
taking the car with us in case we got immediate leave to proceed.
When we arrived we found the Commandant engaged and we had to
wait in an outer room with a schoolmaster who had been brought in
to act as our interpreter. While we sat here admiring a large
engraving of the picture of the German troops greeting Admiral
Seymour’s seamen in China (1900) hung on the wall over the door