INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY BELAGAVI
Internship Training Report
On
“CNC Operation and Programming”
Submitted by
VIJIN VINOD
USN: 1AY18ME079
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
Acharya Dr.Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Road, Bangalore-560 107
2021-2022
ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli Bengaluru 560 107
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the seminar report entitled “CNC Operation and Programming” carried out by
Mr. VIJIN VINOD (1AY18ME079), a bonafide student of Acharya Institute of Technology
in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2021-2022. It is certified
that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
Report deposited in the departmental library. The seminar report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Internship Training report prescribed for the
said Degree.
Prof. Akshaya Simha Dr. Attel Manjunath

Signature of guide Signature of the HOD
Prof. Vinod Kumar C S

Signature of Coordinator
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the sanctum of “Acharya Institute of Technology”, the temple of learning, for
providing an excellent platform to pursue our project work in good spirit. I would like to sincerely
thank our President Mr. B.M. Reddy for encouraging us.
I would like to express our gratitude to our honorable chairman Mr. B. Premnath Reddy, Acharya
Institutes for all his initiatives and for providing us a congenial atmosphere for study. I would like
to thank our beloved Principal Dr. Prakash M R, in particular for the excellent facilities provided
in the college.
My deep and profound gratitude to Dr. Attel Manjunath, our beloved Head, Department of
Mechanical Engineering. I am thankful to him for the constant moral support and encouragement
extended during the study of this seminar topic.
My heartfelt thanks to Professor Akshaya Simha, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his
invaluable guidance and inspirational encouragement and constructive suggestions for the
betterment of the work.
I thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of our Department of Mechanical Engineering for
their constant support. I am thankful to my beloved parents who have motivated and installed
confidence in me.
Finally, I am thankful to all those that have helped me directly and indirectly during this work.
NAME: VIJIN VINOD
USN: 1AY18ME079
I
DECLARATION
We would sincerely like to thank VTU-National Academy for Skill Development, Dandeli , for
giving us an opportunity to work and learn as interns. It was great experience learning from the
expertise in the industry.
Our sincere thanks to Balavant K. Patil, Manohar S. Kankatri and Vinay M Kalkundrikar ,
for guiding us throughout the internship period.
It was a very good exposure with automated machineries indeed. Lastly, we would like to
extend our thanks to all the staff members of the company for co-ordinating and encouraging us
to learn new things and to all the members who supported us to successfully complete the
internship training
Date:24/05/2022
Place: Bengaluru
VIJIN VINOD
(1AY18ME066)
DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU
II
A
BSTRACT
VTU- National Academy for Skill Development is a noble initiative of Visvesveraya

Technological University to cater the present need of skill requirement in India. India today is
in a serious need of skilled workforce.
In order to position India in global ranking it is very much required to produce skilled and job
ready employee. The Prime Minister of India dream and urged of making India as a skilled
nation. And various holistic steps and action has been initiated. Responding to the call of Skill
India initiative the VTU-NASD has been established in Dandeli District of Karnataka.
Spread in 26 acres of landscape with advance infrastructure of global standards, the skill
development centre aims at introducing certain valuable training courses and programmes to
enhance the employability and bridge the gap between academics and Industry. VTU-NASD
aims to provide training courses to the needy youths of Karnataka and India in whole, in the
lines of National Skill Development Corporation.The primary mission of the academy is to
conduct a broad based multidisciplinary programme in various Industrial Technical Fields,
directed towards the development of skills and trades and to become a world class training
centre that represents specialized trade training programs in alignment with the Industry
requirements across the globe.
VTU-NASD has been supported by the Government of Karnataka. The course and curriculum
has been designed with the consultation of industry experts. The support driven from industry is
unparalleled. The centre has a team of well qualified and dedicated trainer. All
programs/courses follow training standards that are demand oriented and directly imply a close
relationship with industry..The advantage of the VTU-NASD is in assisting jobs in the respected
domain to industries after the completion of course.
II
I
CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 6
CHAPTER-2: NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC ) 7
CHAPTER-3: CNC PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS 8-11
CHAPTER-4: G-CODES AND M-CODES 9-16
CHAPTER-5: TURNING BASIC OPERATION 17-21
CHAPTER-6: CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM 22-24
CHAPTER-7: TERMS IN PROGRAMMING 25-26
CHAPTER-8: MILLING BASIC OPERATION 27-28
CHAPTER-9: METROLOGY 29-39
LEARNING OUTCOMES 40
CONCLUSION 41
REFERENCES 42
VTU-NASD INTERNSHIP REPORT 2021-2022
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
A large variety of components is manufactured
• In industries and every component has its own geometric parameters and hence
different machining requirements.
• For meeting the machining requirements of different components a single NC

