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Chapter 2
Euclidean Space
2.1 Practice Problems

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−4 5 −4 − 5 −9
1. u − w = 3 − 0 = 3−0 = 3
4 −2 4 − (−2) 6
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−1 5 −1 + 3 (5) 14
v + 3w = 6 +3 0 = 6 + 3 (0) = 6
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
5 −4 −1 −2 (5) + (−4) + 3 (−1) −17
−2w + u + 3v = −2 0 + 3 +3 6 = −2 (0) + 3 + 3 (6) = 21
−2 4 2 −2 (−2) + 4 + 3 (2) 14
2. (a) −x1 + 4x2 = 3

7x1 + 6x2 = 10
2x1 − 6x2 = 5
(b) 3x1 − x3 = 4
4x1 − 2x2 + 2x3 = 7
− 5x2 + 9x3 = 11
2x1 + 6x2 + 5x3 = −6
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1 −2 3
3. (a) x1 −5 + x2 7 + x3 6 = 12
4 0 −8 0
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
4 −3 −1 5 0
(b) x1 0 + x2 2 + x3 5 + x4 −2 = 6
3 12 6 0 10
4. (a)
[ ] [
x1
x2 [
5 + s1 3
x3 ] ]
= −
7 2
0 1
x1 1 2 13
x2 0 0 1
(b) = + s1 + s2
x3 17 1 0
x4 1 0
0
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 3 5 x1 + 3x2 5
5. (a) x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b ⇔ x1 + x2 = ⇔ = ⇔
−5 6 9 −5x1 + 6x2 9
335
336 Section 2.1: Vectors Chapter 2: Euclidean Space 336
[ ]
1 3 5
the augmented matrix −5 6 9 has a solution:
[ ] [ ]
1 3 5 5R1 +R2 →R2 1 3 5
−5 6 9
∼
0 21 34
34
From row 2, 21x2 = 34 ⇒ x2 = 21 . From row 1, x1 + 3( 2134 ) = 5 ⇒ x1 = 71 . Thus, b is a linear
combination of a1 and a2 , with b = 17 a1 + 34 a2 .
[ ] 21 [ ] [ ]
1 −2 7
(b) x1 a1 + x2 a2 + x2 a2 = b ⇔ x1 −3 + x2 3 = 5 ⇔
[ ] [ ] [ ]
x1 − 2x2 7 1 −2 7
−3x1 + 3x2 = 5 ⇔the augmented matrix −3 3 5 yields a solution.
8x1 − 3x2 −4 8 −3 −4
[ ] [ ]
1 −2 7 3R1 +R2 →R2 1 −2 7
−8R1 +R3 →R3
−3 3 5 ∼ 0 −3 26
8 −3 −4 0 13 −60
( 313)R2 +R3 →R3 1 −2 7
∼ 0 −3 26
158
0 0 3
From the third equation, we have 0 = 158 3 , and thus the system does not have a solution. Thus,
b is not a linear combination of a1 , a2 , and a3 .
6. (a) False. Addition of vectors is associative and commutative.
(b) True. The scalars may be any real number.
(c) True. The solutions to a linear system with variables x1 , . . . , xn can be expressed as a vector x,
which is the sum of a fixed vector with n components and a linear combination of k vectors with
n components, where k is the number of free variables.
(d) False. The Parallelogram Rule gives a geometric interpretation of vector addition.
2.1 Vectors
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
3 −4 3 − (−4) 7
1. u − v = −2 − 1 = −2 − 1 = −3 ;
0 5 0−5 −5
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 (6) 2 12
6w = 6 −7 = (6) (−7) = −42
−1 (6) (−1) −6
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 3 2−3 −1
2. w − u = −7 − −2 = −7 − (−2) = −5 ;
−1 0 −1 − 0 −1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
−4 (−5) (−4) 20
−5v = (−5) 1 = (−5) 1 = −5
5 (−5) 5 −25
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 −4 2 + 3 (−4) −10
3. w + 3v = −7 +3 1 = −7 + 3 (1) = −4 ;
−1 5 −1 + 3 (5) 14
[ ] [ ]
2 −1 −4 5
2w − 7v = 2 −7 −7 1
[ [
− 7 (−4)
2 (2) ]
3
= 2 (−7) − 7 (1) 2
]
2 (−1) − 7
(5) =
−21
−
3
7
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 3 4 (2) − 3 5
4. 4w − u = 4 −7 − −2 = 4 (−7) − (−2) = −26 ;
−1 0 4 (−1) − 0 −4
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−4 2 (−2) (−4) + 5 (2) 18
−2v + 5w = (−2) 1 +5 −7 = (−2) (1) + 5 (−7) = −37
5 −1 (−2) (5) + 5 (−1) −15
[ ] [ ] [ ]
3 −4 2
5. −u + v + w = − −2 + 1 + −7 =
0 5 −1
[ ] [ ]
−3 − 4 + 2 −5
− (−2) + 1 − 7 = −4 ;
−0 + 5 − 1 4
[ ] [ ] [ ]
3 −4 2
2u − v + 3w = 2 −2 − 1 +3 −7 =
0 5 −1
[ ] [ ]
2 (3) − (−4) + 3 (2) 16
2 (−2) − 1 + 3 (−7) = −26
2 (0) − 5 + 3 (−1) −8
[ ] [ ] [ ]
3 −4 2
6. 3u − 2v + 5w = 3 −2 −2 1 +5 −7 =
0 5 −1
[ ] ] [
3 (3) − 2 (−4) + 5 (2) 27
3 (−2) − 2 (1) + 5 (−7) = −43 ;
3 (0) − 2 (5) + 5 (−1) −15
[ ] [ ] [ ]
3 −4 2
−4u + 3v − 2w = −4 −2 + 3 1 − 2 −7 =
0 5 −1
[ ] [ ]
(−4) (3) + 3 (−4) − 2 (2) −28
(−4) (−2) + 3 (1) − 2 (−7) = 25
(−4) (0) + 3 (5) − 2 (−1) 17
7. 3x1 − x2 = 8
2x1 + 5x2 = 13
8. −x1 + 9x2 = −7
6x1 − 5x2 = −11
−4x1 = 3
9. −6x1 + 5x2 = 4
5x1 − 3x2 + 2x3 = 16
10. 2x1 + 5x3 + 4x4 = 0
7x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 5x4 = 4
8x1 + 4x2 + 6x3 + 7x4 = 3
3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 5
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 8 −4 −10
11. x1 −1 + x2 −3 + x3 5 = 4
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−2 5 −10 4
12. x1 1 + x2 −2 + x3 3 = −1
7 −17 34 −16
13. [ ] − −3 + x2 [ ]
x1 1 2 −1
2 [ [ [
−3 −3
+ x3 ] + x4 −1 −
6 ] 1
1 2]
0 = −
0 1
5
[ ] [ ] [ ]
−5 9 13
14. x1 3 + x2 −5 = −9
1 −2 −2
[ ] [ ] [ ]
x1 −4 3
15. x2 = 0 + s1 1
[ ] [ ]
x1 −2
16. = s1 1
x2
[ ] [ ] [ ]
x1 7 −2
17. x2 = −3 + s1 0
x3 0 1
x1 1 3 −4
x2 −2 0 5
18. =
x3 0 + s1 0 + s2 1
x4 0 1 0
x1 4 6 −5
x2 0 0 1
19. = + s1 + s2
x3 −9 3 0
x4 1 0
0
x1 1 −7 14 −1
x2 0 0 0 1
20. x = 0 + s1 0 + s2 1 + s3 0
3
x4 −12 1 0 0
x5 1 0 0
0
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
3 −1 3 −1 2
21. 1u + 0v = u = , 0u + 1v = v = , 1u + 1v = + =
−2 −4 −2 −4 −6
[ ] [ ]
7 5
22. 1u + 0v = u = 1 , 0u + 1v = v = −3 ,
−13 2
[ ] [ ] [ ]
7 5 12
1u + 1v = 1 + −3 = −2 .
−13 2 −11
[ ] [ ] [ ]
−4 −2 9
23. 1u + 0v + 0w = u = 0 , 0u + 1v + 0w = v = −1 , 0u + 0v + 1w = w = 6 .
−3 5 11
1 4 9
8 −2 9
24. 1u + 0v + 0w = u = 2 , 0u + 1v + 0w = v = 5 , 0u + 0v + 1w = w = 0 .
2 −5 1
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
a −1 −10 −3a − 4 −10
25. −3 3 +4 b = 19
⇒ −9 + 4b
=
19 ⇒ −3a − 4 = −10 and −9 + 4b = 19.
Solving these equations, we obtain a = 2 and b = 7.

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
4 −3 b −1 16 − 9 − 2b −1
=
26. 4 a +3 5 −2 8 = 7
⇒ 4a + 15 − 16 7
⇒
7 − 2b = −1 and 4a − 1 = 7. Solving these equations, we obtain a = 2 and b = 4.

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−1 3 c 1+6 c
27. − a +2 −2 = −7 ⇒ −a − 4 = −7 ⇒
2 b 8 −2 + 2b 8
7 = c, −a − 4 = −7, and −2 + 2b = 8. Solving these equations, we obtain a = 3, b = 5, and c = 7.

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
a 1 4 −a − 1 4
28. − −3 − b = 2 ⇒ 3−b = 2 ⇒
0 5 c −5 c
− a − 1 = 4, 3 − b = 2, and −5 = c. Solving these equations, we obtain a = −5, b = 1, and c = −5.

