Exercise 1
Read the following information from a tourist guide book, and then answer the questions
opposite page
TRAVELLING IN EGY
MuSEUM OF ART
Badr is a very expressive artist who
paints and sculpts works of village
people in everyday life. His distinctive
style has won him foreign admirers and
he has had successful exhibitions
throughout Europe as well as in Cairo.
His museum is the showpiece of the
town of AI Farafra and you should be
sure to go there. His most recent
addition to the museum is a desert
garden.
WELL NUMBER Six
s A popularstop on most itineraries is
Well Number Six, a sulphurous hot
spring just six kilometres from Al
Farafra. Hot water gushes from a pipe
into a small concrete pool. This is a
great place for a night time soak
under the stars and you can also camp
there. However, a hotel is under
construction on the nearby hill and
camping may soon no longer be possible.
ROMAN SPRING
This Roman spring, known as Ain
Bishoi, bubbles forth on a small hill to
the north west of the Al Farafra
Tourist Rest House. The area has
been developed into a grove of date
palms together with citrus, olives,
apricots arnd carob trees, and is a cool
p l a c e in the middle of the dry
4
landscape. Several families look after
the crops here so you should seek
someone out and ask permission
before wandering around.
WH1TE DESERT
The White Desert is a region of
blinding white rock formations
shaped by wind erosion. As you SP
approach the rocks they take on
strange forms; you can make out
ostriches, camels, hawks and other unusual
shapes. They are best viewed at sunrise or
sunset, when the sun turns the chalk from
white to pink and orange, or under a full
moon, which gives the landscape a
ghostly appearance.
About twenty kilometres from Al
Farafra you can see the first rock
4
formations on the south side of the
road. There is a bus service which will take
you as far as the small rock formations. If
you have your own transport. you can
drive a regular vehicle for the first
kilometre or so off the road but only a
four-wheel-drive vehicle if you want
to advance deeper into the area.
Some travellers leave the bus and
walk off into the desert to explore. This
is not advisable, but if you do so, be sure
to take adequate supplies with you, and
remember that traffic either way is not
very heavy
(a) What is worth visiting in the town of Al Farafra?

(b) What can you do at Well Number Six? Give two details.

************ ***

********°********

(c) What can be found north west of the Al Farafra Tourist Rest House?

(d) Why should you get permission before walking amongst the trees at Ain Bishoi?

*******e******e*****************************e*************************************e******e*******************************

(e) What is the ideal time to look at the rock formations of the White Desert? Give two
details.

( What vehicle should you travel in if you want to go deep into the White Desert?

[Total: 61
Exercise 2

Read the following article about how human activity is threatening the natural world, and the.
the questions on the opposite page.

MAKE ROOM FOR ALL SPECIES

Humans have more than doubled in number in half a century and that is why there is
less room for other species. People are taking other species' living space to grow their
food and taking other species' food to feed themselves. People are exploiting nature
trading in it and squeezing it to the edge of existence and beyond. Often the choice
is hard: should money be spent on saving species or on feeding people?
Recently the World Conservation Union said that more than 12.000 species faced the
risk of extinction. This includes one bird in eight, 13% of the world's flowering plants and
25% of all mammals.
Trees help humans by absorbing carbon dioxide: this is the main greenhouse gas
given off by human activity. Many other species help keep humans alive. They purify
water, fix nitrogen, recycle nutrients and waste, and plinate crops. Plants and
bacteria cary out photosynthesis, which produces the oxygen we breathe.
Number of endangered species
1000-
800
600
400
200
AustIndonesi
U S ralia a
Bra
SouthAfrica
Mexic
exc chin
Philippines
Inda
p h j a p a

Tropical cone snails contain toxins which may well be able to treat some forms of
cancer and heart problems. One toxin may be a thousand times more powerful for pain
relief than the drug morphine. But millions of cone nais are now killed annually for their
shells and their habitats are under threat. Most conservation effort aims at protecting
birds and mammals, creatures like the panda. Yet it could be said that little species are
just as important, like soil microbes, for example. They're the least known species of all.
Nature has its own design and human beings should respect this. In the Amazon
Rainforest, for example, brazil nuts grow extremely well but an experiment to produce
them in plantations failed because the trees only produce a good crop in the forest.
Take them out of the forest and they will not produce nuts. Even worse, people are not
just removing individual species from the region, they are destroying the entire forest.
Researchers estimate that by 2020 less than 5% of it will remain untouched. By the
same date it is thought that about 20% of central Africa's forests will have gone, and
the forests of Indonesia are also disappearing fast.
Some species are not disappearing. In 1953 there were about 2.5 billion human
beings, now there are more than 6 billion. However, humans must realise that
ensuring other species keep their living space is essential it is the only way
that we too will ensure survival.
 5

(a) What is the main reason why other species are under threat of extinction?

sss**************ssSssssssessBBpssssesBsssBss********s******ss******s*******ss**************s*******s*******sBpspesssBBBpssp

(b) What could money be spent on? Give two options.

