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Must Know High School Biology 2nd

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Dedication

I need to thank all of my students. The words on these pages have


been formed by years of their thoughtful and clever questions.

I would like to thank my better half, John. When I thought I’d run
out of words, he assured me there were more.

I want to thank my dear daughters, Raina and Kenley, whose


adherence to homework schedules inspired me to stick to my own.

And finally, to the cats, whose frequent walks across my keyboard


kept things interessssssssssmku8jhewq3wwgggggggggggggg.
Contents

Introduction
The Flashcard App

Part One: Chemistry for Biology

1 Chemical Bonds and Reactions


Covalent, Ionic, and Intermolecular Bonds
Intermolecular Forces: van der Waals and Hydrogen
Bonding
Energy Transformation (and How It Must Follow the Rules
of the Universe)
Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
Enzyme Function
Enzyme Inhibition
Allosteric Enzymes
Review Questions

2 Properties of Water
Unique Properties of Water
Review Questions

3 Macromolecules
Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Review Questions

Part Two: Cells

4 Overview of the Cell


Cell Membranes
Cell Types
Review Questions

5 Eukaryotic Cells and Their Organelles


Organelles
Plant versus Animal Cells
Review Questions

6 Cells and Energy Transformation


ATP
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
NADH versus FADH2—Why One Is Better Than the Other
The Role of Oxygen (and what to do if there isn’t any)
Photosynthesis: Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle
(AKA the dark reactions)
Review Questions

7 Cell Transport
Passive versus Active Transport
Osmosis and a Cell’s Surroundings
Living with Osmotic Challenges
Review Questions

8 Signal Transduction and Cell


Communication
Step 1: Reception
Step 2: Transduction
Step 3: Response
Review Questions

Part Three: Genetics

9 DNA and RNA: Structure of Nucleic


Acids
Nucleotides
Structure of RNA
DNA Chromosome Structure
Review Questions

10 Replication of DNA
Helicase
DNA Polymerase
Dehydration Reaction
Two Identical Chromosomes
Review Questions

11 Gene Expression and Differentiation


Transcription
Translation
Cell Differentiation and Epigenetics
Operons: Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
Review Questions

12 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis


The Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Review Questions

13 Meiosis
Meiosis Creates Cells with Half the DNA (only one set of
chromosomes)
Meiosis Shuffles the Two Sets of Chromosomes Like a
Deck of Cards
Review Questions

14 Mendelian Genetics
Sex Linkage
Review Questions
Part Four: Evolution

15 The Theory of Natural Selection


The Development of the Theory of Natural Selection
The Mechanism of Natural Selection
Review Questions

16 The Evidence for Evolution


Molecular Similarities
Anatomical Evidence
Geological and Fossil Evidence
Review Questions

17 Microevolution: Evolution of
Populations
Genetic Variation in a Gene Pool
The Hardy-Weinberg Equations
How Populations Can Change
Review Questions

18 Macroevolution: Evolution of Species


Review Questions

19 Phylogeny and Vertebrate Evolution


Review Questions
Part Five: Forms of Life

20 Plant Structure and Transport


Leaves
Stems
Roots
Review Questions

21 Plant Reproduction
Review Questions

22 Introduction to Animals
Review Questions

23 Animals Need Homeostasis


The Importance of Maintaining Homeostasis
Hormones
Disruption of Homeostasis
Osmoregulation When You Live in the Water
Excretion
Osmoregulation in Humans
Review Questions

24 Animal Digestion
The Steps of Digestion
Review Questions
25 Animal Circulation and Respiration
Circulatory System
Vertebrate Circulatory System
Review Questions

26 Animal Neurons and Signal


Transduction
Action Potential
Neurotransmitters and Synapses
Review Questions

27 The Animal Immune System


First Line of Defense: Outer Barriers
Second Line of Defense: Phagocytes and Inflammation
Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity
B Cells and the Humoral Response
T Cells and the Cell-Mediated Response
Active Immunity, Passive Immunity, and Vaccinations
Review Questions

Part Six: Ecology

28 Populations
Birthrate
Death Rate
Limiting Population Growth
Interspecies Interactions
Symbiotic Relationship: Parasitism
Symbiotic Relationship: Mutualism
Symbiotic Relationship: Commensalism
Symbiotic Relationship: It’s Complicated
Review Questions

29 Ecosystems and Their


Interconnectivity
Matter and Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Review Questions

30 Human Impact on Ecosystems


Natural Disturbances and Ecological Succession
Human-Caused Disturbances
Pollution
Review Questions