1 b 2 −3 2b − 3 −3
2 1 c −4 −c −4
29. − +2 − = ⇒ −a − 9 = ⇒
a −2 5 3 3
1 3 0 d 5 d
2b − 3 = −3, −c = −4, −a − 9 = 3, and 5 = d. Solving these equations, we obtain a = −12, b = 0,

c = 4, and d = 5.
a 5 2 11 −a + 10 − 2 11
4 1 c −4 −4 + 2 − c −4
30. − −2 +2 b
−
−3 = 3 ⇒ =
3 ⇒
2 + 2b + 3
−1 3 −6 d 1+6+6 d
− a + 8 = 11, −2 − c = −4, 5 + 2b = 3, and 13 = d. Solving these equations, we obtain a = −3, b = −1,

c = 2, and d = 13.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−2 7 8 −2x1 + 7x2 8
31. x a + x a x =
+ ⇔ 5x1 − 3x2 =
5 2
−3 9 9
1 1 2 2 =b ⇔ x1 ⇔ the
[ ]
−2 7 8
augmented matrix 5 −3 9 has a solution:
] [ [ ]
−2 7 8 (5/2)R1 +R2 →R2 −2 7 8
5 −3 9
∼ 0 29 29
2
From row 2, 2 x2 = 29 ⇒ x2 = 2. From row 1, −2x1 + 7(2) = 8 ⇒ x1 = 3. Hence b is a linear
29
combination of a1 and a2 , with b =3a1 + 2a2 .

6
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
4 −6 1 4x1 − 6x2
32. x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b ⇔ x1 −6 + x2 9 =
−5 ⇔ −6x1 + 9x2
[ ] [ ]
1 4 −6 1
=
−5 ⇔ the augmented matrix −6 9 −5 has a solution:
[ ] [ ]
4 −6 1 (3/2)R1 +R2 →R2 4 −6 1
2
−6 9 −5
∼
0 0 −7
Because no solution exists, b is not a linear combination of a1 and a2 .

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 0 1 2x1 1
33. x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b ⇔ x1 −3 + x2 3 = −5 ⇔ −3x1 + 3x2 = −5 . The
1 −3 −2 x1 − 3x2 −2
(1 )
first equation 2x1 = 1 ⇒ x1 = 21 . Then the second equation −3 + 3x2 = −5 ⇒ x2 = − 7 . We
( 7)
check the third equation, 1

2 − 3 − 6 = 4 = −2. Hence b is not linear
2 combination of a1 and a2 .
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 0 6 2x1 6
34. x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b ⇔ x1 −3 + x2 3 = 3 ⇔ −3x1 + 3x2 = 3 . The
1 −3 −9 x1 − 3x2 −9
first equation 2x1 = 6 ⇒ x1 = 3. Then the second equation −3 (3) + 3x2 = 3 ⇒ x2 = 4. We check
the third equation, 3 − 3(4) = −9. Hence b is a linear combination of a1 and a2 , with b =3a1 + 4a2 .
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 −3 2 1 x1 − 3x2 + 2x3
35. x1 a1 + x2 a2 + x2 a2 = b ⇔ x1 2 + x2 5 + x3 2 = −2 ⇔ 2x1 + 5x2 + 2x3
[ ] ] [
1 1 −3 2 1
= −2 ⇔the augmented matrix 2 5 2 −2 yields a solution.
3 1 −3 4 3
[ ] −2R1 +R2 →R2 [ ]
1 −3 2 1 −R1 +R3 →R3
1 −3 2 1
2 5 2 −2 ∼ 0 11 −2 −4
1 −3 4 3 0 0 2 2
From row 3, we have 2x3 = 2 ⇒ x3 = 1. From row 2, 11x2 − 2(1) = −4 ⇒ x2 = − 11 2

. From row
2 17
11 11
. Hence b is a linear combination of a 1 , a 2 , and a3 , with
17 −
b = − 11 a1 11 2
2
a + a 3 . x =−
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 0 −2 2
36. x1 a1 + x2 a2 + x2 a2 = b ⇔ x1 −3 + x2 3 + x3 −1 = −4 ⇔
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2x1 − 2x3 2 2 0 −2 2
−3x1 + 3x2 − x3 = −4 ⇔the augmented matrix −3 3 −1 −4 yields a solution.
x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 5 1 −3 3 5
[ ] (3/2)R1 +R2 →R2 [ ]

2 0 −2 2 (−1/2)R1 +R3 →R3
2 0 −2 2
−3 3 −1 −4 ∼ 0 3 −4 −1
1 −3 3 5 0 −3 4 4
[ ]
2 0 −2 2
R2 +R3 →R3 0 3 −4 −1
∼
0 0 0 3
From the third equation, we have 0 = 3, and hence the system does not have a solution. Hence b is
not a linear combination of a1 , a2 , and a3 .
37. Using vectors, we calculate [ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 76
(2) 3 + (1) 25 = 31
4 6 14
Hence we have 76 pounds of nitrogen, 31 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 14 pounds of potash.
38. Using vectors, we calculate [ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 242
(4) 3 + (7) 25 = 187
4 6 58
Hence we have 242 pounds of nitrogen, 187 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 58 pounds of potash.
39. Let x1 be the amount of Vigoro, x2 the amount of Parker’s, and then we need
[ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 112
x1 3 + x2 25 = 81
4 6 26
Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

[ ] (−3/29)R1 +R2 →R2 29 18 112
29 18 112
(−4/29)R1 +R3 →R3 671 2013
3 25 81 ∼ 0 29 29
4 6 26 0 102 306
29 29
(−102/671)R2 +R3 →R3

29 18 112
∼ 0 671
29
2013
29
0 0 0
From row 2, we have 671 2013

29 x2 = 29 ⇒ x2 = 3. Form row 1, we have 29x1 + 18(3) = 112 ⇒ x1 = 2.
Thus we need 2 bags of Vigoro and 3 bags of Parker’s.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 285
x1 3 + x2 25 = 284
4 6 78

[ ] (−3/29)R1 +R2 →R2 29 18 285
29 18 285
(−4/29)R1 +R3 →R3 671 7381
3 25 284 ∼ 0 29 29
4 6 78 0 102 1122
29 29
(−102/671)R2 +R3 →R3

29 18 285
∼ 0 671
29
7381
29
0 0 0

29 x2 = 29 ⇒ x2 = 11. Form row 1, we have 29x1 + 18(11) = 285 ⇒ x1 = 3.
Thus we need 3 bags of Vigoro and 11 bags of Parker’s.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 123
x1 3 + x2 25 = 59
4 6 24

[ ] (−3/29)R1 +R2 →R2 29 18 123
29 18 123
(−4/29)R1 +R3 →R3 671 1342
3 25 59 ∼ 0 29 29
0
4 6 24 102 204
29 29
(29/671)R2 →R2 [ ]
(−102/29)R2 +R3 →R3
29 18 123
∼ 0 1 2
0 0 0
Back substituting gives x2 = 2 and x1 = 3. Hence we need 3 bags of Vigoro and 2 bags of Parker’s.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 159
x1 3 + x2 25 = 109
4 6 36

[ ] (−3/29)R1 +R2 →R2 29 18 159
29 18 159
(−4/29)R1 +R3 →R3 0 671 2684
3 25 109 ∼ 29 29
102 408
4 6 36 0 29 29
(29/671)R2 →R3 [ ]
29 18 159
(−102/29)R2 +R3 →R3
∼ 0 1 4
0 0 0
Back substituting gives x2 = 4 and x1 = 3. Hence we need 3 bags of Vigoro and 4 bags of Parker’s.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 148
x1 3 + x2 25 = 131
4 6 40

[ ] (−3/29)R1 +R2 →R2 29 18 148
29 18 148
(−4/29)R1 +R3 →R3 671 3355
3 25 131 ∼ 0 29 29
0
4 6 40 102 568
29 29
29 18 148
(−102/671)R2 +R3 →R3 0 671 3355
∼ 29 29
0 0 2
Since row 3 corresponds to the equation 0 = 2, the system has no solutions.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 100
x1 3 + x2 25 = 120
4 6 40

[ ] (−3/29)R1 +R2 →R2 29 18 100
29 18 100
(−4/29)R1 +R3 →R3 671 3180
3 25 120 ∼ 0 29 29
0
4 6 40 102 760
29 29
29 18 100
(−102/671)R2 +R3 →R3 671 3180
∼ 0 29 29
0 0 6400
671
6400
Since row 3 is 0 = 671 , we conclude that we can not obtain the desired amounts.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 25
x1 3 + x2 25 = 72
4 6 14

[ ] (−3/29)R1 +R2 →R2 29 18 25
29 18 25
(−4/29)R1 +R3 →R3 671 2013
3 25 72 ∼ 0 29 29
0
4 6 14 102 306
29 29
(−102/671)R2 +R3 →R3

29 18 25
∼ 0 671
29
2013
29
0 0 0

29 x2 = 29 ⇒ x2 = 3. From row 1, we have 29x1 + 18(3) = 25 ⇒ x1 = −1.
Since we can not use a negative amount, we conclude that there is no solution.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
29 18 301
x1 3 + x2 25 = 8
4 6 38

[ ] (−3/29)R1 +R2 →R2 29 18 301
29 18 301
(−4/29)R1 +R3 →R3 671 671
3 25 8 ∼ 0 29
− 29
4 6 38 0 102 102
29
− 29
29 18 301
(−102/671)R2 +R3 →R3 671 671
∼ 0 29 − 29
0 0 0
From row 2, we have 67129 x2 = − 29 ⇒ x2 = −1. Since we can not use a negative amount, we conclude
671
that there is no solution.

