Lighting Design

Steps
Lighting Design Steps
✓ Selection of luminaries in rooms using manual calculations or Dialux or Dialux evo.
✓ Wiring of luminaries in AutoCAD program.
✓ Adding lighting switches in room using AutoCAD program.
✓ Calculating all the loads in our lighting systems to add them to our panel.
✓ Selection of circuit breakers and cables.
Construction of
Lighting Fixture
Construction of Lighting Fixture

✓ Lamps, enclosure and distributer

Filament Lamps
 Filament Lamps: Incandescent
✓ An incandescent bulb works on the principle of incandescence that means light
produced by heat.
✓ In an incandescent bulb, an electric current is passed through a thin metal filament,
heating the filament until it glows and produces light.
✓ It has a CRI of 100 and yellow color.
✓ Sometimes used in decorations like chandeliers.
 Filament Lamps: Halogen
✓ They are known for high efficiency, quality of light, and high rated life compared to
regular incandescent lamps.
✓ In a typical incandescent lamp, tungsten slowly evaporates from the burning filament.
This causes blackening of the lamp, which decreases light output and reduces life.
✓ In halogen lamp, the tungsten filament evaporates by releasing particles.
✓ The evaporated tungsten combines with halogen gas within the glass envelope to create
tungsten – halogen molecule.
✓ When the halogen cools down, the tungsten molecule migrates back to the filament,
eliminating blackening of the glass envelope.
✓ This will lead to strengthening the filament, extending the life of the lamp and the
halogen gas is then free to start the cycle again.
✓ It has a CRI of 100 and yellow color.
✓ Can be used in automotive headlamps, under-cabinet lighting, and work lights, gallery,
shop and landscape.
Filament Lamps: Halogen
 Filament Lamps: Reflected
✓ Used in decoration.
Gas Discharge Lamps
 Gas Discharge Lamps: Fluorescent
✓ Fluorescent lamps work by ionizing mercury vapor in a glass tube.
✓ The electrons released from the cathode collide with the mercury atoms, which will lead
to transfer of energy causing ionization.
✓ When the electrons in the excited mercury atoms return to their ground state, this
causes electrons in the gas to emit photons at UV frequencies.
✓ The UV light is converted into standard visible light using a phosphor coating on the
inside of the tube.
✓ Fluorescent lamps produce white color and used in commercial lighting, industrial
lighting, classroom lighting, and retail lighting.
Gas Discharge Lamps: Compact Fluorescent
✓ This is for saving power with white color, it has two types integrated (screw base) and
nonintegrated (plug base) CFL.
✓ Compact fluorescents are being used in residential applications replacing incandescent
and halogen lights.
✓ Also, the nonintegrated type is used in spots.
High- and Low-Pressure
Sodium Lamps
 High Pressure Sodium
✓ High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps are part of the family of high intensity light bulbs that
put out large amounts of light generally needed for outdoor lighting like street lighting,
long tunnels lighting and security lighting.
✓ HPS produces an orange-white light commonly found in streetlights.
✓ This type of lamps has a low CRI of 25%.
 Low Pressure Sodium
✓ LPS usually used in the lighting of sub-streets, outdoor lighting of some parking areas and
bridge underpasses.
✓ This type of lamps has a low CRI of 45%.
High Pressure Mercury
and Metal Halide
Lamps
 High Pressure Mercury Vapour
✓ High-pressure mercury are used in lighting applications in streets, parking lots,
landscape lighting, factories and gymnasiums.
✓ This type of lamps has white color with a CRI of 45%.
 Metal Halide Lamps
✓ High-pressure mercury are used in lighting applications in factories, sports
areas and stadiums.
✓ Also, they can be used as spots in internal lighting of buildings such that the
height not less than 5 meters.
✓ This type of lamps with white color with a CRI of 70-90%.
LED Lighting
 LED Lighting
✓ LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, which produces light by passing the
electric current through a semiconducting material—the diode—which then
emits photons (light) through the principle of electroluminescence.
✓ LED lights do not rely on heat to produce its light means it runs cooler and is
much more energy-efficient than an incandescent light bulb
Advantages of LED Lighting
Advantages of LED Lighting
Advantages of LED Lighting
Types of Luminaries
 Surface Mounted Luminaire
✓ Surface mounted means that the luminaire will sit directly on top of the
surface you are mounting it to.
✓ Typically, this is the easiest mounting option and added to the top of the
concrete ceiling.
✓ This is used when height of room less than 3 meters.
 Recessed Mounted Luminaire
✓ Recessed mounted means that the luminaire is mounted directly to the false
ceiling or the recessed ceiling.
 Suspended Mounted Luminaire
✓ Suspended mounted means that the luminaire is suspended from the ceiling.
✓ This is used when the height is greater than 3 meters as in factories and malls.
 Wall and Floor Mounted Luminaires
✓ These types are used in decoration.