Answer Key
Teacher’s Guide
Introduction

W elcome to your new biology book! Let us explain why we


believe you’ve made the right choice with this new edition.
This probably isn’t your first go-round with either a textbook or other
kind of guide to a school subject. You’ve probably had your fill of
books asking you to memorize lots of terms. This book isn’t going to
do that—although you’re welcome to memorize anything you take an
interest in. You may also have found that a lot of books make a lot
of promises about all the things you’ll be able to accomplish by the
time you reach the end of a given chapter. In the process, those
books can make you feel as though you missed out on the building
blocks that you actually need to master those goals.
With Must Know High School Biology, we’ve taken a different
approach. When you start a new chapter, right off the bat you will
immediately see one or more must know ideas. These are the
essential concepts behind what you are going to study, and they will
form the foundation of what you will learn throughout the chapter.
With these must know ideas, you will have what you need to hold
it together as you study, and they will be your guide as you make
your way through each chapter.
To build on this foundation, you will find easy-to-follow
discussions of the topic at hand, accompanied by comprehensive
examples that show you how to apply what you’re learning to
solving typical biology questions. Each chapter ends with review
questions—more than 300 throughout the book—designed to instill
confidence as you practice your new skills.

This book has other features that will help you on this biology
journey of yours. It has a number of “sidebars” that will both help
provide information or just serve as a quick break from your
studies. The sidebars (“by the way”) point out important
information as well as study tips and exceptions to the rule. Every
once in a while, an sidebar (“in real life”) will tell you what
you’re studying has to do with the real world; other IRLs may just
be interesting factoids.
But that’s not all—this new edition has taken it a step further.
We know our Biology students well and we want to make sure
you’re getting the most out of this book. We added new
sidebars that point out common mistakes and things

not to do. For those needing a little assistance, we have our


feature, where more challenging concepts,
topics, or questions are given some more explanation. And finally,
one special note for the teachers (because we didn’t forget about
you!)—a Teacher’s Guide section at the back of the book is a
place where you can go to find tips and strategies on teaching the
material in the book, a behind-the-scenes look at what the author
was thinking when creating the material, and resources curated
specifically to make your life easier!

In addition, this book is accompanied by a flashcard app that will


give you the ability to test yourself at any time. The app includes
more than 100 “flashcards” with a review question on one side and
the answer on the other. You can either work through the flashcards
by themselves or use them alongside the book. To find out where to
get the app and how to use it, go to the next section, The Flashcard
App.
Before you get started, though, let me introduce you to your
guide throughout this book. Kellie—I mean Dr. Cox—has taught
biology for more than 20 years and also teaches AP Biology. It’s
been a pleasure to see how enthusiastic she is about her subject as
well as how adept she is at explaining complex subjects. I don’t
know whether she’d consider herself an artist, but we thought her
sketches were so terrific we decided to leave them in, as we’re
confident they will help you picture some of the trickier topics.
Dr. Cox has a clear idea of what you should get out of a biology
course and has developed strategies to help you get there. She has
seen the kinds of pitfalls that students get into, and she is
experienced at solving those difficulties. In this book, she applies
that experience both to showing you the most effective way to learn
a given concept—as well as advising you how to extricate yourself
from traps you may have fallen into. She will be a trustworthy guide
as you expand your biology knowledge and develop new skills.

Before we leave you to your author’s surefooted guidance, let


us give you one piece of advice. While we know that saying
something “is the worst” is a cliché, if anything is the worst in
biology, it’s the concept of energy transformation. (Running into
photosynthesis or cellular respiration for the first time can be
intimidating.) Let Dr. Cox introduce you to the concept and show
you how to apply it confidently to your biology work. Take our
word for it, mastering the topic of energy transformation will leave
you in good stead throughout your biology career.

Good luck with your studies!


The Editors at McGraw Hill
The Flashcard App

T his book features a bonus flashcard app. It will help you test
yourself on what you’ve learned as you make your way through
the book (or in and out). It includes 100-plus “flashcards,” both
“front” and “back.” It gives you two options on how to use it. You
can jump right into the app and start from any point that you want.
Or you can take advantage of the handy QR Codes near the end of
each chapter in the book; they will take you directly to the
flashcards related to what you’re studying at the moment.
To take advantage of this bonus feature, follow these easy steps:
PART ONE

Chemistry for Biology

It’s important to have a basic understanding of


chemistry in order to fully appreciate and understand the
glorious topic of biology. Chemistry provides the
foundation for biology and allows us to understand the
mechanics on a molecular level.
1 Chemical Bonds and
Reactions

MUST KNOW
Atoms are rearranged and bonds are broken
and formed in chemical reactions.

Interactions between molecules are pivotal to


proper biological function.