47. Let x1 be the number of cans of Red Bull, and x2 the number of cans of Jolt Cola, and then we need
[ ] [ ] [ ]
x1 27 + x2 94 = 148
80 280 440

[ ] [ ]
27 94 148 (−80/27)R1 +R2 →R2 27 94 148
80 280 440
∼ 40 40
0 27 27

27 x2 = 27 ⇒ x2 = 1. From row 1, 27x1 + 94(1) = 148 ⇒ x1 = 2. Thus we
need to drink 2 cans of Red Bull and 1 can of Jolt Cola.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
x1 27 94 = 309
80 + x2 280 920

[ ] [ ]
27 94 309 (−80/27)R1 +R2 →R2 27 94 309
80 280 920
∼ 40 40
0 27 9
40 40
From row 2, we have 27 x2 = 9 ⇒ x2 = 3. From row 1, 27x1 + 94(3) = 309 ⇒ x1 = 1. Thus we
need to drink 1 can of Red Bull and 3 cans of Jolt Cola.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
x1 27 94 = 242
80 + x2 280 720

[ ] [ ]
27 94 242 (−80/27)R1 +R2 →R2 27 94 242
80 280 720
∼ 40 80
0 27 27

27 x2 = 27 ⇒ x2 = 2. From row 1, 27x1 + 94(2) = 242 ⇒ x1 = 2. Thus we
need to drink 2 cans of Red Bull and 2 cans of Jolt Cola.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
x1 27 94 = 457
80 + x2 280 1360

[ ] [ ]
27 94 457 (−80/27)R1 +R2 →R2 27 94 457
∼
80 280 1360 0 40
27
160
27
40 160
From row 2, we have 27 x2 = 27 ⇒ x2 = 4. From row 1, 27x1 + 94(4) = 457 ⇒ x1 = 3. Thus we
need to drink 3 cans of Red Bull and 4 cans of Jolt Cola.
51. Let x1 be the number of servings of Lucky Charms and x2 the number of servings of Raisin Bran, and
then we need [ ] [ ] [ ]
10 2 40
x1 25 + x2 25 = 200
25 10 125

[ ] (−5/2)R1 +R2 →R2 [ ]
10 2 40 (−5/2)R +R →R
10 2 40
1 3 3
25 25 200 ∼ 0 20 100
25 10 125 0 5 25
[ ]
10 2 40
(−1/4)R2 +R3 →R3
∼ 0 20 100
0 0 0
From row 2, we have 20x2 = 100 ⇒ x2 = 5. From row 1, 10x1 + 2(5) = 40 ⇒ x1 = 3. Thus we need
3 servings of Lucky Charms and 5 servings of Raisin Bran.
10 2 34
x1 25 + x2 25 = 125
25 10 95

[ ] (−5/2)R1 +R2 →R2 [ ]
10 2 34 (−5/2)R +R →R
10 2 34
1 3 3
25 25 125 ∼ 0 20 40
25 10 95 0 5 10
[ ]
10 2 34
(−1/4)R2 +R3 →R3
∼ 0 20 40
0 0 0
10 2 26
x1 25 + x2 25 = 125
25 10 80

[ ] (−5/2)R1 +R2 →R2 [ ]
10 2 26 (−5/2)R +R →R
10 2 26
1 3 3
25 25 125 ∼ 0 20 60
25 10 80 0 5 15
[ ]
10 2 26
(−1/4)R2 +R3 →R3
∼ 0 20 60
0 0 0
10 2 38
x1 25 + x2 25 = 175
25 10 115

[ ] (−5/2)R1 +R2 →R2 [ ]
10 2 38 (−5/2)R1 +R3 →R3
10 2 38
25 25 175 ∼ 0 20 80
25 10 115 0 5 20
[ ]
10 2 38
(−1/4)R2 +R3 →R3
∼ 0 20 80
0 0 0
[ ] [ ]
2000 3000
55. (a) a = 8000 , b = 10000
[ ] [ ]
3000 24000
(b) 8b = (8) = . The company produces 24000 computer monitors and 80000
10000 80000
flat panel televisions at facility B in 8 weeks.

[ ] [ ] [ ]
2000 3000 30000
(c) 6a + 6b = 6 8000 + 6 = . The company produces 30000 computer
10000 108000
monitors and 108000 flat panel televisions at facilities A and B in 6 weeks.

(d) Let x1 be the number of weeks of production at facility A, and x2 the number of weeks of
production at facility B, and then we need
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2000 3000 24000
x1 + x 2 =
8000 10000 92000

[ ] [ ]
2000 3000 24000 (−4)R1 +R2 →R2 2000 3000 24000
8000 10000 92000

∼ 0 −2000 −4000
From row 2, we have −2000x2 = −4000 ⇒ x2 = 2. From row 1, 2000x1 + 3000(2) = 24000 ⇒
x1 = 9. Thus we need 9 weeks of production at facility A and 2 weeks of production at facility B.
56. We assume a 5-day work week.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
10 20 40
(a) a = 20 , b = 30 , c = 70
10 40 50
[ ] [ ]
40 800
(b) 20c = (20) 70 = 1400 . The company produces 800 metric tons of PE, 1400 metric tons
50 1000
of PVC, and 1000 metric tons of PS at facility C in 4 weeks.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
10 20 40 700
(c) 10a + 10b + 10c = 10 20 + 10 30 + 10 70 = 1200 . The company produces 700

10 40 50 1000
metric tons of PE, 1200 metric tons of PVC, and 1000 metric tons of PS at facilities A,B, and C
in 2 weeks.
(d) Let x1 be the number of days of production at facility A, x2 the number of days of production at
facility B, and x3 the number of days of production at facility C. Then we need
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
10 20 40 240
x1 20 + x2 30 + x3 70 = 420
10 40 50 320

[ ] −2R1 +R2 →R2 [ ]
10 20 40 240 10 20 40 240
−R1 +R3 →R3
20 30 70 420 ∼ 0 −10 −10 −60
10 40 50 320 0 20 10 80
[ ]
10 20 40 240
2R2 +R3 →R3
∼ 0 −10 −10 −60
0 0 −10 −40
From row 3, we have −10x3 = −40 ⇒ x3 = 4. From row 2, −10x2 − 10(4) = −60 ⇒ x2 = 2.
From row 1, 10x1 + 20(2) + 40(4) = 240 ⇒ x1 = 4. Thus we need 4 days of production at facility
A, 2 days of production at facility B, and 4 days of production at facility C.
57.
( [ ] [ ] [ ]) [ ] [ ]
8
5u1 +3u2 +2u3 1 3 −1 2 16
v = 5 +3 +2 = 1
= 5
5+3+2
= 10 10
2 4 5 32 16
5
( [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]) [ ]
−1 2 0 5 23 12
4u1 +1u2 +2u3 +5u4 1 1 19

58. v = 4+1+2+5
= 12
4 0 +1 1 +2 4 +5 2 = 12
19 = 12
2 −3 3 0 11 11
12
59. Let x1 , x2 ,and x3 be the mass of u1 , u2 , and u3 respectively. Then

( [ ] [ ] [ ])
x1 u 1 + x2 u2 + 1 −1 3 5
x3 u 3 = x1 3 + x2 −2 + x3 2
v= 11
11
[ ] [ ]
1 3 5 13
− 11 x1 + 11 x2 + 11 x3 11
= =
11 x1 − 11 x2 + 11 x3
3 2 2 16
11
We obtain the 2 equations, −x1 +3x2 + 5x3 = 13 and 3x1 − 2x2 +2x3 = 16. Together with the equation
x1 + x2 + x3 = 11, we have 3 equations and solve the corresponding augmented matrix:
[ ] [ ]
−1 3 5 13 3R1 +R2 →R2 −1 3 5 13
R1 +R3 →R3
3 −2 2 16 ∼ 0 7 17 55
1 1 1 11 0 4 6 24
−1 3 5 13
(−4/7)R2 +R3 →R3
∼ 0 7 17 55
0 0 − 267 − 52
7
7 7 From row 3, − 26 x3 = − 52
⇒ x3 = 2. From row 2, 7x2 + 17(2) = 55 ⇒ x2 = 3. From row 1,
−x1 + 3(3) + 5(2) = 13 ⇒ x1 = 6.
60. Let x1 , x2 , x3 ,and x4 be the mass of u1 , u2 , u3 , and u4 respectively. Then