**************s* ******.*************.**** ********* ******************** ***.***********s*

(c) What do plants and trees do that is essential to human life? Give two details

[2
(d) Why might it be impossible to use cone snails to treat cancer patients? Give two
reasonsS.

************************** *********************e*****

************* 2

(e) According to the diagram, in which country are there 400 endangered species?

[11

( Why were no brazil nuts produced on plantations?

(9) How much of the Amazon Rainforest will still be unaffected by human activity in 2020?

(h) What evidence is there that at present humans are not facing extinction?

aaanasasaassumnanaaanassaaanaanusasnnanannaanasssaamaassaan aanaaanasa *aaanennaaannsnssananannaaasannaaaaa aaaaaaan

[Total: 10]1
Exercise 1: Travelling in Egypt

(a) (Badr's) Museum (of Art)/desert garden

(b) soak (under the stars/enioy hot water pool/camp TWO FOR ONE MARK [
(c) A (Roman) spring/Ain Bishoila grove of date palms, etc. 11

(d) Several families look after crops/trees (there) (1

(e) sunrise/sunset/under a full moon TWO POINTS NEEDED

( 4-wheel-drive (vehicle) 1

Total: 61

Exercise 2: Make room for all Species

(a) humans more than doubled in number/people taking other species' living spacel food

(b) saving species AND feeding people BOTH FOR ONE MARK

(c) produce oxygen/photosynthesise

absorb carbon dioxide 121

(d) snail is being killed (for shell)

snails' habitat under threat (21

(e) Indonesia
1
(trees need to be in the forest/trees only produce a good crop in the forest

( ) less than 5% 1

(h) population growing/in 1953 2.5 billion humans, now 6 billion

Total: 10]
Exercise 1 The Great Barrier Reef

(a) 60 kilometres off eastern coast of Australia

do not accept cost' or 'coast

(b) meals AND talks from marine experts (both points needed for 1 mark) [1
tolerate any mention of snorkeling or scuba diving equipment if both required points are
present

(c) glass bottom boat(s)

(d) (plenty of) sunlight

tolerate mention of grows near the surface' if required point is present

(e) not a strong swimmer/ the water is shallow / float on (sparkling blue) sea / look down on
(orange and white striped) clownfish (any one for 1 mark)

( closer) to the reef

(offer) full range of activities/full range of entertainment 11
do not credit 'accommodation' as an answer but tolerate as additional unnecessary
information

Total: 6]
Exercise 2 The nest hunters of Tam Yai

(a) it hardens (quickly)

(b) can be sold for thousands of dollars / because of their value / are sold for lots of money

(c) China do not accept 'Chinese

(d) (it contains a large area with) statues of Buddha(s)
do not accept 'status' or 'statutes' for 'statues'

(e) hundreds of metres above the ground / dangerous bamboo poles

they rarely use safety equipment/ if they fall they will die (instantly)
(Any two from four for 1 mark3 1

( twice as much (doubled) / half as much in 1968/ more expensive (higher) / increased
Example: the price in 1968 was 2000, in 2008 4000 which is twice as much'= 1 mark

g amed guards at the entrance

(strict) laws to prevent illegal hunting
(strict) laws to ensure proper collecting OR laws to ensure collecting at corecttime of vear
(Any two from three, 1 mark each detail) (21
the idea of taws' must be mentioned at least once, for example, laws to prevent illegal
hunting and to ensure proper collecting' = 2 marks

(h) (has a value in) prolonging life I prescribed for people suffering from skin conditions OR lung
disease OR breathing problems accept general terms e.g. llness, 'diseases