B iochemical reactions, in the simplest terms, are based on


changing one thing into another. In order to do that, the
covalent bonds within the starting molecule(s) must be broken and
new bonds formed to create the new molecule(s).
The rearrangement of bonds is significant, because it is related to
whether the reaction is spontaneous or not, or if energy is needed or
released. From a biological point of view, this aspect of chemistry is
really important because cellular metabolism is based on breaking
and rearranging bonds in order to build molecules and release
energy.
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N e t v l i e s , gele vlek op het — der apen, 41.

N e u f v i l l e , Dr. de, over de sterfteverhouding der Joden en Christenen te


Frankfort, 502.

N e u g e b a u e r , over overtallige zogklieren en tepels, 104.

N e u s a p e n , 320.

N e u s b l o e d i n g e n , maandelijks periodiek terugkeerende —, 40.

N e u s g a t e n der apen, 291.

N e u s h o o r n met beenig neusschot, lijken van den — gevonden, 110.

N e u s h o o r n s , 290.

N e u s h o r e n v o g e l s , zie Bucerotidae.

N e u s s c h o t , der apen, 291.

N i e b e l u n g e n l i e d , over den Wisent en den Urus, 256.

N i e r e n , afmetingen der —, 384.

N i e u w - C a l e d o n i ë r s , tandstelsel der —, 109.

N i e u w - G u i n e a , steenen werktuigen uit —, 262.

N i e u w - H o l l a n d e r s , 318, 320, 411;


voeten der —, 41;
gemiddelde schedelinhoud van de —, 108;
familietaal bij de —, 175;
tandstelsel der —, 109;
familietrek tusschen de Afrikaansche negers en de —, 387;
— wijken terug voor de blanken, 387;
uitsterven der —, 388.

N i e u w - M a l t h u s i a n i s m e , II 396.

N i e u w - Z e e l a n d , steenen werktuigen op — gevonden, 266.

N o e m H o t e p , muurschildering in het graf van —, 371.


N o n v i l l e , de hoeveelheid maïs in vier dorpen der Seneca’s verbrand, 261.

N o o r d - B r a b a n t , overmaat der mannelijke geboorten in —, 508;


getalsverhouding der seksen in —, 506;
der mannelijke en vrouwelijke geboorten in —, 598;
getalsverhouding der levend en levenloos aangegevenen in —, 508;
der wettig en onwettig geboren jongens en meisjes in —, 509.

N o o r d - H o l l a n d , overmaat der mannelijke geboorten in —, 508;


getalsverhouding der seksen in —, 506;
der mannelijke en vrouwelijke geboorten in —, 508;
getalsverhouding der levend en levenloos aangegevenen in —, 508;
der wettig en onwettig geboren jongens en meisjes in —, 509.

N o o r d l a n d , II 348.

N o o r d p o o l s t r e k e n , vroeger grootendeels land en het oorspronkelijk


vaderland van den mensch, 417.

N o o r w e g e n , verhouding der geboorten in —, 504. [518]

N o r f o l k , de gemengde bevolking van het eiland —, 377.

N u b i ë r , afgebeeld op een Egyptisch monument, 372.

N u b i ë r s , 379, 381;
— wijken niet terug voor de blanken, 387.

N u b i s c h e r a s , 379, 380.

Nymphae der Hottentotsche vrouwen, 377.

O.

Oblata melanura, 310.

O c e a n i s c h e eilanden, waardoor zij zich kenmerken, 42.

Odontornithes, 297.

O e r a m n i o t e n , 317, 319.

Oecodoma cephalotes, 289.


O e r d a r m d i e r e n , 315, 319.

O e r d i e r e n , 319.

O e r - G e r m a n e n , 382.

O e r m e n s c h e n , 318, 381.

O e r - r i n g w o r m e n , 300.

O e r - T h r a c i ë r s , 382.

O e r v i s s c h e n , 317, 319.

O l i f a n t a c h t i g e D i e r e n , 290;
— op de ruïnen van Palenqué afgebeeld, 262;
beenderen van — in de sables de l’Orléanais, 295.

O l i f a n t e n , witte —, II 147.

O m b e r v i s s c h e n , II 35.

Ondatra, zie Fiber zibethicus.

O n d e r k a a k , van la Naulette, 44, 47;


— van Arcy, 47;
— van Moulin Quignon, 36;
menschelijke — uit het Schipkahol, 48.

O n d e r r i j k e n en klassen, 528.

O n d e r w i j s , verplicht en kosteloos — een krachtig palliatief tot leniging der


sociale ellende, 396.

O n t b o e z e m i n g e n , 156.

