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5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry 2023 Elite Student Edition John Moore full chapter instant download
5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry 2023 Elite Student Edition John Moore full chapter instant download
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5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry 2022 John T. Moore
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ISBN: 978-1-26-448414-0
MHID: 1-26-448414-3
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TERMS OF USE
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Introduction: The Five-Step Program
ELITE
STUDENT
EDITION 5 Minutes to a 5
180 Activities and Questions in 5 Minutes a Day
Appendixes
Pre-AP Diagnostic Exam
SI Units
Balancing Redox Equations Using the Ion-Electron
Method
Common Ions
Bibliography
Websites
Glossary
Avoiding “Stupid” Mistakes on the Free-Response
Section
Exam Resources
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more advanced in civilisation than the former. By this enactment, a
Koblegian or a Varangian was compelled to take an oath where such
a test was required, but a Slavonian was exempted. It would
therefore appear, if the conclusion may be safely ventured upon, that
judicial combats, which formed the final appeal when a defendant in
a cause acquitted himself in the first instance by a solemn oath, were
not adopted amongst the Slavs, who were satisfied with a public
examination of facts, and an adjudication, without the sacred or the
physical test. It is sufficient, however, for the great uses of historical
inquiry, to know that a difference so remarkable between two
branches of the people was recognised and confirmed by law.
One of the most important declarations of the code was that which
divided the population into three classes—the nobles, the freemen,
and the slaves. Of these three, the slaves alone were left
unprotected. The freemen, who were fenced in from the
encroachments of the nobles, were composed of the citizens, the
farmers, the landholders, and hired servants. They were sub-
classified into centuries, each of which elected a head, who filled an
office equivalent to that of a tribune. The civil magistracy, thus
created, had a separate guard of their own, and were placed, in
virtue of their office, on an equality with the boyars. The city of
Novgorod, which maintained, under a nominal princedom, the spirit
of a republic, exhibited these municipal franchises in a more
complete form than any of the Russian cities; all of which, however,
possessed similar privileges, more or less modified according to their
relative importance, or the circumstances under which their charters
were granted. The chief of the Novgorodian republic was a prince of
the blood; the title of his office was that of Namestnick. He took no
share in the deliberations of the people, nor does it appear that he
even possessed a veto upon their decisions. His oath of instalment
bound him as the slave rather than the governor of the city; for it
pledged him to govern agreeably to the constitution as he found it; to
appoint none but Novgorodian magistrates in the provinces, and
even these to be previously approved of by the Posadnick or mayor;
to respect strictly the exclusive rights possessed by the citizens
sitting in judgment on their own order, of imposing their own taxes,
and of carrying on commerce at their own discretion; to interdict his
boyars from acquiring landed property within the villages dependent
on Novgorod, and to oblige them to travel at their private cost; to
discourage immigration; and never to cause a Novgorodian to be
arrested for debt. A princedom, accepted on such restrictive
conditions, was but the shadow of a sceptre, as the municipal union
of the legislative and judicial abundantly proved. The first officer was
the Posadnick, or mayor, chosen by election for a limited time; the
next was the Tisiatski, or tribune, who was a popular check upon the
prince and mayor; and the rest of the functionaries consisted of the
senate, the city assembly, and the boyars, all of whom were elective.
By the electoral system, the people preserved a constant guard over
the fidelity of their representatives in the senate, and their officers of
justice; so that, while the three grades propounded by law were kept
widely apart, and socially distinguished, the prerogatives of each
were rigidly protected against innovation from the other two. All that
this little republic required to render its security perfect, was liberty. It
was based upon a system of slavery, and sustained its dominion
more by fear than righteousness. Nor was it independent of control,
although all its domestic concerns were uninterruptedly transacted
within its own confines. It was an appanage of the grand princedom;
but on account of its fortunate geographical position on the northern
and northwestern frontiers, which were distant from the capital—a
circumstance that delegated to Novgorod the defence of those
remote boundaries—it acquired a degree of political importance that
preserved it for four centuries against the cupidity of the succession
of despots that occupied the throne. The removal of the seat of
empire from Kiev to Vladimir, and finally to Moscow, by drawing the
centre nearer to Novgorod, diminished its power by degrees, and
finally absorbed it altogether.
One of the enactments of the code of Iaroslav will show what
advances had been made towards the segregation of the people into
different orders, and how much the government partook, or was
likely to partake, of a mixed form, in which a monarchical, an
hereditary, and a representative estate were combined. It made the
prince the heir-at-law of every freeman who died without male issue,
with the exception of the boyars and officers of the royal guard. By
this regulation the prerogative of the crown was rendered
paramount, while the hereditary rights of property were preserved
unconditionally to the families of the nobles alone. A class of rich
patricians was thus formed and protected, to represent, by virtue of
birth, the interests of property; while commerce and popular
privileges were fully represented in the assembly of the elected
senators. The checks and balances of this system were pretty equal;
so that, if the constitution of which these outlines were the elements,
had been allowed to accumulate strength and to become
consolidated by time, it would at last have resolved itself into a liberal
and powerful form; the semi-savage usages with which it was
encrusted would have dropped away, and wiser institutions have
grown up in their stead.
