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GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN
MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH
A PALGRAVE AND IAMCR SERIES
Digital
Inequalities
in the
Global South
Edited by
Massimo Ragnedda
Anna Gladkova
IAMCR
AIECS
AIERI
Global Transformations in Media
and Communication Research - A Palgrave
and IAMCR Series
Series Editors
Marjan de Bruin
HARP, Mona Campus
The University of the West Indies
Mona, Jamaica
Claudia Padovani
SPGI
University of Padova
Padova, Italy
The International Association for Media and Communications Research
(IAMCR) has been, for over 50 years, a focal point and unique platform
for academic debate and discussion on a variety of topics and issues
generated by its many thematic Sections and Working groups (see
http://iamcr.org/) This new series specifically links to the intellectual
capital of the IAMCR and offers more systematic and comprehensive
opportunities for the publication of key research and debates. It will
provide a forum for collective knowledge production and exchange
through trans-disciplinary contributions. In the current phase of glo-
balizing processes and increasing interactions, the series will provide a
space to rethink those very categories of space and place, time and
geography through which communication studies has evolved, thus
contributing to identifying and refining concepts, theories and methods
with which to explore the diverse realities of communication in a chang-
ing world. Its central aim is to provide a platform for knowledge
exchange from different geo-cultural contexts. Books in the series will
contribute diverse and plural perspectives on communication develop-
ments including from outside the Anglo-speaking world which is much
needed in today’s globalized world in order to make sense of the com-
plexities and intercultural challenges communication studies are facing.
Digital Inequalities in
the Global South
Editors
Massimo Ragnedda Anna Gladkova
Northumbria University Faculty of Journalism
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Lomonosov Moscow State University
Moscow, Russia
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1 Introduction 1
Massimo Ragnedda and Anna Gladkova
v
vi Contents
Index369
Notes on Contributors
ix
x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
co-founder and steering board member of the Center for Wireless Innovation
Norway and Mobile Monday Norway, the Norway section of the worldwide
community for nerds and professionals in mobile services.
Duygu Özsoy is Assistant Professor of Communications in the
Department of Radio, Television and Cinema at Atatürk University
(Erzurum, Turkey). Her research focuses on Internet studies and digital
technologies, particularly as applied to Turkey’s non-Western
modernization process and transformation through globalization.
Danica Radovanović is a digital inclusion advisor and senior researcher
at the Basic Internet Foundation. She is a PhD Chevening Scholar, Oxford
Internet Institute, University of Oxford, and a doctorate graduate from
the Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad. Her work focuses on social
media, digital inclusion and digital literacy skills programs, and
Internet governance and strategies.
Massimo Ragnedda is Senior Lecturer in Mass Communication at
Northumbria University, UK, where he conducts research on the digital
divide and social media. He is co-vice chair of the Digital Divide Working
Group (IAMCR).
Padma Rani Professor and Director, Manipal Institute of
Communication, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
Olga Smirnova Associate Professor, Head of Periodical Press, Faculty of
Journalism, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Mohammad Sahid Ullah is a professor in the Department of
Communication and Journalism at the University of Chittagong,
Bangladesh. He has more than 50 academic publications and book
chapters on new media and public engagement, journalism education,
media laws, communication and social change, political economy, and
empowerment. His work has been published in the International
Communication Gazette, South Asia Research, Asia-Pacific Media
Educator, Journalism Studies, Journal of Science Communication, and
Media Asia. Ullah was the best paper winner in the first World Journalism
Education Congress (WJEC) in 2007, worked as SAGE-Tejeswar Singh
Memorial Fellow and visiting scholar at Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore, and Jonkoping University, Sweden. Ullah holds a PhD from
the School of Media and Arts, University of Queensland, Australia and
served Co and Vice Chairs of the Law Section of the International
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
xv
xvi List of Figures
xvii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
M. Ragnedda (*)
Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
e-mail: massimo.ragnedda@northumbria.ac.uk
A. Gladkova
Faculty of Journalism, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
to the so-called third level of the digital divide (Ragnedda 2017), namely,
the different capacity/ability to fully exploit the Internet and to transform
its use into tangible outcomes. The third level of the digital divide, there-
fore, ‘relate to gaps in individuals’ capacity to translate their internet access
and use into favorable offline outcomes’ (Van Deursen and Helsper 2015:
30). Such inequalities in the social benefits of using the Internet are grow-
ing everywhere but especially in the Global South. This book, therefore,
fits into the lively debate, opened by the advent of ICTs, on inequalities in
access (first level of the digital divide), uses (second level of the digital
divide), and outcomes generated online and valuable in the social realm
(third level of the digital divide).