system cannot give optimum results. So the CNC machines are designed to meet
specific requirements to make them cost effective.
HISTORY OF NC
• 1940 ------------- John T Parason.
• 1952 ------------- 1st NC Machine Released.
• NC machine was born because of an urgent need of John C. Parson’s Corporation,

a manufacturer of helicopter rotor blades could not make templates fast enough.
• So in 1947 he invented a way of coupling computer equipment with Jig borer. Mr.
parson used punched cards to operate this Digitron system.
Growth of NC
• 1955 to 1960 --- 500 NC Machine Installed in USA.
• Till The middle of 60’s Russia, Japan, UK, West Germany were for behind USA
in production of NC m/c tools.
• 1947 was the year in which the NC machines born.
• In 1955 about seven companies had tape controlled machines exhibited at the
machine tool show. In 1960 according to the American machinist, there were one
hundred NC machines at the machine tool show in Chicago.
• 1965 – 1970 Computer Introduced.
• 1990 – CAD /CAM Software introduced.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore Page 6

CHAPTER-2
NUMERICAL CONTROL(CNC)
NUMERICAL CONTROL:
Competition between manufacturing firms is increasingly dictated by quality, cost,

variety and. Servicing. Achieving the highest possible efficiency in manufacturing can
only produce each one of these attributes of a successful product. The variety being
demanded in view of the varying tastes of the consumer calls for very small batch
sizes. Small batch sizes will not be able to take advantage of the mass production
techniques such as special purpose machines or transfer lines. Hence, the need for
flexible automation is felt, where you not only get the benefits of rigid automation but
are also able to vary the products manufactured thus bringing in the flexibility.
Numerical Control fits the bill perfectly and we would see that manufacturing would
increasingly be dependent on Numerical Control (NC) in future.
Computer Numerical Control:
CNC Machining is a process used in the manufacturing sector that involves the use of
computers to control machine tools. Tools that can be controlled in this manner
include lathes mills, routers and grinders. The NC in CNC Machining[stands for
Computer Numerical Control]

CHAPTER-3
CNC PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
All the machine tools make use of the Cartesian coordinate system for the sake of
simplicity. The guiding coordinate system followed for designating the axes is the
familiar right hand coordinate system. The main axes to be designated are the
rectangular axes and the rotary axes. Typical right-handed coordinate system is shown
in Fig. 1. One could use his right hand to arrive at these alternate variable positions of
the same right hand coordinate system
Fig. 1. Right Hand Coordinate Systems

Designating the Axes
First axis to be identified is the Z-axis. This is then followed by the X and Y-axes
respectively.
+Z
+X
(a) Axis Designation for Horizontal Z
(b) Axis Designation for Vertical
Fig. 1 Finding Directions in a Right Hand Co-ordinate System and also the Positive
Directions for Rotary Motions