O n t w i k k e l i n g , stilstand in de —, 38;
bewijs voor de trapsgewijze — van sommige dieren, 151;
stilstand in de — en misvormingen die daarvan het gevolg zijn, 38;
— van het individu een verkorte herhaling van die der soort, bewezen door de
Amphibieën, II 223.

O n t w i k k e l i n g s p h a s e n van den menschelijken typus, 293.


O n v o l l e d i g o n t w i k k e l d e d e e l e n , 33.

O o g e n , correlatie tusschen de kleur der — en die van huid en haar, 38.

O o g l i d , derde —, 43.

O o r s p r o n k e l i j k e menschen, 381.

O o s t e n r i j k , verhouding der seksen bij wettige en onwettige geboorten in —,


505;
verhouding der geboorten in —, 504.

O o s t e r l i n g e n , 379.

O o s t - P r u i s e n , verhouding der seksen bij wettige en onwettige geboorten in


—, 505.

O p e r c u l u m , beteekenis van het woord —, 303.

O p e i s c h e r , de — en zijn rol bij de bruiloft in Drenthe, II 376.

Ophidium barbatum, 310.

O r a n g - O e t a n , 318, 320;
afbeelding der hersenen van den — door Schroeder van der Kolk en Vrolik, 39;
waarnemingen van A. R. Wallace omtrent een jongen —, 40;
hersenen van den — en van den mensch, 293;
woonplaats van den —, 41, 294;
gemiddelde schedelinhoud van den —, 108.

Oreotragus saltatrix, 259.

O r g a n e n , rudimentaire —, 33;
— van Rosenmüller, 34;
homotype —, 33.

O r g a n i s c h e lichamen door synthese gevormd, 314.

Ornithorhynchus, 290; spoor van —, II 258.

Orthragoriscus, II 35.

Orycteropus capensis, II 259.


Oryx gazella, II 259.

Oscines, II 95.

O s - k i k v o r s c h , II 36.

Osphronemus olfax, II 34.

O s t i a k e n , 376.

O t a h e i t e r s en Engelschen, de bevolking van het eiland Pitcairn bestaat uit


bastaarden tusschen —, 377.

Otis, 501.

Otolithus regalis, II 35.

O u d e B r i t t e n , 382.

O u d h e i d van het menschelijk geslacht, 295.

O u d h e i d van den mensch, praehistorische — bewezen, 401.

O u d - P r u i s e n , 382. [519]

O u d - S a k s e n , 382.

O u i s t i t i ’ s en Rolapen, hoofd der — en van den mensch, 293.

O v e r b e v o l k i n g bij de bijen, 215.

O v e r g a n g s z i n t u i g e n , 35.

O v e r t a l l i g e t e p e l s , 38;
— in de okselholte, de lies en den rug, 38.

O v e r t a l l i g e v i n g e r s e n t o o n e n , 38.

O v e r t a l l i g e z o g k l i e r e n , 104.

O v e r z i c h t , Systematisch — der twaalf menschensoorten, 380.

O v e r i j s e l , overmaat der mannelijke geboorten in —, 508;


getalsverhouding der seksen in —, 506;
der mannelijke en vrouwelijke geboorten in —, 508;
der levend en levenloos aangegevenen in —, 506;
der wettig en onwettig geboren jongens en meisjes in —, 509.

O w e n , Prof. R., over de verdeeling der zoogdieren, 290;


over de hersenen van den mensch en de apen, 39.

Oxystomus, 528.

P.

P a a r d e n , merkwaardige trekken uit het leven van —, 150.

Pachydermata, II 304.

Pacochoerus aethiopicus, II 259.

P a e d o g e n e s i s , 312.

Pagellus erythrinus, 300;


— mormyrus, 310.

P a i n t e l , over het geweten bij wilden, 260.

P a l a e o l i t h i s c h e tijdvak, 319;
oudste volksverhuizingen in het —, 400;
— periode, 44.

Palaeotheria, 290.

P a l e n q u é , ruïnen van —, 262.

P a n g e n e n , 314.

P a n s f l u i t , 229.

P a n t e r , zwarte —, II 147.

P a p e , over het bewaren der Cicaden in Spanje, 571.

P a p e g a a i die de taal van een uitgestorven Indianenstam sprak, 227.

P a p e g a a i e n , II 174;
hun geestvermogens, II 152 v.v.
P a p e i t i , scherpe reukzin van een bewoner van —, 102.

Papilio Machaon, venkelgeur van —, 609.

P a p o e a r a s , 379, 380.