( [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ])
x1 u1 + x2 u2 + x3 u 3 + 1 1 2 0 −1
x4 u 4 = x1 1 + x2 −1 + x3 3 + x4 0
v = 11 2 0 2 1
11
1 2 1 4
x + 11 x2 − 11 x4
11 1 11
1 1 3 5
= x − 11 x2 + 11 x3
11 1
= 11
2 2 1 12
11 x1 + 11 x3 + 11 x4 11
We obtain the 3 equations, x1 + 2x2 − x4 = 4, x1 − x2 + 3x3 = 5, and 2x1 + 2x3 + x4 = 12. Together
with the equation x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 11, we have 4 equations and solve the corresponding augmented
matrix:
−R1 +R2 →R2
1 2 0 −1 4 −2R1 +R3 →R3 1 2 0 −1 4
1 −1 3 0 5 −R1 +R4 →R4
∼ 0 −3 3 1 1
2 0 2 1 12 0 −4 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 11 0 −1 1 2 7
(−4/3)R2 +R3 →R3
1 2 0 −1 4
(−1/3)R2 +R4 →R4 0 −3 3 1 1
∼ 0 0 −2 5 8
3 3
5 20
0 0 0 3 3
From row 4, 5
x4 = 20
⇒ x4 = 4. From row 3, −2x3 + 5 (4) = 8 ⇒ x3 = 2. From row 2,
3 3 3 3
−3x2 + 3(2) + 4 = 1 ⇒ x2 = 3. From row 1, x1 + 2(3) − 4 = 4 ⇒ x1 = 2.
61. For example, u = (0, 0, −1) and v = (3, 2, 0).
62. For example, u = (4, 0, 0, 0) and v = (0, 2, 0, 1).
63. For example, u = (1, 0, 0), v = (1, 0, 0), and w = (−2, 0, 0).
64. For example, u = (1, 0, 0, 0), v = (1, 0, 0, 0), and w = (−2, 0, 0, 0).
65. For example, u = (1, 0) and v = (2, 0).
66. For example, u = (1, 0) and v = (−1, 0).
67. For example, u = (1, 0, 0), v = (2, 0, 0), and w = (3, 0, 0).
68. For example, u = (1, 0, 0, 0), v = (2, 0, 0, 0), w = (2, 0, 0, 0),and x = (4, 0, 0, 0).
69. Simply, x1 = 3 and x2 = −2.
70. For example, x1 − 2x2 = 1 and x2 + x3 = 1.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
−3 (−2)(−3) 6
71. (a) True, since −2 = = .
5 (−2)(5) −10
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 −4 1 − (−4) 5 −3
(b) False, since u − v = − = = =
3 2 3−2 1 1 .
72. (a) False. Scalars may be any real number, such as c = −1.
(b) True. Vector components and scalars can be any real numbers.
73. (a) True, by Theorem 2.3(b).
(b) False. The sum c1 + u1 of a scalar and a vector is undefined.
74. (a) False. A vector can have any initial point.
[ ]
1
(b) False. They do not point in opposite directions, as there does not exist c < 0 such that −2 =
4
[ ]
−2
c 4 .
8
75. (a) True, by Definition 2.1, where it is stated that vectors can be expressed in column or row form.
(b) True. For any vector v, 0 = 0v.
76. (a) True, because −2 (−u) = (−2) ((−1) u) = ((−2) (−1)) u = 2u.
[ ] [ ]
0 0
(b) False. For example, x 0 = has no solution.
1
77. (a) False. It works regardless of the quadrant, and can be established algebraically for vectors posi-
tioned anywhere.
(b) False. Because vector addition is commutative, one can order the vectors in either way for the
Tip-to-Tail Rule.
78. (a) False. For instance, if u = (2, 1) and v = (−1, 3), then u − v = (3, −2) while −u + v = (−3, 2).
(The diﬀerence u − v is found by adding u to −v.)
(b) True, as long as the vectors have the same number of components.
u1 u1 (a + b) u1
u2 u2 (a + b) u2
79. (a) Let u = . . Then (a + b)u = (a + b) . = .
. . .
un un (a + b) un
au1 + bu1 au1 bu1 u1 u1

au2 + bu2 au2 bu2 u2 u2
= . = . + . =a . +b . = au + bu.
. . . . .
aun + bun aun bun un un
u1 v1 w1
u2 v2 w2
(b) Let u = . ,v = . , and w = . . Then
. . .
un vn wn
u1 v1 w1 u1 + v1 w1
u2 v2 w2 u2 + v2 w2
(u + v) + w = . + . + . = . + .
. . . . .
un vn wn un + vn wn
(u1 + v1 ) + w1 u1 + (v1 + w1 ) u1 v1 + w1
(u2 + v2 ) + w2 u2 + (v2 + w2 ) u2 v2 + w2
= . = . = . + .
. . . .
(un + vn ) + wn un + (vn + wn ) un vn + w n
u1 v1 w1
u2 v2 w2
= . + . + . =u+ (v + w).
. . .
un vn wn
u1 u1 bu1
u2 u2 bu2
(c) Let u = . . Then a(bu) = a b . =a .
. . .
un un bun
a (bu1 ) (ab) u1 u1
(ab) u2 u2
a (bu2 ) = (ab) = (ab)u.
= = . .
.
a (bun ) (ab) un un
u1 u1 u1
u2 u2 u2
(d) Let u = . . Then u + (−u) = . + − .
. . .
un un un
u1 −u1 u1 − u1 0
u2 −u2 u2 − u2
= . + . = . 0 = 0.
= .
. . . .
−un
un − u n 0
un
u1 u1 0 u1 + 0 u1
u2 u2 u2 + 0 u2
(e) Let u = . . Then u + 0 = . . = . = u. Likewise,
0
+ . =
. . . . .
un + 0 un
un un 0
0 u1 0 + u1 u1
0 u2 u2
0 + u2
0+u= + = = = u.
. . . .
0 un 0 + un un
u1 u1 (1) u1 u1
u2 u2 (1) u2 u2
(f) Let u = . . Then 1u = (1) . = . = . = u.
. . . .
un un (1) un un
[ ] [ ]
2 1
80. Using, for example, u = and v = .
1 3
The vector u − v =
[ ]
1 is the
−2
translat
ion of
the
vector
w′
which
has
initial
point
the tip
of u
and
terminal point the tip of v, as in Figure 6.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
351 Section 2.2: Span Chapter 2: Euclidean Space 351
87. We obtain the three equations 2x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 = 0, 7x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 3, and 3x1 + 2x2 + 6x3 = 5.
Using a computer algebra system to solve this system, we get x1 = 4, x2 = −6.5, and x3 = 1.
88. We obtain the four equations x1 +4x2 −4x3 +5x4 = 1, −3x1 +3x2 +2x3 +2x4 = 7, 2x1 +2x2 −3x3 −4x4 =
2, and x2 + x3 = −6. Using a computer algebra system to solve this system, we get x1 = −7.5399,
x2 = −1.1656, x3 = −4.8344, and x4 = −1.2270. (Solving this system exactly, we obtain x1 = − 1229
163 ,
x2 = − 190
163 , x 3 = − 788
163 , and x 4 = − 200
163 .)
2.2 Practice
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
Problems 4 0 2 4 2
[ ]
2
1. (a) 0u1 +0u2 = 0 +0 = , 1u1 + 0u2 = 1 +0 = , 0u1 +1u2 =
−3 1 0 −3 1 −3
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 4 4
0 +1 =
−3 1 1
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
6 −2 0 6 −2 6
(b) 0u1 + 0u2 = 0 1 +0 3 = 0 , 1u1 + 0u2 = 1 1 +0 3 = 1 , 0u1 + 1u2 =
4 −3 0 4 −3 4
[ ] [ ] [ ]
6 −2 −2
0 1 +1 3 = 3
4 −3 −3
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 −1
2. Set x1 u1 + x2 u2 = b ⇒ x1 2 + x2 4 = 2 ⇒
−2 3 5
[ ] [ ]
x1 −1
2x1 + 4x2 = 2 . From the first equation, x1 = −1. Then the second equation is 2 (−1) +
−2x1 + 3x2 5
4x2 = 2 ⇒ x2 = 1. The third equation is now −2 (−1) + 3 (1) = 5 ⇒ 5 = 5. So b is in the span of
{u1 , u2 } , with (−1) u1 + (1) u2 = b.
[ ] [ ] [ ]
7 −2 −2 x1 6
3. (a) A = −1 7 4 ,x= x2 , b= 11
3 −1 −2 x3 1
[ ] x1 [ ]
4 −3 −1 5 x2 0
(b) A = ,x= x3 , b=
3 12 6 0 10
x4
4. (a) Row-reduce to echelon form:

[ ] [ ]
2 3 (1/2)R1 +R2 →R2 2 3
−1 −2
∼
0 − 12
There is not a row of zeros, so every choice of b is in the span of the columns of the given matrix
and, therefore, the columns of the matrix span R2 .
(b) Row-reduce to echelon form:
[ ] [ ]
4 1 (−1/4)R1 +R2 →R2 4 1
−3
∼
1 0 − 13
4
Since there is not a row of zeros, every choice of b is in the span of the columns of the given
matrix, and therefore the columns of the matrix span R2 .
5. (a) Row-reduce to echelon form:

[ ] [ ]
1 3 −1 1 3 −1
R1 +R2 →R2
−1 −2 3 ∼ 0 1 2
0 2 5 0 2 5
[ ]
1 3 −1
−2R2 +R3 →R3
∼ 0 1 2
0 0 1
There is not a row of zeros, so every choice of b is in the span of the columns of the given matrix
and, therefore, the columns of the matrix span R3 .
(b) Row-reduce to echelon form:
[ ] (−1/2)R1 +R2 →R2 [ ]
2 0 6 (1/2)R1 +R3 →R3
2 0 6
1 −2 1 ∼ 0 −2 −2
−1 4 1 0 4 4
[ ]
2 0 6
2R2 +R3 →R3 0 −2 −2
∼
0 0 0
Because there is a row of zeros, there exists a vector b that is not in the span of the columns of
the matrix and, therefore, the columns of the matrix do not span R3 .
6. (a) False. If the vectors span R3 , then vectors have three components, and cannot span R2 .
(b) True. Every vector b in R2 can be written as
b = x1 u1 + x2 u 2
x1 x
= (2u1 ) + 2 (3u2 )
2 3
which shows that {2u1 , 3u2 } spans R2 .
(c) True. Every vector b in R3 can be written as b = x1 u1 + x2 u2 + x3 u3 . So Ax = b has the

solution [ ]
x1
x= x2 .
x3
(d) True. Every vector b in R2 can be written as b = x1 u1 +x2 u2 = x1 u1 +x2 u2 +0u3 , so {u1 , u2 , u3 }
spans R2 .
2.2 Span
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 9 0 2 9 2
1. 0u1 + 0u2 = 0 6 +0 15 = 0 , 1u1 + 0u2 = 1 6 +0 15 = 6 , 0u1 + 1u2 =
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 9 9
0 +1 =
6 15 15
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−2 −3 0 −2 −3 −2
2. 0u1 + 0u2 = 0 +0 4 = , 1u1 + 0u2 = 1 +0 4 = , 0u1 + 1u2 =
7 0 7 7
[ ] [ ] [ ]
−2 −3 −3
0 +1 = 4
7 4
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 1 0 2 1 2
3. 0u1 + 0u2 = 0 5 +0 0 = 0 , 1u1 + 0u2 = 1 5 +0 0 = 5 , 0u1 + 1u2 =

−3 4 0 −3 4 −3
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 1 1
0 5 +1 0 = 0
−3 4 4
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
0 1 −6 0 0 1
4. 0u1 + 0u2 + 0u3 = 0 5 +0 2 +0 7 = 0 , 1u1 + 0u2 + 0u3 = 1 5 +0 2 +
−2 6 2 0 −2 6
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−6 0 0 1 −6 1
2 −2 −2 6 2 6
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 4 −4 0 2 4
5. 0u1 + 0u2 + 0u3 = 0 0 +0 1 +0 0 = 0 , 1u1 + 0u2 + 0u3 = 1 0 +0 1 +
0 6 7 0 0 6
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−4 2 2 4 −4 4
0 0 = 0 , 0u1 + 1u2 + 0u3 = 0 0 +1 1 +0 0 = 1
7 0 0 6 7 6
0 −1 12 0 0 −1
1 8 −1 0 1 8
6. 0u1 +0u2 +0u3 = 0 +0 +0 = , +0u + 0u = 1 +0 +
1u
3 −5 1 0 1 2 3 3 −5
0 2 0 0 0 2
12 0 0 −1 12 −1
−1 1 1 8 −1 8
0 = , 0u1 + 1u2 + 0u3 = 0 +1 +0
1 3 3 −5 1 = −5
0 0 0 2 0 2
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
3 9 3x1 9
7. Set x1 a1 = b ⇒ x1 = −15 ⇒ = .
5 5x1 −15
From the first component, x1 = 3, but from the second component x1 = −3. Thus b is not in the span
of a1 .
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
10 −30 10x1 −30
8. Set x1 a1 = b ⇒ x1 −15
= ⇒ = .
45 −15x1 45
From the first component, x1 = −3, and from the second component x1 = 3. Thus b = −3a1 ,and b is
in the span of a1 .
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
4 2 4x1 2
9. Set x1 a1 = b ⇒ x1 −2 = −1 ⇒ −2x1 = −1 .
10 −5 10x1 −5
From the first and second components, x1 = 12 , but from the third component x1 = − 12. Thus b is not
in the span of a1 .
[ ] − [ ]
−1 −2
10. Set x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b ⇒ x1 3 1 + x2 −3
6 [
−
6
]
=
⇒
] [ ] 2
[
−x1 − 2x2 −6
3x1 − 3x2 = 9 . We obtain 3 equations and row-reduce the associated augmented matrix
−x1 + 6x2 2
to determine if there are solutions.

[ ] [ ]
−1 −2 −6 3R1 +R2 →R2 −1 −2 −6
−R1 +R3 →R3
3 −3 9 ∼ 0 −9 −9
−1 6 2 0 8 8
[ ]
(8/9)R2 +R3 →R3
−1 −2 −6
∼ 0 −9 −9
0 0 0
From the second row, −9x2 = −9 ⇒ x2 = 1.From row 1, −x1 − 2(1) = −6 ⇒ x1 = 4. We conclude
b is in the span of a1 and a2 , with b = 4a1 + a2 .
[ ] [ ] [ ]
−1 2 −10
11. Set x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b ⇒ x1 4 + x2 8 = −8 ⇒
−3 −7 7
[ ] [ ]
−x1 + 2x2 −10
4x1 + 8x2 = −8 . We obtain 3 equations and row-reduce the associated augmented matrix
−3x1 − 7x2 7
[ ] [ ]
−1 2 −10 4R1 +R2 →R2 −1 2 −10
−3R1 +R3 →R3
4 8 −8 ∼ 0 16 −48
−3 −7 7 0 −13 37
[ ]
(13/16)R2 +R3 →R3
−1 2 −10
∼ 0 16 −48
0 0 −2
From the third row, 0 = −2,and hence there are no solutions. We conclude that there do not exist x1
and x2 such that x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b, and therefore b is not in the span of a1 and a2 .
3 −4 0
1 2 10
12. Set x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b ⇒ x1 + x2 = ⇒
−2 3 1
3 5
3x1 − 4x2 0 −1
x1 + 2x2 10
−2x1 + 3x2 = . We obtain 4 equations and row-reduce the associated augmented matrix
1
−x1 + 3x2 5
(−1/3)R1 +R2 →R2