So clearly were the popular benefits of the laws defined, that the
code regulated the maximum demand which the proprietor of the soil
might exact from his tenant; and it neither enforced taxation, nor
recognised corporal punishment, nor in the composition of a
pecuniary mulct admitted any distinction between the Varangians
and the Slavs, who formed the aristocracy and the democracy. The
prince neither possessed revenue nor levied taxes. He subsisted on
the fines he imposed for infractions of law, on the tributes he
received from his estates, on the voluntary offerings of the people,
and the produce of such property as had fallen to the private title of
the sovereignty. Even the tribute was not compulsory; it was rather a
right derived from prescription. The only dependence of the lords of
fiefs was in that they were compelled to render military service when
required to the grand prince; and it was expected that they should
come numerously attended, well armed, and provisioned. The tribute
was the mark of conquest, and was not considered to imply taxation.
But while the monarchical principle was thus kept within
proscribed limits, the power of the democracy was not sufficiently
curbed: over both there was a check, but the hands of the prince
were bound too tightly. His dominion was despotic, because he was
surrounded by men devoted to his will; but the dominion of the
people was boundless, because opinion was only in its rickety
infancy, and the resistance to the offending prince lay in the
demonstration of physical superiority instead of moral combination.
They never hesitated to avail themselves of their numerical
advantage. They even carried it to extravagance and licentiousness;
and so much did they exult in their strength, that they regulated the
hours at which the sovereign was permitted to enjoy relaxation,
punished the obnoxious heads of the church by summary ejectment,
and in several instances, taking the charter of law into their own
keeping, deposed their princes. The checks, therefore, established in
Iaroslav’s wise convention between the government and the
constituency were overborne by the rudeness of the times.
That the period had arrived when laws were necessary to the
settlement of the empire, was sufficiently testified by the
circumstances, external and domestic, in which the people were
placed. The adoption of Christianity had partially appeased the old
passion for aggression against Constantinople, which, having now
become the metropolis of their religion, was regarded with some
degree of veneration by the Russians. A war of plundering
Byzantium, therefore, could not be entertained with any prospect of
success. The extension of the empire under Vladimir left little to be
coveted beyond the frontiers, which spread to the east, north and
south as far as even the wild grasp of the lawless tribes of the
forests could embrace. To the west, the Russians had ceased to look
for prey, since Boleslav, by his easy conquest of Kiev, had
demonstrated the strength of Poland. Having acquired as much as
they could, and having next, in the absence of warlike expeditions
abroad, occupied themselves with ruthless feuds at home, they
came at length to consider the necessity of consulting the security of
possessions acquired at so much cost, and so often risked by civil
broils. This was the time for a code of laws. But unfortunately there
still existed too many remains of the barbarian era, to render the
introduction of legal restraints a matter easy of accomplishment. The
jealousy of Greek superiority survived the admission of the Greek
religion. The longing after power still inspired the petty chiefs; and
hopeless dreams of larger dominion wherewith to bribe the
discontented, and provide for the hirelings of the state, still troubled
the repose of the sovereign. The throne stood in a plain surrounded
by forests, from whence issued, as the rage propelled them, hordes
of newly reclaimed savages, pressing extraordinary demands, or
threatening with ferocious violence the dawning institutions of
civilisation. In such a position, it was not only impossible to advance
steadily, but to maintain the ground already gained.
FOOTNOTES
CIVIL WARS
Vsevolod
Iziaslav was succeeded by Vsevolod, whose
[1078-1093 a.d.] reign (1078-1093) was even more unfortunate
than his brother’s had been. He too favoured his
own sons and those of Iziaslav at the expense of his other nephews
and in consequence the sons of Sviatoslav and Igor and of his
nephew Rostislav waged against him unremitting warfare with the
aid of the Polovtsi and Chazars, who wasted the country. Vsevolod’s
attempt in 1084 to conquer Tmoutorakan, the breeding-place of
revolts, failed miserably. Finally even Iaropolk, the son of Iziaslav,
who had received so many favours from his uncle, revolted against
him and was assassinated during the war. In those days of turmoil
and confusion, even old Vseslav ventured forth once more from
Polotsk and plundered Smolensk. The grand prince was ill most of
the time at Kiev and the conduct of his affairs lay in the hands of his
son Vladimir Monomakh.
Sviatopolk