() the other ingredients/ meat and coconut

Total: 10]
 2
Exercise 1
Read
the following
opposite page.
article about the Great Barrier Reef, and then
The Great Barrier Reef
Australia's Great Barier Reef is one of
the world's most outstanding natural
wonders. The main part of the Barrier
Reef lies some 60 kilometres off the
easterm coast of Australia, and it takes 90
minutes by speed boat to reach it
The open sea
Many cruise companies offer trips to the
Reef, and the cost generaly includes
meals and talks from marine
experts as well as snorkelling
and scuba diving equipment.
For an extra charge,
larger tour operators
also offer small
glass-bottom boats, which
provide you with a magnificent
glimpse of underwater life without
having to get your feet wet.
You can easily learn the basic skills of
snorkelling. especially if you are
accompanied on a "snorkelling safari" by
experts in marine biology. They will give
you fascinating insights into coral life.
Coral needs plenty of sunlight and grows
near the surface, so you may just be
satisffed with snorkelling on, or just below,
the surface, if you don't want to
scuba-dive.
But scuba-diving is an exciting experience
and well worth the effort. Once you are
underwater. you can see around 400
varieties of coral as well as thousands of
fish species, and larger creatures such as
answer the questions
turtles or dolphins. Reef sharks are also a
common sight - they a r e t h e SIZe of a
human but relatively harmless.
Shallow waters
If you are not a strong swimmer, take a
tour that brings you to a coral island
rather than the open sea. There you can
float on the sparkling blue sea and look
down on orange and white striped
clownfish that swim slowly over the top of
the coral
On land
Most of the islands that form the Barrier
Reef are covered in rainforest, and many
are now national parks. Here you wi find
colourful butterflies and lizards. Heron
Island is particularty well-known for its
migrating green turtles, which arrive
bebween November and March and lay
their eggs in the sand.
They are quite
nappy to do this
even though the
beach is very close to
human habitation.
Finally, 26 of the islands offer
accommodation and provide a good
alternative to staying on the mainland. It
means that you are closer to the Reef
itself (althaugh it is still a boat journey
away). and the islands offer a full range of
activities for those wanting to be
entertained on land as well as under
water.
(a) Where exactly is the Great Barrier Reef?7

****************

(b) Apart from equipment for water sports, what is included in the price of a trip to the
Reef? Give two details
*****"**
***************** *******
******

*** *************

(c) How can you watch underwater life and still remain dry?

**************************

(d) What is essential for the growth of coral?

*********************.

(o)Why might people prefer to visit a coral island rather than the open sea?

*************

( What is an advantage of staying on one of the islands?

Total: 6
Exercise 2

Read the following article about men who hunt for birds' nests in caves in Thailand, and thena
the questions on the opposite page.

The nest hunters of Tam Yai

Swiftlets are shy birds that make their nests in the remotest corners of deep caves. They have the ablity
to fly fast and straight like arrows around the interior of the cave walls. Like some other birds, they buld
their nests with their saliva, the juicy liquid from their own mouths. This juice hardens quickly to make a
small nest, shaped like a cup. These nests are called "white gold", because they can be sold for
thousands of dollars in the Chinese food markets. It is these nests for which the hunters of Tam Yal are
prepared to risk their lives.

Tam Yal cave in southern Thailand is the largest network of caves inside a limestone mountain, known as
Suwan Kuha, meaning "cave temple". It has been given this name because it contains a large area
decorated with statues of Buddhas. High above the statues, in the far corners of the cave complex, is
where the nests to be
are
found.
The nest hunters climb barefoot up dangerous bamboo poles hundreds of metres above the ground to
collect these valuable nests. They rarely use safety equipment, and if they fal, they will die instantly.
These nests can only be reached by the bravest and most skilled climbers, and they are often only able
to reach the highest nests with the ald of a stick and a net.

Prices of birds" nests over the past 60 years

5000
4000
Price (in dollars)
of birds' nests
3000
per kilogram 2000-
1000

1948 1968 1988 2008 2028

Dates (in years)
Nest hunting is a skill passed down in families from father to son. Because of the profits that can be
made, the competition among rival climbers is fierce. There are armed guards at the entrance to the
cave to protect the nests from thieves. In Tam Yai, there are also strict laws to prevent llegal hunting
and to ensure proper collecting, or "harvesting, of the nests. As a result, the birds are a protected
species and the number of swiftlets is growing. Nest harvesting begins in March and if the harvest is
collected at the corect time of year, each swiftlet will lay eggs three times a season. Once the young
birds have hatched and flown, the nests can be collected and sold to the Chinese food industry as the
vital Ingredient in bird's nest sOup.