Z-axis and Motion
Location The Z-axis motion is either along the spindle axis or parallel to the spindle
axis. In the case of machine without a spindle such as shapers and planers, it is
identified as the one perpendicular to the work-holding surface, which may or may not
be passing through the controlled point (e.g. the cutting tool tip in case of shaper).
Direction The tool moving away from the work holding surface towards the cutting
tool is designated as the positive Z direction. This means in a drilling machine the drill
moving into the work piece is the negative (-) Z direction. This helps in reducing the
possible accidents because of wrong part program entry in the coordinate signs. When
there are several spindles and slide ways. In such cases, one of the spindles, preferably
the one perpendicular to the work-holding surface may be chosen as the 42 principal
spindle. The primary Z motion is then near to the primary spindle. The tool motions of
other spindle quills or other slides, i which are termed as secondary and tertiary
motions, may be designated as U, V, W and P, Q, R respectively.
For other machines the positive (+) Z motion increases the clearance between the
work surface and the tool-holder. The designation of Z-axis is demonstrated in Fig. 1
for a vertical axis milling; machine.
X-axis and Motion
The X-axis is the principal motion direction in the positioning plane of the cutting tool
or the work piece. Location It is perpendicular to the Z-axis and should be horizontal
and parallel to the work- holding surface wherever possible.
Direction When looking from the principal spindle to the column, the positive (+) X
is to the Right. For turning machines, it is radial and parallel to the cross slide. X is
positive when the tool recedes from the axis of rotation of the work piece. For other
machine tools, the X-axis is parallel to and positive along the principle direction of
movement of the cutting or the guided point.

Fig.2. Vertical Axis Milling Machine or Machining Centre
Y-axis and Motion
It is perpendicular to both X and Z-axes and the direction are identified by the right
hand Cartesian coordinate system.

CHAPTER-4
G-CODES AND M-CODES
CNC Milling G Code List
G DESCRIPTION
CODE
G00 Rapid traverse
G01 Linear interpolation
G02 Circular interpolation CW
G03 Circular interpolation CCW
G04 Dwell
G17 X Y plane selection
G18 Z X plane selection
G19 Y Z plane selection
G28 Return to reference position
G30 2nd, 3rd and 4th reference position

return
G40 Cutter compensation cancel
G41 Cutter compensation left
G42 Cutter compensation right
G43 Tool length compensation + direction
G44 Tool length compensation – direction
G49 Tool length compensation cancel
G53 Machine coordinate system selection
G54 Workpiece coordinate system 1

selection

selection
G56 Workpiece coordinate system


selection

selection

selection
G68 Coordinate rotation
G69 Coordinate rotation cancel
G73 Peck drilling cycle
G74 Left-spiral cutting circle
G76 Fine boring cycle
G80 Canned cycle cancel
G81 Drilling cycle, spot boring cycle
G82 Drilling cycle or counter boring cycle
G84 Tapping cycle
G85 Boring cycle
G86 Boring cycle
G87 Back boring cycle
G88 Boring cycle
G89 Boring cycle
G90 Absolute command
G91 Increment command
G92 Setting for work coordinate system
G98 Return to initial point in canned cycle
G99 Return to R point in canned cycle
CNC Lathe G Code List

G DESCRIPTION
CODE
G00 Rapid traverse
G01 Linear interpolation
G02 Circular interpolation CW
G03 Circular interpolation CCW
G04 Dwell
G09 Exact stop
G10 Programmable data input
G20 Input in inch
G21 Input in mm
G22 Stored stroke check function on
G23 Stored stroke check function off
G27 Reference position return check
G28 Return to reference position
G32 Thread cutting
G40 Tool nose radius compensation

cancel
G41 Tool nose radius compensation left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation right
G70 Finish machining cycle
G71 Turning cycle
G72 Facing cycle
G73 Pattern repeating cycle
G75 Grooving cycle
G76 Threading cycle
G92 Coordinate system setting
G94 Feed per minute