✓ Wall mounted has three types up, down, and up/down luminaries.
Types of Diffusers
 Diffuser or Distributer
✓ This is used to define the shape of the polar curve or the distribution of light.
✓ There are three main types, the prismatic, opal, and parabolic (mirror)
diffusers.
 Prismatic diffuser
✓ This is used in applications that require protection against dust and moisture.
✓ Prismatic diffusers are used for standard lighting applications.
✓ They are flame resistant and suitable for every commercial and domestic lighting
application.
 Opal diffuser
✓ The diffuser is made of opal glass with milky white color.
✓ Opal Diffusing Glass can be used to achieve a near Lambertian distribution.
✓ The level of diffusion in opal glass causes a large amount of scattering loss.
 Parabolic or Mirror diffuser
✓ This is used to distribute the light.
IP or Ingress
Protection
 IP or Ingress Protection
✓ The IP Code, or Ingress Protection Code is defined in IEC standard 60529 which
classifies the degree of protection provided by mechanical casings and electrical
enclosures against solids and water.
✓ The rating consists of the letters IP followed by two digits, the higher the number the
better the protection.
✓ Sometimes a number is replaced by X, which indicates that the enclosure is not rated
for that specification (0-6).
✓ First digit represents degree of protection against solids and second digit is degree of
protection against liquids (0-8).
✓ There can be also a third digit for protection against vibrations (0-9).
IP or Ingress Protection
IP Standard for Luminaries
✓ IP 20 is used in general applications like in office buildings, residential applications
etc.
✓ IP 43 or 44 used in applications with little moisture like kitchens due to vapor.
✓ IP 54 or 55 used in applications with more moisture like bathrooms and toilets.
✓ IP 67 used in outdoor applications like garage, landscapes, streets etc.
✓ IP 68 used in underwater applications like swimming pools.
Lux and Luminous
Flux
Luminous Flux (lumens)
✓ Luminous flux (symbol ϕ): The intensity of the light emitted by a source such as a
lamp or received by a surface, irrespective of direction.
✓ The unit of luminous flux is lumen (abbreviation lm): (A 100-watt incandescent lamp
emits about 1200 lumens.)
Illuminance measured in lux (lumens/m^2)
✓ Illuminance or illumination is measured in lux, this represents the light intensity per
unit area (m^2).
✓ lux represents the requirement of a room or an area, as an example a bathroom
needs 100 lux, a kitchen needs 300 lux, an office needs 500 lux.
✓ The value of lux required is obtained from the electrical code.
Work plane and
Flux
 Work plane
✓ Work plane is taken as zero if we are talking about a corridor or a shop, take it as 0.8
if we are talking about offices.
Average lux, max lux, and min lux
✓ Emin is minimum lux in the room, Emax is the maximum lux in the room, Eav is the
average lux in the room and equal to lux in code.
✓ Uniformity = Emin/Eav, this value is between 0.5 to 1.
✓ Eav should be equal to Erequired from code up to 15% of the Erequired value.
How to Obtain lux
from Codes?
How to Obtain lux from Code?
✓ The lux can be obtained from the IEC code
or international electrotechnical
commission, NEC or national electrical
code, or your country electrical code.
✓ Electrical code is an adoptable standard
for the safe installation of electrical
equipment and wiring, and establishes the
basis for electrical safety in industrial,
commercial, and residential buildings.
IECC(International Energy Conservation Code)
2021
✓ Note that Foot Candle
is lumens/ft^2
IECC(International Energy Conservation
Code) 2021
Color Rendering
Index CRI
Visible Light
How do we see objects?
Light source without the color of an object
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
✓ It is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reveal the
colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural
light source.
✓ High CRI leads to higher quality of light.
Color Rendering Index (CRI) Values
Low CRI
Low CRI
Different CRI
Comparison between different light
sources
Comparison between different light
sources
Comparison between different light
sources
 Polar Curve in
Fixture Selection
Polar Curve
✓ Polar curves are used to show the level of the intensity of the light bulbs at any
given point.
✓ The polar curve tells an engineer how light bulbs spread light across a room or
surface. This distribution may be narrow, wide, indirect or direct.
✓ The polar curve graph can be referred to as a polar luminous intensity graph.
✓ The “curve” is a visual guide to the distribution of light from the light bulbs. Lines
curve out from the fixed point to represent this distribution.
Polar Curve
Polar Curve
Polar Curve
Polar Curve
Two Polar Curves
 Color Temperature
in Fixture Selection
Color Temperature
Color Temperature
 Utilization and
Maintenance Factors
Utilization Factor
✓ The ratio of total lumens received on the working plane to the total lumens emitted
by the light source.
✓ UF = Lumens received on Working Plan / Lumens output of luminaires.
✓ The value of UF is between 0.4-0.6.