The recipe for the highly valued bird's nest soup is centuries old, and the soup is sald to have a value in
prolonging life. Chinese doctors often prescribe it for people who are suffering from skin conditions, lung
disease and breathing problems.

It is important to prepare the nests thoroughly when they arrive in the restaurant kitchens. Firstly they are
washed, soaked and boiled until they have a soft, rubber-like texture. Then they are mixed with meat
and coconut and all the ingredients are cooked together. The nest itsef is not delicious, in fact it has
hardly any taste. As one Chinese chef says: "It is the other ingredlents which give the sOup its flavour.
The nest is soft and crunchy, and when you prepare it you must be careful to remove all traces of the
bird, such as bones or feathers. This is because Chinese people appreciate the way it feels in their
mouth rather than the taste and smell."

It is an exotic dish in a multi-million dollar market. The nests themselves are smal; they weigh less than 10
grams and measure just a few centimetres. But for the nest hunters the risks are great indeed.
(a) What happens to the saliva when the birds build their nests ?

***************** *****as*******

(b) Why do the hunters take such great risks to collect the nests?
(11

(c) Which country buys most of the birds' nests?

******
* *

(d) Why is Suwan Kuha regarded as a temple?

** ****
*******

(e) What makes the job of nest hunting particularly dangerous? Give two details.

******" *

() According to the graph, how does the price of birds' nests in 2008 compare to that of
1968?

(g) How is the business of nest hunting in Tam Yai controlled? Give two details.

*********

(h) How is bird's nest soup important for health?

() How does the soup get its taste?

*********a*********a**
1

[Total: 10]
You are going to read a newspaper article about someone who collects dolls. For
Questions 8-14, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to
the text.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
The doll collector
This is the real star of the collection, says
Cynthia Lole, wide eyes shining, holding up a 12
cm-high pink plastic doll to my face. It looks
much the same as the hundred or so other pink
plastic dolls arranged round the walls of her tiny
west London flat. But not to Cynthia. 'Look! It's
a boy!' she cries. 'I was so excited when I found
it. All Cynthia's other dolls are girls. Not girls
in pretty dresses with blinking eyes and lots of
hair, though. She collects kewpie dolls rubber
dolls with pointed heads and round faces that
have been manufactured in various countries
throughout the world for nearly a century.
Over the past five years or so she has gathered
together big ones and little ones, sitting-up ones
and lying-down ones, crying kewpies, crawling
kewpies, kewpies sucking their thumbs. There's
a large 1930s kewpie, a rare black kewpie with
no eyes, key-ring kewpies from Japan, a kewpie
box whose head lifts off as the lid. They've all
got slightly different expressions because they
are of different ages and come from different
countries,' she explains. This one's sweet, isn't
she? She's Italian, she says picking up a
particularly attractive example with a cute smile
and a round stomach.
In every shade of pink from strawberry ice-
cream to flesh, the dolls form a six-deep guard
on wall shelves in Cynthia Lole's spare
bedroom. Ninety pairs of painted eyes seem to
turn on you as you pass the door - they're not
exactly threatening, but Cynthia says she's had
business visitors drop their briefcases open-
mouthed at the sight of them. The rarest
examples are behind glass in the bathroom-tiny
kewpies no more than four centimetres high
from the 1920s. The very earliest ones were
made from porcelain, but Cynthia's collection
doesn't go back that far: 'It's a fun thing, so I
84
don't want to spend big money. Most of these
cost very little, although I did pay rather more for
the boy
As with most collections, Cynthia's started
with just one: a very ordinary example she
bought in a local London market. "Then I found a
few more, and before I knew it, the dealers were
saving them for me and people were buying me
them as presents. She had about 25 or so before
she became a serious collector. 'I brought home
this bright pink light from a film l'd been
working on, and when I put it on in the bedroom,
all the kewpies' eyes lit up and their heads started
glowing. I thought- yeah!- I'm going to have a
whole shelf of them with a light behind."
Now Cynthia hunts down kewpies
wherever
she goes, from local street markets and specialist
doll dealers to work trips abroad, from
Philadelphia to Portugal, with her job making
pop videos. Quick as a flash, she can remember
the origin of each: "That one l found in New York
just as I was leaving to catch a plane. There it was
for only a dollar. And that dear little one in the
red suit a friend found in San Francisco.
Kewpie dolls are the most recent of Cynthia's
addictions, but the flat is a monument to a
lifetime of collecting. She began in her
childhood, probably as a reaction against her
parents, who hated having lots of unnecessary
things around and would say things like: "Why
do you need another vase if you've already got
one?
In the early days it was just cardboard boxes,
but she started collecting seriously when she
moved to London to work and discovered the
street markets. One of her interests is old
advertising signs and she also collects things
from the videos she has worked on - a model
1950s plane hangs from the ceiling and there is a
rubber octopus on the television. 1960s pop
music plays on a 1954 jukebox machine that had
 to be brought in through the window when she sighs. It's not only moving house- I've been
Cynthia moved here six years ago - she'd got the warned I could never have a cleaner because it
measurements of the hall wrong and they even would take them hours just to dust and as for the
had to remove the window frame. "Being such an dolls, they'd probably take one look and resign on
enthusiastic collector does have its drawbacks,' the spot.
8 What is the writer's first impression of Cynthia's dolls?
A They are mostly girls.
B They al look very similar.
C They have a lot of hair.
D They are very old.