G95 Feed per revolution
G96 Constant surface speed control
G97 Constant surface speed control cancel
CNC Milling M Code List
M Description
code
M00 Program stop
M01 Optional program stop
M02 End of program
M03 Spindle start forward CW
M04 Spindle start reverse CCw
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M07 Coolant ON
M08 Coolant ON
M09 Coolant OFF
M19 Spindle orientation
M28 Return to origin
M29 Rigid tap
M30 End of program
M41 Low gear select
M42 High gear select
M94 Cancel mirror image
M95 Mirror image of X axis
M96 Mirror image of Y axis
M98 Subprogram call
M99 End of subprogram

CNC Lathe M Code List
M Description
Cod
e
M00 Program stop
M01 Optional program stop
M02 End of program
M03 Spindle start forward CW
M04 Spindle start reverse CCW
M05 Spindle stop
M08 Coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M29 Rigid tap mode
M30 End of program reset
M40 Spindle gear at middle
M41 Low gear select
M42 High gear select
M68 Hydraulic check open
M69 Hydraulic check close
M78 Tail stock advancing
M79 Tail stock reversing
M94 Mirror image cancel
M95 Mirror image of X axis

CHAPTER-5
TURNING BASIC OPERATION
 Facing
 Turning or Step turning
 Radius & Chamfer
 Taper Turning
 Drilling
 Grooving
 Internal turning (Boring)
 Threading • Parting off
 Knurling

Facing Operation
T02 G54
Facing
N10 G90 G54 G18 G64 G95 G71;
N20 G75 X0 Z0;
N30 M06 T02 D2;
N40 M03 S1000 G96 LIMS 2000;
N50 G00 Z -2;
N60 G00 X56;
N70 G01 X -1 F0.3 M08;
N80 G01 Z2;
N90 G75 X0 Z0 M05 M09;
N100 M30;

Turning Operation
Step Turning (Roughing)
N10 G90 G56 G95 G71 G18 G64;
N20 G75 X0 Z0 ;
N30 M06 T03 D3;
N40 M03 S1000 G96 LIMS 2000;
N50 G00 Z2;
N60 G00 X43;
N70 G01 Z -59 F0.3 M08;
N80 G01 X50;
N90 G00 Z2;
N100 G00 X39;
N110 G01 Z -29 F0.3;

N120 G01 X50;
N130 G75 X0 Z0;
N140 G57;
N150 M06 T04 D4; (Finish tool)
N160 G00 Z2;
N170 G00 X38;
N180 G01 Z -30 F0.4;
N190 G01 X42;
N200 G01 Z -60;
N210 G01 X50;
N220 G75 X0 Z0 M05 M09;
N230 M30;
Taper Turning
Taper Turning
N10 G90 G95 G71 G59 G18 G64;
N20 G75 X0 Z0;
N30 M06 T08 D8;

N40 M03 S1000 G96 LIMS 2000;
N50 G00 Z2;
N60 G00 X42;
N70 G01 Z -60 F0.3 M08;
N80 G01 X50;
N90 G00 Z2;
N100 G00 X38;
N110 G01 Z -30;
N120 G01 X46;
N130 G00 Z2;
N140 G00 X32;
N150 G01 X38 Z -20;
N160 G01 X46;
N170 G00 Z2;
N180 G00 X32;
N190 G01 X38 Z -30
N200 G01 X46;
N210 G75 X0 Z0 M05 M09;
N220 M30;


CHAPTER-6
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
What is Coordinate System ?
Graphical representation of a point on a two dimensional plane.

Types of Co-ordinate System
Two types of co-ordinate systems are used to define and control the position of the
tool in relation to the work piece.
1. Absolute co-ordinate system.
2. Incremental co-ordinate system.
Absolute Co-ordinate System (G90)
 In the absolute system the co-ordinate of a point are always referred with
reference to the same datum.
 The datum positions in the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are defined by the
user/programmer before starting the operation on the machine.

Incremental Co-ordinate System (G91)
 In the incremental system the co-ordinates of any point are calculated with
reference to the previous point.
 i.e. the point at which the cutting tool is positioned is taken as datum point for
calculating the co-ordinates of the next point to which movement is to be made.