P a p o e a ’s, 318, 381;


inhoud van den schedel der —, 107;
haar der —, 370;
grenslijn tusschen — en Maleiers, 375;
uitsterven der —, 387;
familietrek tusschen de — en de Hottentotten, 387;
— wijken terug voor de blanken, 387;
metopisme bij de —, 109;
familietaal bij de —, 175.

Paradisiadae, II 95.

P a r a d i j s v o g e l s , zie Paradisiadae.

P a r a h y b a , tunnel onder de — door mieren gegraven.

P a r a l l e l c i r k e l s , verhuizing in de richting der — niet de oorspronkelijke, 409.

P a r a s i t i s m e , 298.

Pardalotus, II 174.

Paridae, II 95, 174.

P a r k e n , omheind, opdat de wilde runderen er zouden kunnen blijven voortleven,


258.

P a r k e r , over het dooden van bastaarden in Australië, 377.

P a r i j s , verhouding der seksen bij wettige en onwettige geboorten te —, 505.

P a r i j s c h e kerkhoven en schedels, 108.

P a r i j z e n a a r s , uit armengraven, gemiddelde schedelinhoud der —, 107;


uit de 12de eeuw, gemiddelde schedelinhoud der —, 107;
uit eigen graven der 19de eeuw, gemiddelde schedelinhoud der —, 107;
uit de 19de eeuw, gemiddelde schedelinhoud der —, 107.
P a s g e b o r e n e n , hersengewicht van —, 156.

P a s t e u r , zijn proeven over generatio spontanea, 314.

Pediculati, II 35.

P e l a g i s c h e Fauna der Glasdieren, 528. [520]

P é l i s s o n , over den smaak eener spin voor muziek, 529.

Percidae, 310.

P e r e z , J., over geluiden van insekten, 570.

P é r i g o r d , oude grotbewoners van —, 44.

P e r i o d e , palaeolithische —, 44;
neolithische —, 44.

P e r i o d e n , geologische — van de organische geschiedenis der aarde, 319.

Perissodactyla, 290.

P e r m i s c h e periode, 319.

Peronaeus longus, 44.

P e r u a n e n , gemiddelde schedelinhoud der oude —, 407;


landbouw der — tijdens de ontdekking van Amerika, 261.

P e s c h e l , over de verscheidenheid van talen in Amerika, 175.

Petromyzontes, 349.

P e u l , 379.

P e u l v r u c h t e n , familie der —, 218.

P f e i f f e r , Mevr., over den scherpen reuk der wilden, 102.

P f i t s n e r , W., over den kleinen teen bij den mensch, 34.

Phaëton, II 224.
Phalangista vulpina, II 304.

Phanerogamae, 501.

Phascolomys fossor, II 304.

Phasianus Revesii, II 173.

P h i l a e , monumenten van —, 371.

Phyllirhoë, 528.

Phyllirhoïdae, familie der —, 528.

P i c a r d t , over de wijze waarop de Hunebedden gebouwd zijn, 386.

Picidae, II 174.

P i c t i , aldus door de Romeinen genoemd, daar zij zich beschilderden, II 348.

P i s a n g v r e t e r s , zie Musophagidae.

Pisces, 343.

P i s l e i d e r s , 42.

P i t c a i r n , de gemengde bevolking van het eiland —, 377.

P l a n t e n , twee zaadlobbige —, 218.

Planula, 315.

P l a n u l a t e n , 315, 319.

P l a s m o g e n i e , 314.

P l a t d u i t s c h e r s , 382.

P l a t o , over de Cicaden, 571;


over de oudheid van het Egyptische volk, 400.

P l a t v o e t e n , 41.

P l a t v i s s c h e n , plaatsverandering van hun oog, 299.


P l a t w o r m e n , 299.

Platyonychus ocellatus, 529.

Platyrrhinae, ondergroepen der —, 290.

P l e i s t o c e n e vorming, bestaan van den mensch gedurende de —, 294.

P l e y t e , Dr. W., over de Ta-Mehu, II 348.

P l i n i u s , over den Wisent en den Urus, II 256;


beweert, dat de leeuw meer mannen dan vrouwen aanbrult, 40.

P l i o c e n e periode, 293, 320.

Pliopithecus, 416.

Ploceus, 151.

P o e h l , 379.

P o e l a r , 379.

Pogonias chromis, II 35.

Pogonias fasciatus, II 35.

P o l e n , 382.

P o l y d a c t y l i s m e , zie O v e r t a l l i g e v i n g e r s e n t o o n e n .

Polygordius, 299.

P o l y m a s t i e , 104.

P o l y n e s i ë r s , 381;
inhoud van den schedel der —, 107;
landverhuizingen der —, 409.