9 What does the writer leam from Cynthia about kewpie dolls?
A They were originally children's toys.
B Their faces differ in detail.
C The best ones come from ltaly.
D Older examples are often damaged.

10 How does Cynthia display most of her dolls?

A She protects them from visitors.
B She keeps frightening ones by the door.
C She has a glass case in her bedroom.
D She displays them all around her flat.

11 How did Cynthia begin collecting dolls?

A She bought a boy doll in London.
B She started with porcelain dolls.
C She found a doll in a market.
D She was given a doll as a present.

12 When did Cynthia become a serious doll collector?

A when she saw how the dolls looked lit up
B when she started working on pop videos
Cwhen she began travelling on business
D when she found a specialist doll dealer

13 How did Cynthia's background influence her choice of hobby?

A Her parents gave her dolls.
B She started collecting vases.
C Her family discouraged collecting.
D She was surrounded by unnecessary objects.

14 What problems do Cynthia's collections cause?

A Moving around her flat is difficult.
B The cleaner has threatened to resign.
C There is not room to display everything.
D She has problems when she moves house.

85
Part 2
8 B 9 B 10 D 11 C 12 A 13 C 14 D
 Part 2
You are going to read an extract from a book about collecting animals for zoos. For
Questions 8-14, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to
the text.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
ONANY collecting trip, obtaining the animals
is, as a rule, the simplest part of the job. As
soon as the local people discover that you are
willing to buy live wild creatures, the stuff comes
pouring in; ninety per cent is, of course, the
commoner types, but they do bring an occasional
rarity. If you want the really rare stuft, you
generally have to go out and find it yourself, but
while you are devoting your time to this you can
be sure that all the common local animals will be
brought in to you. So one might also say that
getting the animals is easy: the really hard part is
keeping them once you have got them.
The chief difñculty you have when you have
got a newly caught animal is not so much the
shock it might be suffering, but the fact that
being caught forces it to exist close to a creature
it regards as an enemy of the worst possible sort:
yourself. On many occasions an animal may take
beautifully to being in a cage but getting used to
the idea of living with people is another matter.
This is the difñculty you can only deal with by
patience and kindness. For month after month
an animal may try to bite you every time you
approach its cage, until you despair of ever
making a favourable impression on it. Then, one
day, sometimes without any preliminary
warning, it will trot forward and take food ffrom
your hand, or allow you to tickle it behind the
ears. At such moments you feel that all the
waiting in the world was worthwhile.
Feeding, of course, is one of your main
problems. Not only must you have a fairly
extensive knowledge of what each animal eats
in the wild state, but you have to work out
something else when the natural food is
unavailable, and then teach your animal to eat it.
32
You also have to provide for their individual likes
and dislikes, which vary enormously. I have
known a rat which, refusing all normal rat food-
fruit, bread, vegetables- lived for three days on
an exclusive diet of spaghetti. I have had a group
of five monkeys, of the same age and types, who
displayed the oddest individual characteristics.
Out of the five, two loved hard-boiled eggs, while
the other three were frightened of the strange
white shapes and would not touch them, actualy
screaming in fear if you put such a terrifying
object as a hard-boiled egg into their cage. These
five monkeys all adored oranges but, whereas
four would carefully peel their fruit and throw
away the skin, the fth would peel his orange
equally carefully and then throw away the
orange and eat the peel. When you have a
collection of several hundred creatures all
displaying such curious characteristics, you are
sometimes driven mad in your efforts to satisfy
their desires, and so keep them healthy and
happy.
But of all the irritating tasks that you have to
undertake during a collecting trip, bringing the
baby animals up by hand is undoubtedly the
worst. To begin with, they are generally stupid
over takinga bottle and there is nothing quite so
unattractive as strugging with a baby animal in
a sea of warm milk. And then they have to be
kept warm, especially at night, and this means
(unless you take them to bed with you, which is
often the answer) you have to get up several
times during the night to refill hot-water bottles.
After a hard day's work, to drag yourself out of
bed at three in the morning to see to hot-water
bottles is an ocupation that soon loses its
charm.
8 What does the writer say about getting hold of animals?
A The best solution is to collect most of them yourself.
B Dealing with local collectors takes a lot of time.
C Collecting large numbers of animals is usually no problem.
D Local people may not understand how rare some animals are.