3 −4 0 3 −4 0
(2/3)R1 +R3 ⇒R3 10
1 2 10 (1/3)R1 +R4 →R4 0 3
10
−2 3 1
∼ 1
0 1
3
−1 3 5 0 5
5
3
(−1/10)R2 +R4 →R3 3 −4 0

10
(−1/2)R3 +R4 →R4 0 10
∼ 3
0 0 0
0 0 0
From the second row, 103 x2 = 10 ⇒ x2 = 3.From row 1, 3x1 − 4(3) = 0 ⇒ x1 = 4. We conclude b is
in the span of a1 and a2 , with b = 4a1 + 3a2 .
13. A = [ ]
2 8 −4
−1 [ ] [
−3 x1 −10
5 ,x= x2 , b ]
x3 =
4
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A third time Mrs. Green shook her head; solemnly, ominously she
shook it. “Well,” she muttered, “if girls will behave like that, after all
the schooling, and praying, and preaching, and—;” the rest of the
observation was unheard by the Stones, as their landlady had left
the room as she uttered it, slamming the door behind her. Lottie
knew by her manner that the cobbler’s wife was offended; and was
convinced that within an hour the story of the five sovereigns would
be spread all over Axe, as was already that of Abner’s arrival at
Southampton, Deborah, in her efforts to procure money for her
journey, having found it impossible to obey her husband’s injunction
of secrecy.
“Lottie, how did you get all that money?” asked her brother, as
soon as Mrs. Green’s heavy clumping step was heard descending
the stair.
“Oh, don’t you be a-worritting me too, Steady!” exclaimed Lottie,
calling the lad by a name which Arthur Madden had given to him in
the class, and which had clung to him, from its appropriateness, till it
had almost superseded his own.
Steady was not wont to “worrit” any one, and least of all the sister
to whose brighter intelligence he had habitually looked up through
his clouded boyhood, and whom he heartily loved. He was easily
silenced, but not easily relieved. He sat down by the casement to his
usual occupation of cutting pegs, but ever and anon a heavy sigh
came from the poor youth’s breast.
“You’re troubled about father?” asked Lottie, who was laying out
the rough-dried linen which she was about to iron for her mother.
“I warn’t a-thinking of father, but of that money,” replied the lad, in
his slow, measured drawl: he had difficulty in putting even the most
simple thought into words.
“Steady, surely you know me, you can trust me!” cried Lottie, with
a swelling heart.
“I does trust you,” said the lad emphatically, “but other folk won’t;”
and with another sigh he relapsed into silence.
Very sadly Lottie pursued her occupation of ironing. “Oh,” thought
she, “I wish that I could smooth away all these difficulties, as I press
down the creases out of this linen! Father ill—Mr. Arthur dying—
mother away—and then this dreadful, dreadful promise! Oh, that I
never had made it!”
“Here’s Mr. Eardley a-coming,” said young Stone, looking out of
the window.
For the first time the sound of her pastor’s name was unwelcome
to Lottie, for the first time in her life she dreaded an interview with the
clergyman. What could she say to him, how explain to him what
must appear so mysterious and strange?
Mr. Eardley crossed the road, and did not, as Lottie earnestly
hoped, pass the door of the cobbler’s shop. She heard his foot on
the stair, his tap at the door of the room. Lottie laid down her iron,
courtesied on the entrance of the clergyman, and remained with her
eyes fixed on the ground, her fingers nervously twitching the linen
which lay on the table beside her. She was not sufficiently collected
to think of offering her pastor a chair.
“Lottie, I am sorry to hear that you have left your place,” said Mr.
Eardley. “You seemed to be so happy and contented when I spoke to
you last Sunday, that I hoped that you would remain for many years
at the Lodge, and become in time a valuable servant.” Mr. Eardley’s
address was fatherly and kind, but Lottie’s only reply was in the big
tears which rolled slowly down her flushed cheeks.
“Come, my child, speak frankly to one who has your true welfare
at heart. Did you displease your lady? or had you some little
difference with your fellow-servant?”
Mr. Eardley paused for an answer, but no answer came.
“O Lottie, speak out!” cried her brother, who had a child-like faith in
the wisdom as well as the kindness of their pastor.
Mr. Eardley was both perplexed and distressed by the strange
reserve shown by one whose disposition he had hitherto found clear
as daylight. He had heard in an exaggerated form the story of the
money which Lottie had brought from Wildwaste, and very painful
suspicions began to arise in his mind. Yet the clergyman shrank at
first from saying a word that might appear like a charge of dishonesty
against one whose character had hitherto been without a stain.
“What did your lady say to your leaving her?”
“Nothing,” was trembling upon the lips of the girl, but Lottie
pressed them together, and kept silent. She was aware that if by
answering questions she were led into telling anything, she would
gradually be drawn into telling all; it was only by preserving silence
that she could possibly preserve the secret which she had solemnly
promised to keep.
“Lottie, why don’t you speak?” cried Steady in real distress.
“Miss Gritton appears to be so gentle and kind,” pursued the
clergyman.
“She’s an angel! I’d die for her!” interrupted Lottie, fairly breaking
down, and bursting into a fit of loud sobbing.
“Do you not think that, if you have displeased her, she might be
persuaded to overlook a fault, and take you back?” suggested Mr.
Eardley, glad that at least the girl’s obstinate silence was broken.
“I can’t go back!” sobbed Lottie.
“And wherefore not?” inquired Mr. Eardley.
“Lottie, do, do speak,” pleaded her brother.
The poor girl was in bitter distress. A false idea of honour has led
many a duellist to face the fire of an enemy, but never did the most
nervous spirit more shrink from such an ordeal than did that of the
little servant-maid from that which she now had to pass through.
Influenced by the highest sense of honour—conscientious respect
for a promise—Lottie stood the mark of questions, each of which
seemed to strike her in the tenderest part. She had more than filial
reverence for her pastor: to stand well in his favour, to do credit to
his care, had been one of the highest objects of her ambition; to
grieve, displease, disappoint him, was misery to which she could
hardly have believed it possible that she should ever be exposed.
Mr. Eardley, on his part, found the interview very painful. He had
regarded Lottie Stone as one of the most promising girls under his
pastoral charge; she was so simple-minded, affectionate, and pious;
he could have trusted her with money uncounted; were she to prove
ungrateful and unworthy, in whom could he henceforth trust? The
clergyman was very patient and tender, but he was also very faithful.
For more than an hour he stood in that little room, plying the silent,
miserable girl with questions that put her to the torture, appealing to
her reason, her affections, her conscience; exhorting, reproving,
entreating—doing all that lay in his power to overcome her
inexplicable reserve. Mr Eardley saw that Lottie’s character, that
most precious of earthly possessions, was at stake; that if she
continued silent, a merciless world would believe the worst. He
explained this again and again; and Lottie, in anguish of soul, felt
how true was every word which he uttered. And yet, had she not
promised before God? was it not better to endure suspicions than to
incur sin? Not all the efforts of her pastor, backed by the entreaties of
her simple-hearted brother, could force the poor girl from the position
to which conscience had fastened her, like a baited creature fixed to
the stake.
At length, disappointed and disheartened, Mr. Eardley took his
leave, promising, however, soon to return. Lottie wrung her hands in
silent misery as she heard the door close behind him. “There,” she
thought, “goes the kindest, most generous of friends, wearied out at
last, and thinking me an ungrateful and wicked girl. Oh, I could have
borne anything better than this!”
Lottie was not to have even a breathing-space of relief. Not five
minutes after the departure of Mr. Eardley, the baronet’s carriage
drove up to the door of the cobbler’s shop, with Isa and her cousin
within. Its approach was announced to Lottie by her brother’s
exclamation, “Here comes your mistress a-looking arter ye now!”
“I think all this will drive me mad!” cried Lottie, pressing both her
hands to her burning temples.
Isa had been much surprised, and even alarmed, on being
informed by Hannah at an early hour that morning that “that there girl
Lottie” had “run away without saying a word to nobody; taken her
bundle, and gone clean off.” Isa could in no way account for the
sudden departure of her young servant, except by imagining that she
had taken offence at something, and that perhaps something wild
and gipsy-like in her nature corresponded with her somewhat gipsy-
like appearance.
“To go without saying a word to me, kind and indulgent as I ever
have been, seems so strange, so ungrateful,” observed Isa to her
brother, when she mentioned to him at breakfast a fact of which he
had had much earlier notice than herself.
“No accounting for the vagaries of a raw, untutored village rustic,”
observed Gaspar, applying to his snuff-box; and he was ungenerous
enough to add, in order to cover his own confusion, “You had better
count up the spoons.”
“I could answer for Lottie’s honesty,” said Isa.
So could Gaspar Gritton, for he had seen it put to the proof; he
had seen the “raw, untutored village rustic” withstand a temptation
under which he, an educated man, calling himself a gentleman, had
basely succumbed. But Gaspar felt himself placed in a position of
difficulty. He would probably have at once told his sister all the
circumstances connected with Lottie’s dismissal, had it not been for
Isa’s having spoken to him on the subject of the Orissa. Gaspar
shrank from avowing to one who, as he knew, suspected his
honesty, that he actually had a large sum of money concealed in a
vault.
“What could have induced the girl to take such a step?” said Isa,
following the current of her own thoughts. “Hannah is as much in the
dark as ourselves.”
“Really,” observed Gaspar peevishly, “the subject is not worth the
trouble of considering. Such an insignificant cipher may go, or stay,
or hang herself; it matters not the turn of a straw to us.”
A feeling of indignation swelled the heart of Isa, and it cost her an
effort to give it no outward expression. Isa was not one of those who
regard the humbler members of a household as mere pieces of
furniture, to be discarded when faulty, or neglected when worn out,
without a thought or a care. She looked upon them as fellow-
Christians and fellow-immortals, over whom the position of master or
mistress gives an influence for which an account must one day be
rendered. Added to this, Lottie’s simplicity, warmth of heart, and the
knowledge of her early trials, had engaged in her behalf the kindly
interest of her young mistress. Isa’s anxiety on account of her run-
away servant was not only a matter of conscience, but a matter of
feeling also.
After some minutes of silence, Isa exclaimed, as if she had
suddenly found a clue for which she had been searching, “It must
have been your words to her yesterday evening.”
“What words do you mean?” asked Gaspar.
“You said that she must have been drinking. Such a sentence,
though lightly spoken, would wound her deeply, for she would think it
an allusion to the well-known vice of her father, whom, poor child,
she loves so dearly.”
“Really,” observed Mr. Gritton, with a short, harsh laugh, “we must
be careful now-a-days where we blow thistle-down, lest it should
wound some sensitive maid-of-all-work!” He was not sorry that Isa
should suggest some cause for Lottie’s sudden flight that was
remote from the real one.
“I cannot rest till I know all, and have seen the poor girl,” thought
Isa; “I will go over to the Castle at once, and ask Edith to take me in
the carriage to Axe.”
CHAPTER XV.
EVIL TONGUES.
“I will not go in with you, Isa dear,” said Edith, as the carriage
approached the little country town. “Lottie will speak to you more
freely if no one is by. I hope that we shall be able to carry back with
us to Wildwaste your runaway little gipsy maid.”
“I am sure that we shall,” replied Isa. “Lottie is an affectionate girl,
and loves me. I must chide her a little, but gently; she is one with
whom a short reproof will go a long way.”
“And all your scourges are made of feathers, like those in the fairy-
tale,” said Edith with a smile, as the carriage rolled up to the door of
Mrs. Green’s shop.
Courteously declining the guidance of the cobbler’s stout wife, Isa
lightly ascended the stair to the lodging above. She entertained not
the slightest doubt of succeeding in bringing back her truant; her only
subject of consideration was how far reproof should be blended with
kindness. Lottie’s strange conduct had given her mistress just cause
of offence; it must not be overlooked, though in Isa’s heart it was
already forgiven.
The lady tapped at the door, and entered the room where Lottie
stood trembling. Her face was buried in her hands; but Isa could see
the red burning flush on her neck. The girl’s attitude was so
expressive of humiliation and grief, that her gentle mistress forgot at
once all her intended rebuke.
“My poor Lottie, what has happened?” There was nothing but
kindness and sympathy in the voice which uttered the question.
The tears trickled through Lottie’s brown fingers; but she did not
remove her hands or raise her head.
“What has happened?” repeated Isa, addressing herself to the lad,
who had risen from his seat on the entrance of the lady.
Steady tugged hard at the button of his jacket; his nostrils dilated;
he looked first to one side and then to the other, an image of dull
perplexity. He jerked out the answer, “She won’t tell no one;” and
then, unable to bear another interview like that which had just
passed between his sister and Mr. Eardley, the poor lad shuffled
hastily out of the room.
Isa went up to Lottie Stone, and gently laid her hand on her
shoulder. “If you have had anything to pain and distress you, open
your heart to me. I am not angry with you, Lottie, though you did
wrong to leave the house without giving notice. I am willing to take
you back if you tell me frankly the cause of your going.”
“I can’t tell,” replied Lottie in a choking voice.
MISS ISA QUESTIONS LOTTIE.
“Something that was said distressed you, perhaps. Was it what