CHAPTER-7
TERMS IN PROGRAMMING
Sequence number :
 Used search or to call out the position being executed.
 It starts with the letter N followed by numerals up to 5 digits.
Example : N10 G00 X100 Y100
Address :
 Expressed in alphabets.
Date:
 Numerals succeeding the alphabets are called as data.
Word:
 The minimum unit for specifying the functions.
 it consists of address and data.

Block :
 The minimum command unit required to perform a process.
 It consists of words.
Example : N10 G00 X100 Y100 1 Block

CHAPTER-8
MILLING BASIC OPERATION
O 1234
N10 G90 G17 G71 G54 G94
N20 M06 T4 D1
N30 M03 S1700
N40 M08
N50 G00 X0 Y0 Z10
N60 G01 Z-2 F100
N70 G01 X102 Y0
N80 G01 X102 Y16
N90 G01 X0 Y16
N100 G01 X0 Y32
N110 G01 X102 Y32
N120 G01 X102 Y48
N130 G01 X0 Y48

N140 G01 X0 Y64
N150 G01 X102 Y64
N160 G01 X102 Y80
N170 G01 X0 Y80
N180 G01 X0 Y96
N190 G01 X102 Y96
N200 G01 Z20
N210 G75 X0 Y0
N220 M05
N230 M09
N240 M30

CHAPTER-6
METROLOGY

 The word metrology is derived from two Greek words
Metro = measurement Logy = science
 It is the “science of weights and measures”
 It establishes a common understanding of units, crucial in linking human

activities.
 Metrology is the science concerned with the establishment, reproduction,

conversion and transfer of units of measurement and their standards.
OBJECTIVES OF METROLOGY
 Used for selection of proper measuring instrument.
 Used for deciding the proper measuring standards.
 Decide or find tolerances.
 Achieve standardization.
 Maintain accuracy and precision at the time of inspection
NEED OF INSPECTION
 Quality output
 Change in technology
 Mass production
 Save money
 To develop reputation

Accuracy
 Closeness of measured value with true value
 Can be determined by single reading
Precision
 Defined as repeatability of measuring instrument i.e. how close the measured

values are to each other..
 Can not be determined by single reading i.e. for describing precision a set of
readings required.
SENSITIVITY

 It is the ratio of change in output of an instrument to smallest change in input.
LINEARITY
 Proportional Relationship between input and output of measuring instrument is

linearity.
 Most instruments are specified as a function over a particular range
LEAST COUNT
 It is the smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument.

Measured values are good only up to this value.
STEEL RULE
 Made from steel
 Commonly 12″ , 24″ , and 36″ lengths
 Can rest it on its edge so markings are closer to material being measured
 Protect from damage by storing carefully
 Least count = 1 mm
MEASURING TAPE

 A flexible type of ruler and common measuring tool
 Rolled up inside a metal housing.
 Have a spring return mechanism
 Can be of various lengths
MICROMETERS
 Precise measuring tools designed to measure small distances
 Can measure down to a resolution of 1/100 of a millimeter for a metric

micrometer
 Micrometer measures distance between anvil and spindle.
 Measurement read on sleeve/barrel and thimble
 The sleeve/barrel is stationary and has the linear markings on it.
 The thimble fits over the sleeve and has the graduated markings on it

Digital Micrometer
 The distance advanced by the screw when it makes its one complete rotation is the
separation between two consecutive threads. This distance is called the Pitch of
the screw.
 It has a screw which advances forward or backward as one rotates the head
through rachet. It is usually 1 mm or 0.5 mm.
LC of screw
OR

VERNIER CALIPERS
 A precision instrument used for measuring outside, inside, and depth dimensions
 Has graduated bar with markings like a ruler. A sliding sleeve with jaws is
mounted on bar for taking inside or outside measurements.
Digital Vernier Calipers