Maintenance Factor
✓ The ratio of illumination under normal working condition to the illumination when
everything is clean or new.
✓ M.F = Illumination under normal working conditions / Illumination when everything is
clean.
✓ Its value is between 0.6-0.8.
Lighting Design Using
Manual Calculations
Steps of Lighting Design
✓ Obtain the value of lux required in each room using the electrical code.
✓ Selection of luminaire according to the height of room, type of room, CRI, color
temperature, IP required, and polar curve.
✓ Find number of luminaries required.

✓ N = number of lamps required, E = illuminance level required (lux), A = area at

working plane height (m2), F = total luminous flux from lamps (lm), UF = utilization
factor, MF =maintenance factor.
Lighting Design of an Office Room (10mx10m)
✓ Lux of an office between 300-500 lux, usually we select it as 500 lux.
Lighting Design of an Office Room (10mx10m)
✓ IP required of the luminaire in an office is IP 20.

✓ IP 20 is used in general applications like in office buildings, residential applications

etc.
✓ IP 43 or 44 used in applications with little moisture like kitchens due to vapor.
✓ IP 54 or 55 used in applications with more moisture like bathrooms and toilets.
✓ IP 67 used in outdoor applications like garage, landscapes, streets etc.
✓ IP 68 used in underwater applications like swimming pools.
Lighting Design of an Office Room (10mx10m)

✓ Color temperature is white and its value between 4000-5000 K.

✓ CRI is usually not less than 80 in order to see objects with their real colors.
Lighting Design of an Office Room (10mx10m)

✓ Polar curve of the following shape can be obtained using opal or mirror diffuser.
Lighting Design of an Office Room (10mx10m)

✓ According to the architect, since we are in an office building and there is an HVAC
system, then the type of celling is false celling or recessed ceiling.
✓ The selected luminaire is TBS165 with 1200 lumens.
✓ Fluorescent lamp for a 14-watt lamp is between 840-1400 lumens.
✓ Total lumens for TBS165 is 4*1200 =4800 lumens.
Lighting Design of an Office Room (10mx10m)

✓ E = 500 lux, A = 100 m2, F = 4800 lm, UF = 0.5, MF

= 0.8.
✓ By substituting in equation, the number of
luminaries required is 23.1 which is approximated
to 23 or 24.
✓ Usually, we select a number which is not prime.
So, number of luminaries is 24.
𝑁∗𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
✓ Number of luminaries in length = = 4.9
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
which is approximated to 5.
𝑁∗𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
✓ Number of luminaries in width = = 4.9
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
which is approximated to 5.
 Lighting Design of an Office Room (10mx10m)
✓ Distance between luminaries in length
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
=𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2 m.
✓ Distance between luminaries in width
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
=𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ= 2 m.
Important Notes
✓ The Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR) is the
spacing between luminaires divided by their height
above the horizontal reference plane.
✓ Recommended SHR is 1:2 and this value can be
specified by the manufacturers.
✓ SHR should not exceed unity.
✓ The space between luminaries should be double the
distance between a luminaire and the wall.