your master spoke about drinking, when you threw down the weights
last evening?”
Isa’s question suddenly opened for the young maid a little door of
escape. The lady had found out a cause for Lottie’s strange conduct
when she herself could give none. Would there be any harm in
leaving Miss Gritton to think, and to lead others to think, that the
whole strange affair had arisen from a burst of passionate feeling,
caused by an accusation which had been both unjust and cruel? A
disingenuous girl would have gladly availed herself of the lady’s
mistaken view, and have left her to form her own conclusions from it.
But Lottie had the straightforward simplicity of one in whose spirit
there is no guile. She shook her head on Isa’s repeating her
question, and her mistress remained more perplexed than ever. Isa
felt, as Mr. Eardley had felt, surprised, discouraged, and at length a
little displeased. Lottie would neither apologize, nor explain, nor
consent to go back to her place. No sentence could be wrung from
her lips but a repetition of “I can’t tell,” “I can never go back;” and yet
her manner expressed fervent, grateful affection towards her young
mistress. Isa was convinced that the girl’s obstinate reserve was not
that of indifference or of pride.
“Lottie, you quite grieve me,” said Isa at length, as she turned to
depart, lingering at the open door with her fingers on the handle, to
give the girl an opportunity of calling her back.
Lottie clutched her own black hair with both her hands, and tore it,
as if physical pain could relieve the anguish of her heart. She turned
suddenly away to the window, to escape as far as she could from the
presence of her lady. Edith, waiting in the carriage below, chanced to
glance up at the moment, and caught sight of a young face clouded
with an expression of such misery as she had never seen on a
countenance before.
In the meantime, Mr. Eardley, having resolved, if possible, to clear
up the mystery, and at least ascertain whether poor Lottie were not
unjustly accused of dishonesty, walked over to Wildwaste Lodge. He
was much disappointed at not finding Miss Gritton at home, but
asked for an interview with her brother.
“Master ain’t very well, he don’t see visitors,” said Hannah, who,
grumbling at being left to do all the work of the house, had come out
from the kitchen smoothing her soiled apron and pulling down her
tucked-up sleeves.
“I have walked from Axe, being anxious to speak on a matter of
some importance,” said the heated and weary clergyman. “Pray, ask
Mr. Gritton to have the kindness to see me but for five minutes.”
Ushered into the study, Mr. Eardley almost immediately entered on
the object of his visit. Gaspar was embarrassed; he had not
contemplated the difficulties which must arise from Lottie’s faithful
adherence to her promise.
“Really, sir, I can’t be answerable for—I can’t be expected to know
anything about the doings of a girl like Lottie.” Gaspar took a large
pinch of snuff to cover his embarrassment.
“But what I am most anxious to ascertain is this: has anything
been missed here, is there the slightest cause to suspect the young
girl of dishonesty?” Gaspar could not meet the gaze of the clear eyes
that were fixed upon him.
“No; she’s no thief; she’s awkward, ignorant, but honest—yes,
perfectly honest.” The words were spoken as if with effort, and again
Gaspar had recourse to his snuff-box.
“That is a great relief to me; that is what I wanted to ascertain. I
thank you, Mr. Gritton,” said the clergyman, rising; “I need not longer
intrude on your time.”
As Mr. Eardley was about to depart, Isa returned from her fruitless
expedition to Axe. To her the presence of the vicar was ever
welcome, and more than usually so at the present moment. She
eagerly related to him all that had happened, as far as her
knowledge extended, emphatically confirming Gaspar’s testimony as
to the perfect honesty of poor Lottie.
The interview did not last as long as either Henry Eardley or Isa
would have wished, as Hannah came clattering in with the tray to
prepare for early dinner. It would have been an act of common
courtesy to have asked the weary minister to stop and partake of the
meal. Isa glanced at her brother, without whose assent she dared
not give the invitation which was upon her lips, but Gaspar did not
choose to understand the look; hospitality was foreign to his nature,
and to his sister’s mortification he suffered the tired guest to depart
unrefreshed.
Henry Eardley left the Lodge with a joyous feeling of a more
complicated nature than would have arisen only from satisfaction at
having been relieved of painful doubts in regard to a member of his
flock. His thoughts were by no means absorbed by the case of
Lottie, though he went out of his way to let it be known in the cottage
of Holdich, and in various dwellings in Axe, that the young maid had
not been dismissed for any fault, and that she had taken nothing with
her that was not honestly her own.
Mr. Eardley did what he could to clear the character of Lottie from
the imputation resting upon it; but it is as easy to force back an
overflowing river into its usual channel as to stay the flood of
calumny when once it has spread far and wide. The vicar could not
throw light on the mystery of Lottie’s hasty flight from Wildwaste, or
her possession of a considerable sum of money for which she would
not account.
“Folk may talk till they’re black in the face,” said Mrs. Green to her
neighbour the baker, “but they can’t talk away them five bright
sovereigns as I seed with these eyes. Girls can’t make gold pieces
out of old tea-leaves; and if any one gave ’em to her, why don’t she
say so at once?”
Young Stone returned to his lodging that evening with a black eye
and a great swelling on his brow.
“O Steady, you have had one of your falls!” exclaimed Lottie, with
affectionate sympathy.
The lad’s face was working with suppressed emotion. He sat down
heavily, and passed his hand through his mass of shaggy light hair
before he replied in his slow, peculiar drawl,—
“Bat Maule says—says he—you took fifteen pounds from your
master’s desk, and he was a-goin’ to send you to jail, only Miss Isa
begged and prayed, and so he let you off.”
It was a long speech for the lad to utter; his drawled-out words fell
on Lottie’s ear like the drip, drip of water, which is said at length to
produce madness in the victim on whose head it descends.
“And what did you say?” exclaimed the miserable Lottie, starting
up from her seat.
“I didn’t say nothing, I knocked him down,” replied Steady; “but he
did the like by me.”
The lad pressed his rag of a handkerchief against his bruised and
swollen forehead—the stain of blood was upon it.
“Hurt for me!” moaned Lottie, whose courage was beginning to
give way under her complicated trials.
“I wish you’d clear up about that money,” her brother went on,
“’cause I can’t knock down all them folk as talk, and I can’t stand
hearing ’em call you a thief.”
Lottie went up to the lad, threw her arms round his neck, and
sobbed on his shoulder.
“Don’t take on so—don’t take on so,” said poor weak-witted
Steady, almost beginning himself to cry in his rough sympathy with
his sister. “I trust you, Lottie, you ain’t no thief; but why—why won’t
you clear up?”
And still that painful silence had to be maintained, that cruel
promise had to be kept. A hundred times was Lottie on the point of
breaking it, but simple faith kept her firm in temptation. To break her
word would be to disobey her Lord; it was better to suffer than to sin.
“But oh!” thought Lottie, “it’s a blessing that mother is away; how
could I have kept any secret from her!”
Poor Steady’s rude championship of his sister had been worse
than useless; it only, as was the case with any violent excitement,
brought on one of his sudden attacks, which, though very brief in
duration, were always distressing, and very painful to witness. Sleep,
however, soon removed from the afflicted lad all consciousness of
earthly trouble; but for Lottie there was no rest throughout all the
night. She heard the church-clock strike every hour as she lay on her
pallet-bed, almost too wretched even for tears.
“But oh,” thought the poor girl, “it’s such a comfort that there is
One who knows all; He knows that I did no wrong, except—except in
letting curiosity lead me on, and touching that bag of gold, and
thinking those wicked, covetous thoughts. But He has forgiven me—I
feel that He has, though He lets me suffer for my folly. It seems as if
all my friends and my comforts were being a-taken from me together.
Mother away—father ill—Mr. Eardley and my dear lady vexed and
displeased—all my neighbours turning against me—even poor
Steady scarcely knowing what to think of me, though he will never
desert me. It is just as Mr. Eardley said in his lecture, all my
blossoms are falling from the tree.” The idea linked itself on to others
connected with Gideon when his faith was in trial, when, just before
the struggle with the foe, he was constrained to deprive himself of
the help of those on whose support he had counted. “It must have
seemed strange and hard to him,” mused Lottie, “to have had the
greater part of his friends sent from him, with all these fierce
enemies gathering in front. Now it seems as if my Midianites were
getting stronger than ever, and I more helpless against them. There’s
dreadful Disappointment, and worse than Discontent, and I seem at
Dissension with all my neighbours, though I never willingly did them
wrong; and as for Distrust, ’tis just crushing me down, for I can’t see
any way out of my troubles, and it looks as if the Lord had forsaken
me. And now those of whom I would have said, ‘They will always
comfort and care for me and trust me,’ are those who cause me
most grief and pain. They are still good, patient, and kind; yet I have,
as it were, to send them from me, and struggle with temptation
alone. But God gave victory to Gideon in a way that man would not
have thought of. It was not to make him really weaker that he was
deprived of his friends; I suppose that it was to make him rest more
entirely on God. Perhaps that is why a poor child like me is left so
desolate now. I look to this side, and to that side, and no one seems
able to help me; and then, when there’s hope nowhere else, I look
up straight to my God. I should like to hear more of what happened
to Gideon. I think that I could walk to Mrs. Holdich’s cottage on
Friday with Steady, who goes whenever he can. It would be dreadful,
indeed, to face all the people; do they not look upon me as a thief!
And yet,” said the poor girl, half aloud, raising herself on her elbow,
as the first morning ray glimmered through her casement, “I should
like to show to all that I am not ashamed, that I dare show my face
before my accusers. I should like Mr. Eardley to see that I prize his
holy words—for, oh! I need them—I need the comfort and strength
which only religion can give. It would be a pleasure, too, to look on
the face of my sweet young mistress; I would not speak to her—oh,
no—but I do so long to see her; and I would quietly slip away as
soon as the prayer was done.”
The resolution thus taken seemed to calm the mind of Lottie, or
perhaps Nature at last was claiming her rights, and sorrow of mind
gave way to overpowering weariness of body. Deeply and peacefully
the young girl slept, with her hands folded as if in prayer.
Lottie rose with a brave spirit, though a heavy heart; she was
resolved to seek comfort in a clear conscience toward man and a
humble confidence in her God, however painful might be the struggle
before her. Lottie did not sit down in idle sorrow, though she shrank
from quitting her lodging; for wherever she went she would have to
encounter suspicious looks and cruel taunts. The young maid read
her chapter, and said her prayers with her brother, and after giving
him his simple breakfast, set resolutely to work to prepare, as she
said, for her parents’ return. The room was thoroughly washed and
scrubbed—even the window-panes cleaned; and when the little
place had been made the picture of neatness, Lottie turned to
mending her brother’s garments, in which many a darn and many a
patch showed the skill of her busy fingers. The most trying event of
the day to Lottie was a second long interview with her pastor; but
she again resisted the almost overpowering temptation to pour out
her whole heart to him, and to tell him all that had happened. It was
a satisfaction to find that Mr. Eardley had no suspicion of her
honesty, notwithstanding the mystery regarding the money; and that
Miss Gritton had never doubted that honesty for a moment. Lottie
saw that the clergyman was now rather perplexed than displeased
by her reserve; and when, with her honest eyes looking full into his,
she assured him that if he knew all he would not blame her silence, it
was a relief to the poor child to feel that he had not lost faith in her
word.
Friday brought no tidings from Southampton. Lottie felt keenly “the
sickening pang of hope deferred,” and she had now but little
occupation wherewith to fill up the tedious hours. The day passed
slowly and wearily, till it was time to start for the cottage-meeting.
Glad was Lottie to leave Axe, though only for a space so brief; the
cottage of Holdich was connected in her mind only with thoughts of
holiness and peace, and she was thankful to be permitted still to
kneel as a worshipper there.
CHAPTER XVI.
LECTURE V.—FAITH CONFIRMED.
The Lord is mindful of His own, He remembereth His people. He