P o l y g l o t t o n i s c h e menschensoorten, 380.

Polypirum cernicum, 310.

Polyptera, 319.
P o l y t i l i e , 104.

Polyzoa, 302.

P o m m e r e n , verhouding der mannelijke en vrouwelijke geboorten in —, 504;


verhouding der seksen bij wettige en onwettige geboorten in —, 505.

P o n t i a n a k , rivier — op Borneo, geluidgevende visschen in de —, II 36.

P o o l l a n d e n , plaats waar de eerste planten en dieren en de meeste nieuwe


soorten ontstonden, 419. [521]

P o o l m e n s c h e n , 381.

P o o l r a s , 379, 380.

P o o l s t r e k e n , voormalig warm klimaat der —, 413.

Poreus babyrussa, II 259.

P o r t u g a l , verhouding der geboorten in —, 504;


tertiaire vuursteenen en flora van —, 421;
vuursteenen werktuigen in —, 295.

Porus branchialis, 303.

P o s e n , verhouding der seksen bij wettige en onwettige geboorten in —, 505.

P o s t - P l i o c e n e t i j d v a k , 44;
vuursteenen en beitels gevonden in lagen, behoorende tot het —, 36;
bestaan van den mensch, gedurende het —, 36.

P o u a n c é , Miocene lagen van —, 295.

P o u c h e t , over den nestbouw van de zwaluw, 151.

P r i ë e l v o g e l s , 160.

P r e s t w i c h , Joseph, hij bevestigt de opgaven van Boucher de Perthes omtrent


vuursteenen wapenen, gevonden in het diluvium der Somme-vallei, 36.

P r i m a i r e tijdvak, 319.

P r i m a t e n , Linnaeus over de —, 42.


P r i m o r d i a a l n i e r e n , 34.

P r i m o r d i a l e tijdvak, 319.

Pristipoma coro, II 35.

Pristipoma crocro, II 35.

Pristipoma guoraca, II 35.

Pristipoma Jubelini, II 35.

P r o c e s s e n , intermitteerende —, 312.

Prochordonia, 316.

P r o m a m m a l i ë n , 317, 319.

P r o r e p t i l i ë n , 317.

Prosimiae, 318, 320.

Protamnia, 320.

Protamoeba, 314.

Protanthropi, 381.

P r o t h o r a x , uitsteeksels op den — der Membraciden, 573.

Proteles Lalandii, II 304.

Proteus anguineus, 317, 319, II 223.

Protogenes, 314.

P r o t o p l a s m a , 243.

Protopterus, 317, 319.

Protozoa, een onderrijk, geen klasse —, 528.

P r u i s e n , jaarlijksche toeneming der Joden in —, 502;


sterfteverhouding der Joodsche en niet-Joodsche bevolking in —, 502;
verhouding der seksen bij wettige en onwettige geboorten in —, 505;
verhouding der mannelijke en vrouwelijke geboorten in —, 504.

P r u n e r - B e y , twijfel van — omtrent de onderkaak van la Naulette, 47.

P s i t t a c i , II 174.

P t e r o p o d e n , klasse der —, 528.

Pteropus, II 304.

Ptilorhynchus holosericeus, 160.

Q.

Quadrumana, orde der —, 289.

Q u a e s t i e , sociale — onoplosbaar, II 396.

Q u a l i t a t i e f , verschil in de geestvermogens van den mensch en de dieren niet


—, 217.

Q u a n t i t a t i e f , verschil in de geestvermogens van den mensch en de dieren —,


217.

Q u a r t a i r e tijdvak, 320;
— schommelingen van den bodem van Europa in het —, 402.

Q u a t r e f a g e s , over de plaats van den mensch, 218;


over de eenheid van het menschelijk geslacht, 404;
over het oudste Europeesche ras, 411;
over overeenstemming van schedels, 374.

Q u e e n s l a n d , het dooden van bastaarden in —, 377.

R.

R a b o w , over smaakzin der insekten, 102.

R a c k e l h o e n , zie Tetrao medius.

R a d e r d i e r e n , 528.

R a m s a y , over reukgewaarwordingen, 103.


Rano mugeens, II 36.

R a s , het zelfde — komt soms in verschillende [522]vastelanden voor, 386.

R a t , verdringen van de zwarte door de bruine —, 151.

Ratelus, II 304.

R a u b e r , Prof., over „woudmenschen”, 221.

R e c l u s , Elisée, over de huwelijken der Goajiren, 99.

R e d u p l i c a t i e v a n d e e l e n , 38.

R e e v e ’ s f a z a n t , II 173.