9 What is the main problem with an animal that has just been caught?
A Itis frightened to be near humans.
B It has been badly shocked by its experience.
C t does not like being with other animals.
D It will try to break out of its cage.

10 How does the writer treat new animals in his collection?

A He keeps away from those that bite.
B He tries to build up a relationship with them.
c He feeds them by hand every day.
D He keeps them separate for several months.

11 How does the writer make sure the animals have a good diet?
A He collects food for them from their natural home.
B He gives them a variety of fruit, bread and vegetables.
C He mixes food they dislike in with their favourites.
D He finds alternatives to their natural food if necessary.

12 What do we learn about the five monkeys?

A Some of them did not want eggs in their cage.
B One of them did not know how to peel an orange.
C Some of them were too frightened to eat anything.
D One of them threw his orange at the others.

13 The writer says that with a large collection of animals, it is

A impossible to keep them all in cages.
B a problem to control their natural curiosity.
C crazy to expect them all to be healthy.
D hard work to give each one what it wants.

14 What problem does the writer have at night?

A Hehas to work with the baby animals until 3 a.m.
B He keeps the baby animals' cages in his bedroom.
CHe has to keep getting up to look after the babies.
D The babies have to be given regular warm drinks.
Part 2
8 C 9 A 10 B 11 1D 12 A 13 D 14 C
You are going to read four extracts from articles in which experts give their views on climate
change. For questions 37-40, choose from the experts A-D. The experts may be chosen more
than once.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Can We Reduce Climate Change?

Four experts give their views on whether it is possible
to mitigate the effects of global climate change.

A The extreme weather conditions experienced in recent years are a clear indication that global warming is
underway, and that future climate patterns will certainly follow the trajectory predicted unless measures
are taken to lessen the impact of fossil fuel use. And yet the scenario is not as hopeless as many fear.
Figures shoOw that nations which are undergoing rapid economic growth are indeed causing a sizeable
upsurge in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the present time. However, the GHG per person of
these regions is currently still far below that of much of the world, and with their adoption of increasingly
efficient technologies, it is unlikely that their GHG per person will ever equal that of Europe or North
America. Indeed, my view is that the growing pace of scientific advancement will eventually find the
means to mitigate and even reverse the consequences of climate change.

B There is no doubt that increasing industrialisation has had a measurable impact on GHG emissions,
with consequences for climate and the environment. As for the future, however, even the most expert
calculations are no more than speculation. What is more, even if the situation were to reach the
catastrophic proportions that some foresee, this will not herald the end of life on earth as we know it.
here have been many great climatic variations throughout history, and life forms have always adapted
and survived. Isee no reason why this period of change should be any different. And in the shorter term,
it seems likely that GHG emissions will soon stabilise. The technologies to harness wind, wave and solar
power have been in place for many years now, and as ol and gas become ever scarcer, markets will
inevitably switch to more efficient and renewable resources.

C Despite recommendations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, only a handful of
cOuntries have achieved any reduction in GHG emissions in recent years, while many developing
cOuntries have massively increased their fossil fuel use and hence their GHG emissions. It also seems
probable that these levels will go on rising for decades, eclipsing any potential reductions elsewhere in
the world. And while some sceptics question the accuracy of climate change forecasting, one cannot
ignore the fact that most models produce strikingly similar results. This, to my mind, is evidence enough
that something should be done. The potential consequences of failing to heed the warning signs is
another question entirely. Even if it is too late to reverse the effects of global warming, I believe that the
natural environment, and all ts complex relationships, may eventually modify to cope with the changes.
The earth is more resilient than we think.