How To Read The Scale
Using vernier calipers
 Always store in a storage box.
 Make sure the caliper is at right angles to the surface to be measured.
 Repeat the measurement multiple times.
LC of Vernier

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Explain applications and advantages of CNC machines and technology
 Demonstrate and explain various CNC control Calculate technological data for
CNC machining
 Understand the importance and use of PPE’s
 Prepare and understand line program for various profiles Identify and set
parameters for various simulators
 Prepare programs , demonstrate , simulate and operate CNC lathe machines for
various machining operations
 Prepare programs , demonstrate , simulate and operate CNC milling machines for
various machining operations
 Define and explain Modern CNC systems and explain its importance in
manufacturing

CONCLUSION
CNC (Computer Numerically Controlled) machining is a manufacturing process in

which pre-programmed computer software dictates the movement of factory tools and
machinery.
The accuracy of the CNC machine ensures consistent product quality.
It is safer than traditional machine
It is cost-effective
This type of machining requires fewer machine operators since one skilled operator
can run several machines at one time.
Increased production speed
Increase in efficiency

REFERENCES
https://courseware.cutm.ac.in/courses/cnc-programming-and-cnc-machining/
http://nasd.org.in

BIODATA
Name: Vijin Vinod
E-mail: vijinv.18.beme@acharya.ac.in
Contact number: 7559909799
Permanent address: Vijin Bhavan,Elavumthitta,

Pathanamthitta,Kerala-689625
Personal details:
Date of birth: 20/11/1999
Place of birth: Muscat
Father name: Vinod Ramachandran
Mother name: Joyce Vinod
Sex: Male
Nationality: Indian
Languages known: Hindi, English and Malayalam

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

Internship Training Report

“CNC Operation and Programming”

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

Acharya Dr.Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Road, Bangalore-560 107

Prof. Akshaya Simha Dr. Attel Manjunath

Prof. Vinod Kumar C S

NAME: VIJIN VINOD

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BENGALURU

VTU- National Academy for Skill Development is a noble initiative of Visvesveraya

CHAPTER-2: NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC ) 7

CHAPTER-3: CNC PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS 8-11

CHAPTER-4: G-CODES AND M-CODES 9-16

CHAPTER-5: TURNING BASIC OPERATION 17-21

CHAPTER-6: CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM 22-24

CHAPTER-7: TERMS IN PROGRAMMING 25-26

CHAPTER-8: MILLING BASIC OPERATION 27-28

CHAPTER-9: METROLOGY 29-39

• For meeting the machining requirements of different components a single NC

• 1940 ------------- John T Parason.

• 1952 ------------- 1st NC Machine Released.

• NC machine was born because of an urgent need of John C. Parson’s Corporation,

• 1955 to 1960 --- 500 NC Machine Installed in USA.

• 1947 was the year in which the NC machines born.

• 1965 – 1970 Computer Introduced.

• 1990 – CAD /CAM Software introduced.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore Page 6

Competition between manufacturing firms is increasingly dictated by quality, cost,

Computer Numerical Control:

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore Page 7

CNC PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

Fig. 1. Right Hand Coordinate Systems

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore Page 8

Designating the Axes

(a) Axis Designation for Horizontal Z

(b) Axis Designation for Vertical

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore Page 9

Z-axis and Motion

X-axis and Motion

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore Page 10

Fig.2. Vertical Axis Milling Machine or Machining Centre

Y-axis and Motion

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore Page 11

CNC Milling G Code List

G00 Rapid traverse

G01 Linear interpolation

G02 Circular interpolation CW

G03 Circular interpolation CCW

G17 X Y plane selection

G18 Z X plane selection

G19 Y Z plane selection

G28 Return to reference position

G30 2nd, 3rd and 4th reference position

G40 Cutter compensation cancel

G41 Cutter compensation left

G42 Cutter compensation right

G43 Tool length compensation + direction