R e g e n b o o g v i s c h , nest van den —, II 34.

R e g e n b o o g v l i e s , zie I r i s .

R e g e n t v o g e l , 160.

Regiones hypochondriacae, II 345.

R e i m a r u s , over de driften der dieren, 220.

R e l i g i o s i t e i t , een kenmerk van den mensch, 217.

R e m e n - K e m i , II 348.

R e n d i e r t i j d p e r k , 44.

Reptilia, 313, 317.

R e u k , oneindig fijner dan de smaak, 101;


verschilt zeer al naar het individu en de sekse, 103;
zeer weinig ontwikkeld bij den mensch in vergelijking bij vele dieren, 103.

R e u k z i n , 101;
scherpte van den — bij wilden, 102;
voorbeelden van scherpte van den — bij Europeanen, 102, 103.
R e u z e n e l a n d , zie Megaceros hibernicus.

Rhabdogale, II 304.

Rhamphastidae, II 174.

R h a m s e s I I I , paleis van —, 371.

R h e g i u m , Cicaden in —, 571.

Rhinoceros leptorhinus, beenderen van —, 295.

Rhinoceros tichorhinus, lijken van — in Siberië gevonden, 110;


haren van —, 110.

R i b b e n , onderling homoloog, 33.

R i b b e t j e s , op de vingers der apen, 40;


op de palpen der Sphingidae, 608.

R i b k w a l l e n , 528.

R i c o r d , over een hoogst merkwaardig geval van atavisme bij een vrouw, 106.

R i e t b o k , II 259.

R i g o l l o t , Dr., bevestigt de opgaven van Boucher de Perthes, omtrent


vuursteenen wapenen, gevonden in het diluvium der Somme-vallei, 36.

R i n g u e b e r g , E . N . S . , over een bijgeloovigen hond, 161.

R i n g w o r m e n , 528;
afstamming der gewervelde dieren van —, 298, 299.

R i v i e r p a a r d , zie Hippopotamus amphibius.

R o b e n h a u s e n , periode van —, 429;


paaldorpen te —, 401.
R o b i n s o n , over bastaarden in Australië, 377.

Rodentia, 290.

R o e s t v o g e l s , zie Insessores.

R o l l e s t o n , Prof., zijn onderzoekingen omtrent de hersenen der apen, 39.

R o m a n e n , 382.

R o m a n e s , Prof. G. J., over geluidgevende vlinders, 608;


bewijzen voor de theorie van Darwin, 51.

R o m e i n e n , dweepten niet met het gezang der Cicaden, 572.

R o n d m u i l e n , 313.

R o o d h u i d e n , invloed der kunstmatige teeltkeus bij de —, 99;


uit een koud land afkomstig, 411.

R o s e n m ü l l e r , lichaam of organen van —, 34.

Rotatoria, 528.

R o t t e r d a m , lezingen van Carl Vogt te —, 295;


overmaat van vrouwen te —, 506.

R o y e r , Mme. Clémence, over het godsdienstig gevoel bij dieren, 161;


over het zoogen der jongen door het mannetje bij de voorouders van den
mensch, 321.

R ü c k h a r d , Rabl., over zeehagedissen uit de liasformatie, 35.

R u d i m e n t a i r e o r g a n e n , 33.

R u d i m e n t e n , 33.

R u g g e g r a a t bij vele menschenrassen niet zoo goed ontwikkeld als bij vele
Europeanen, 107.

R u g g e s t r e n g , van den slakprik, 149.

R u y s c h , over een Sceleton polydactylum, 105. [523]


Ruminantia, II 304.

R u n d , der voorwereld, II 256.

R u n d , het tamme, zie Bos Taurus.

R u n d e r e n , wilde, II 257.

R u s l a n d , verhouding der geboorten in —, 504.

R u s s e n , 382.

R i j k , gronden om den mensch als een afzonderlijk — van de dieren te scheiden,


217, 218.

R i j n - B e i e r e n , jaarlijksche toeneming der Joden in —, 502.

R i j n p r o v i n c i e , verhouding der geboorten in de —, 504;


verhouding der seksen bij wettige en onwettige geboorten in de —, 505.

S.

S a b e l s p r i n k h a a n , van Borneo en Java, 573.

S a b e l s p r i n k h a n e n , vrijage der —, 573.

S a b l o n i è r e s de St. Prest, beenderen gevonden in de —, 295.

S a c c h a r i n e , niet door vliegen aangeraakt, 102.

S a c h l a n (Mc), over geluidgevende vlinders, 608.

Sagitta, 528.

S a k s e n , 382.