Digital Inequalities in the Global South focuses on social, cultural, and
economic consequences of digital inequalities where the majority of the
world’s people now live (Asia, Africa, and Latin America). These commu-
nities are at a distinct disadvantage when digital technologies are intro-
duced (Boas et al. 2005), specifically in terms of participation and types of
digital engagement. Since more and more activities and public services
moved online, those who are excluded tend to miss the opportunities
offered by the advent of the Internet. The main idea in this book, there-
fore, is to underline, with specific case studies, how marginalized commu-
nities are now attempting to participate in the information age, despite
high costs and the lack of relevant content and technological support.
How are these barriers preventing (or limiting) disadvantaged communi-
ties from using computers and the Internet? Is the Global South still at risk
of being left behind? How has the Global South changed in the last years?
How is the Global South facing these challenges?
The rapid progress of the digital technologies’ infrastructure is crucial
for countries seeking to combat poverty and exclusion and guarantee basic
services. The development of ICTs opens new opportunities to attain
higher levels of progress and growth and may help in creating an
environment that fosters innovation, nurtures science, empowers active
citizens, and spurs business growth and has become a priority for
developing countries. However, these advantages are often overemphasized
and seem the reflection of the Western gaze in relation to peripheral
societies. The Global South is caught in a growing paradox. On the one
hand, rapid technological advancement is fostering economic prosperity,
creating greater communication and information possibilities, and helping
in fighting for democracy. On the other hand, not everybody is enjoying
the possibilities offered by digital technologies, and digital inequalities are
1 INTRODUCTION 3
— Vai sillä tavalla, mies, nytpä olet joutunut kiikkiin! Käsität asian
heti vakavalta kannalta, lyömättä sitä ollenkaan leikiksi.
— Olet itse puhunut niin vakavasti, ettei näytä olevan syytä ruveta
laskemaan leikkiä.
— Hyvä olisi, jos niin olisin tehnyt, vastasi v. Nit — mutta — lisäsi
hän empien — mutta enpä ole sinua pettänyt.
*****
Pastori, joka oli hyvin mieltynyt soittoon, vaikka ei itse ollut sitä
harjoittanut, ei tähän saakka ollut siitä Stellan kanssa keskustellut.
Mutta nyt hän oikein innostui, kuvitellessaan kuinka ihanaa olisi
kuulla Stellan laulavan kitaran säestyksellä ja lupasi heti hankkia
sellaisen. Sillä vaikka Stella olisi pyytänyt häneltä vieläkin
tarpeettomampaa kapinetta, niin hän ei olisi hennonut sitä kieltää.
Kaunis ilma oli pettänyt pastorin, niin ettei hän kotona ollut tullut
sanoneeksi, että häntä lähetettäisiin hevosella noutamaan, jos
sattuisi sade tulemaan. Eikä hänen tehnyt mieli pyytää hevosta
vapaaherraltakaan, koska tiesi hänet hyvin araksi hevostensa
puolesta. Kun vapaaherra sisälle palattuaan suvaitsi ehdottaa, että
he jäisivät sinne yöksi, niin ei siis hänellä eikä Stellalla ollut mitään
sitä vastaan.
Loppu iltaa kului erittäin hauskasti. Vapaaherra esiintyi niin
kohteliaasti ja huvittavasti, että hänen läsnäolonsa ei enää tuntunut
ensinkään painostavalta. Stella ei tullut hyväksi ystäväksi
ainoastansa pikku Ullan ja Solmun, vaan myös Aleksin kanssa,
vaikka tämä, kuten kaikki neljän-, viidentoista vaiheilla olevat pojat,
suuresti ujosteli nuoria naisia. Stella käyttäytyi niin iloisesti ja
kainostelematta, ikäänkuin ei hänelle olisi johtunut mieleenkään,
mikä suuri ero oli hänen oman, tietämättömän syntyperänsä ja
näiden lasten korkean sukuperän välillä. Ja varmaa on, ettei hän
tullut sitä muistaneeksikaan.
— En juuri pelkääkään.
— Niin saatkin, pikku Ulla. Kas niin, Stella, riisu nyt ja suutele
minun sijastani Ullaa. Vaikka voinhan itsekin sen tehdä. Hyvää yötä!
Yleensä Stella vaipui uneen hyvin pian, saatikka sitten nyt, kun
hän oli kävellyt niin pitkän matkan. Kotona hän tavallisesti paneutui
maata jo yhdeksän ja kymmenen välillä, ja nyt oli kello jo kymmenen.
Pian hän näki unta kauniista, valkoisista enkeleistä, jotka olivat
hänen vieressään nukkuvaa pikku enkeliä vielä ihanammat.