D One only has to look at the world's GHG levels to realise that climate change is a real and urgent issue.
Forecasts made in previous decades - anticipating hurricanes, floods and record temperatures have

proved correct, indicating that models of future trends are also likely to be accurate. Countries becoming
newly industrialised are producing GHG emissions to such an extent as to erode all other countries' efforts
to stabilise the world's temperature. This situation is likely to continue for some years yet. Thus, from
melting polar caps to devastated rainforests and rising sea levels, our environment and the ecosystems
they support are in grave danger. The key to averting potential catastrophe, I feel, lies in human ingenuity.
For
example, more efficient coal power stations already generate a third less emissions than conventional
ones. Man has engineered this situation, and has the capacity - and incentive - to devise inventions to
confront it.
Which expert

expresses a different opinion from C about the extent to which fossil fuels will 37
continue to be used?

has a different view from D on the contribution of developing countries to climate S8

change?
holds a different view from all the other experts on the reliability of climate 39
change predictions?
has the same view as B about whether ecosystems will adjust to the 40
consequences of climate change?
You are going to read four extracts from articles in which scientists give their views on zoos. For
questions 37-40, choose from the scientists A-D. The scientists may be chosen more than once.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Role of Zoos

A I'm very well aware of the downsides of maintaining wild animals in captivity, but the fact that they're far
from ideal for the particular specimens which are unfortunate enough to be held captive doesn't mean
that zoos can't help wildlife in general. Those who would like them all to close should remember that
many people can't afford to go and see animals in their natural habitat. I condemn completely the practice
of having animals such as dolphins and monkeys put on shows for visitors, but having one of the zoo
keepers give a short talk on an animal while children look at it is an excellent way of teaching them about
wildlife. Furthermore, zoos, particularly the bigger, more famous ones, have become leaders in projects
Such as the reintroduction of captive-born animals to the wild, which are boosting efforts to save those
threatened with extinction.
B Having worked in many different zoos over the years, I have developed something of an ambivalent
attitude towards them. Zoos have always been in the entertainment business, and as long as the animals
are not suffering, and the tricks they are asked to cary out are activities they would do naturally, that's
fine. This doesn't mean, however, that I like seeing animals in cages. Animals in zo0s are plagued with
mental and behavioural problems which lead to a drastically shortened life expectancy. Far more could
be done to improve their quality of life, but unfortunately, many boards and directors see their zoos as a
community resource similar to the local pooil or library, and fail to consider the needs of the animals when
it comes to allocating budgets.

C The work that zoos do on a global level to co-ordinate population management of endangered species
has made a real diference. One notable success in this area is the case of the Californian condor, for
instance. Having said that, I still question whether we should be keeping animals in zoos at all. In recent
decades, huge sums have been spent on improving the habitats of animals at many zoos, but ultimately
we have to accept that an encloSure, however stimulating, isn't the right place for a wild creature. If we
have to keep animals in captivity, then surely safari parks, in which the humans are enclosed in vehicles,
while the animals roam free, are a better alternative. Additionally, by setting wildlife in a more natural
environment, they provide real opportunities for visitors to develop their understanding of the animals,
which is a claim I have never believed when it's made by zoos.

D limagine that many of the strongest critics of zoos rarely set foot in one, but I would urge them to take
another look. Entry charges are high, but when you look at the first-class facilities for both visitors and
animals, you can see that the money is being used wisely. Zoo animals across the globe now live in
conditions which closely resemble their natural habitat and allow them to behave in as natural a way as
possible. It's unfortunate that, despite making these changes, some zoos have chosen to continue the
practice of having animals perform for the crowds. These distasteful displays have no place in modern
society. The emphasis now needs to be firmly on the well-being of animals not just those in zoos, but
also those whose continued existence in the wild is in question. This is an area where zoos could do much
more to make use of their considerable expertise.
Which scientist

has a different opinion from A on whether traditional zoos serve an educational

37
purpose?
has the same opinion as A on using zoo animals as a form of entertainment?

shares an opinion with A on the contribution that zoos make to conservation?

has a different opinion from D on the financial choices which zoo managers 40
make?
Part6
37 B 38 A 39 B 40 C
Part 6
37 C 38 D 39 C 40 B