S a k s e n , verhouding der geboorten in —, 504;


verhouding der seksen bij wettige en onwettige geboorten in —, 505.

S a l a m a n d e r s , 317.

Salamandra atra, II 223.

Salamandra punctata, zie S a l a m a n d e r .


Salamandrina, 319.

S a l a m a n d r i n e n , 317.

Salisburia japonica, 415.

S a l l e h y p o s t y l e , van den tempel van Karnak, 371.

S a m o j e d e n , 376, 381.

S a n d i f o r t , zijn meening omtrent het maaksel van de hersenen der apen, 39.

S a p o r t a , Markies de, over het oorspronkelijk vaderland van den mensch enz.,
294, 400.

S a p p e y , over de lengte der ingewanden, 384.

Sargus annularis, 310;


— Rondeletti, 310.

S a t i j n v o g e l , 160.

S a ü b a van Rio de Janeiro, 289.

S a v o y e , sporen van den tertiairen mensch in —, 295.

S a y c e , A. H., over de oudheid van het Babylonische rijk, 406.

Scarabaeus, 371.

Scelerodermi, II 35.

Sceleton polydactylum, 105.

S c h a a f f h a u s e n , Prof., over den Neanderdal-schedel, 45, 107.

S c h a a m l i p p e n , der Hottentotsche vrouwen, 377.

S c h a a p , het gewone tamme — zonder horens, 502;


de horens meest ontbrekend bij de wijfjes, 502.

S c h a n g a l l a , bewoners van —, 379.

S c h a r r e l a a r s , zie Coraciadae.
S c h a s o e , afbeeldingen van — op Egyptische monumenten, 371.

S c h e d e l , ontwikkeling van den — belemmert dikwijls die van staart en


aangezicht, 42.

S c h e d e l d i e r e n , 313;
voorouders der gezamenlijke —, 316.

S c h e d e l i n h o u d van microcephalen en kinderen, 156;


bij volwassen Europeanen, den Chimpanzee en den Gorilla, 156;
van den Neanderdal-mensch, 107;
van eenige menschenrassen, 107.

S c h e d e l l o o z e werveldieren, 313.

S c h e d e l l o o z e n , 316, 319.

S c h e d e l s , drie hoofdtypen van —, 103;


in Amerika gevonden type der fossiele menschen —, 372;
uit tertiaire lagen, 372.

S c h e d e l s van Engis, Gibraltar, Eyzies, Cro-Magnon, Furfooz, Borreby, 388.

S c h e d e l s van het Neanderdal en Eguisheim, 44,

S c h e d e l s uit den steentijd, 388.

S c h e e n b e e n d e r e n van vroegere menschenrassen, 49.

S c h e r m k w a l l e n , 528. [524]

S c h i l d p a d d e n , betrekkelijke grootte der seksen bij de —, II 36.

S c h i l d v l e u g e l i g e n , geur van sommige —, 610.

S c h i p k a h o l , menschelijke onderkaak uit het —, 48.

S c h l e g e l (Prof. G.), over de oudheid der Chineesche beschaving en over den


oorsprong der sterrenbeelden, 406.

S c h l e g e l , Prof. H., over de horens van moeflons en schapen, 502.

S c h m e l z e r , Dr., over het afscheiden van melk bij een man, 50.
S c h m i d t , over schedels in Egypte en Etrurië, 108;
over bastaarden in Australië, 376.

S c h o t t e n , oude, 382.

S c h o o l c r a f t , H. R., over het oorspronkelijk vaderland der Roodhuiden, II 344.

S c h o o n h e i d , der Goajiren door opzettelijke kunstmatige teeltkeus verkregen,


99;
— van de vrouwen der Goajiren, 99.

S c h o r p i o e n e n , geluid door — voortgebracht, 530.

S c h r e e u w v o g e l s , zie Clamatores.

S c h r o e d e r v a n d e r K o l k , zijn onderzoekingen omtrent de hersenen van


den Chimpanzee en van den Orang, 39;
— en Vrolik, over de betrekking tusschen de apen en de menschen, 293.

S c h u b v l e u g e l i g e n , geur van sommige —, 610;


geluiden der —, 570, 607.

S c h i j f k w a l l e n , 528.

Sciaena aquila, II 35.

Sciaenoidei, II 35.

Sciurus cinereus, II 304.

Sciurus niger, II 304.

S c l a t e r , over Lemuria, 293.

Scolecida, 528.

S c o l e p i d e n , bijzondere ontwikkeling der voorhoofdsklier bij —, 35.

Scomberoidei, II 35.

„S c o r e ”, over de beteekenis van het Engelsche woord —, 206.

Scyllium, 307.

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