may, indeed, permit faith to be put to sharp trial, but His love
supports His servant through it. If, as in the case of Gideon, God
removeth earthly friends; if He take from us the prop of human aid,
He can supply other props, and even from the enemy’s camp. When
friends are silent, encouragement can come from the lips of a foe. A
Balaam, eager to curse, has been made an instrument to bless.
Strong as was the faith of Gideon, we cannot wonder if a feeling of
misgiving arose in his mind when he looked on the handful of men to
which his force had been reduced. How was it possible that they
should meet the shock of battle with the multitudes of Midian? They
were brave and resolute men, they would follow him to the death;
would it not be indeed to the death; had he not been selecting
victims for slaughter rather than warriors for conquest? We must
conclude that some such thoughts as these troubled the spirit of
Gideon, from the very circumstance of God’s finding it needful thus
to strengthen his faith:
“Arise, get thee down unto the host; for I have delivered it into
thine hand,” said the Lord. “But if thou fear to go down, go thou with
Phurah thy servant down to the host: and thou shalt hear what they
say; and afterward shall thine hands be strengthened to go down
unto the host.”
It could not have been personal fear that weighed upon the soul of
Gideon; his anxious care must have been for the safety of others, for
the success of the effort to free his country, or formidable would have
appeared the adventure which he was called to undertake almost
alone. But Gideon appears to have had no hesitation or fear in
trusting his own life to God’s providential care. We picture to
ourselves the leader, with his single attendant, silently treading the
path towards the enemy’s camp, lighted by the glimmering stars in
the dark blue midnight sky. How wide spreads the camp of Amalek
and Midian, how innumerable seem the dark tents within which are
slumbering foes, “like grasshoppers for multitude,” with their camels
tethered around, “as the sand by the sea-side for multitude!” Nor are
all amongst the host sleeping: Gideon hears the sound of voices in
converse as he approaches the tents. The man of God stands still,
as conscious that what he will hear will be a message from God to
himself.
GIDEON LISTENING.
“Behold, I dreamed a dream,” said one of the Midianites to his

companion, little guessing on whose ear his words would fall; “and,
lo, a cake of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came
unto a tent, and smote it that it fell, and overturned it, that the tent lay
along.
“And his fellow answered and said, This is nothing else, save the
sword of Gideon the son of Joash, a man of Israel: for into his hand
hath God delivered Midian, and all the host.”
The message from the Lord had been given, and Gideon required
no more. There, close to the unconscious enemy, he worshipped;
then returning with renewed faith and hope to the warriors of Israel,
he cried, “Arise, for the Lord hath delivered into your hand the host of
Midian!”
Brethren, are we to look for such encouragements now? The age
of miracles, it may be said, is past; we must rest upon what has
already been revealed, nor seek for wonders and signs to encourage
our feeble faith. Yet, without interrupting the course of nature, God
has His own way of giving strength to the weak and joy to the
sorrowful. An instance of this, which occurred during the fearful
Indian Mutiny, suggests itself to my mind. Two ladies and a child
were prisoners in the power of the cruel enemy, who had destroyed
the brother of one of them by blowing him from a gun. Great must
have been the anguish of mind, the fears of these captive ladies—
they were encompassed, as it were, by the hosts of Midian; could
faith endure the fiery trial? The child fell sick, medicine was asked
for, and the captors gave it wrapped up in a soiled piece of paper.
Who would have guessed that through the enemy of our name and
of our faith would be sent medicine not only for the body but the
soul? With wondering joy the ladies discovered that the scrap of
paper was a leaf torn from an English Bible, and containing such a
portion of Scripture as was most exactly suited for their comfort and
refreshment. With what emotions must the poor prisoners have
received such a message from God as this, conveyed through the
enemy’s hand: I, even I, am He that comforteth you: who art thou,
that thou shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die, and of the son
of man which shall be made as grass; and forgettest the Lord thy
Maker, that hath stretched forth the heavens, and laid the
foundations of the earth; and hast feared continually every day

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2.1 Practice Problems

2. (a) −x1 + 4x2 = 3

Solving these equations, we obtain a = 2 and b = 7.

7 − 2b = −1 and 4a − 1 = 7. Solving these equations, we obtain a = 2 and b = 4.

7 = c, −a − 4 = −7, and −2 + 2b = 8. Solving these equations, we obtain a = 3, b = 5, and c = 7.

− a − 1 = 4, 3 − b = 2, and −5 = c. Solving these equations, we obtain a = −5, b = 1, and c = −5.

2b − 3 = −3, −c = −4, −a − 9 = 3, and 5 = d. Solving these equations, we obtain a = −12, b = 0,

− a + 8 = 11, −2 − c = −4, 5 + 2b = 3, and 13 = d. Solving these equations, we obtain a = −3, b = −1,

combination of a1 and a2 , with b =3a1 + 2a2 .

Because no solution exists, b is not a linear combination of a1 and a2 .

check the third equation, 1

From row 3, we have 2x3 = 2 ⇒ x3 = 1. From row 2, 11x2 − 2(1) = −4 ⇒ x2 = − 11 2

[ ] (3/2)R1 +R2 →R2 [ ]

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

(−102/671)R2 +R3 →R3

From row 2, we have 671 2013

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

(−102/671)R2 +R3 →R3

From row 2, we have 671 7381

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

(−102/671)R2 +R3 →R3

From row 2, we have 671 2013

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

that there is no solution.

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

From row 2, we have 40 40

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

From row 2, we have 40 80

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

flat panel televisions at facility B in 8 weeks.

monitors and 108000 flat panel televisions at facilities A and B in 6 weeks.

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

8000 10000 92000

(c) 10a + 10b + 10c = 10 20 + 10 30 + 10 70 = 1200 . The company produces 700

Solve using the corresponding augmented matrix:

4u1 +1u2 +2u3 +5u4 1 1 19

59. Let x1 , x2 ,and x3 be the mass of u1 , u2 , and u3 respectively. Then

60. Let x1 , x2 , x3 ,and x4 be the mass of u1 , u2 , u3 , and u4 respectively. Then

au1 + bu1 au1 bu1 u1 u1

4. (a) Row-reduce to echelon form:

5. (a) Row-reduce to echelon form:

which shows that {2u1 , 3u2 } spans R2 .

(c) True. Every vector b in R3 can be written as b = x1 u1 + x2 u2 + x3 u3 . So Ax = b has the

3. 0u1 + 0u2 = 0 5 +0 0 = 0 , 1u1 + 0u2 = 1 5 +0 0 = 5 , 0u1 + 1u2 =

to determine if there are solutions.