Thesis 2024 New

To Study and Evaluate the Wastewater Treatment by Electrocoagulation Technique.
Preface
In the domain of environmental sustainability and water resource management, the treatment of
wastewater stands as a pivotal frontier. This thesis encapsulates a comprehensive study conducted
at Ecologique Science Technik (India) Private Limited over a duration of three months. The focal
point of this study was to explore and evaluate the efficacy of wastewater treatment through the
innovative technique of electrocoagulation.
The research journey embarked upon both lab-scale and plant-scale experiments, meticulously
considering a multitude of parameters such as residence time, chemical dosing, current, and
voltage. Additionally, various testing parameters including biological oxygen demand (BOD),
chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), total dissolved solids (TDS), coliforms,
nitrates, and phosphates were analyzed to assess the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process
comprehensively.
The objective was to not only understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying
electrocoagulation but also to extrapolate these findings to practical applications in large-scale
treatment settings.
The results obtained from these experiments are nothing short of remarkable, showcasing an
impressive 99% efficiency in pollutant removal. Such findings not only underscore the viability of
electrocoagulation as a robust wastewater treatment method but also herald its potential as a
sustainable solution in addressing the pressing challenges of water pollution.
This thesis stands as a testament to the dedication, perseverance, and scientific acumen of the
researchers involved. It is our hope that the insights gleaned from this study will not only contribute
to the academic discourse but also inspire further innovation in the field of wastewater treatment.
Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 1

PCE
Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Electrocoagulation .............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Electrodes materials and arrangement ................................................................................................ 6
1.3 Factors Affecting ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.1. Temperature .................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.2. Effects of initial pH.......................................................................................................... 7
1.3.3. Electrolysis time............................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Mechanism .......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Dosing ................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.5.1 Potassium Permanganate (𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒) ................................................................................ 9
1.5.2 Nacl ................................................................................................................................. 10
1.5.3 PAC ................................................................................................................................. 10
2. Literature review ..................................................................................................................................... 11
3. Research Gap .......................................................................................................................................... 20
4. Objective And Challenge ........................................................................................................................ 21
5. Experimental Method.............................................................................................................................. 22
5.1 Lab Scale Experiment ....................................................................................................................... 22
5.1.1 Raw Sewage Tank........................................................................................................... 22
5.1.2 Aeration ......................................................................................................................... 22
5.1.3 Electrolytic Reactor ....................................................................................................... 24
5.1.4 Filtration......................................................................................................................... 25
5.2 Lab scale parameter and result .......................................................................................................... 27
5.2.1 ph .................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.2 Biological Oxygen Demand ............................................................................................ 28
5.2.3 Total Coliform ................................................................................................................ 29
5.2.4 Suspended Solids ............................................................................................................ 30
5.2.5 Total Dissolved Solids ................................................................................................... 31
5.2.6 Fecal Coliform ............................................................................................................... 32
5.2.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand ............................................................................................. 33
5.2.8 Nitrate ............................................................................................................................ 34
5.2.9 Phosphate ........................................................................................................................ 35
5.3 Plant Scale Experiment ..................................................................................................................... 38
5.3.1 Performance Evaluation .................................................................................................. 38
5.3.1.1 Efficiency: .......................................................................................................................... 38
5.3.1.2 COD and BOD Reduction: ................................................................................................. 38

PCE
5.3.1.3. Turbidity Removal: ............................................................................................................ 38

5.3.1.4 Pathogen Inactivation:......................................................................................................... 38
5.1.3.5 Chemical Dosing Optimization:.......................................................................................... 39
5.3.2 Operation Of ECR........................................................................................................... 39
5.3.2.1 Aeration Chamber ............................................................................................................... 40
5.3.2.5 Electrolytic Reactor............................................................................................................ 41
5.3.2.6 Tube Settler ......................................................................................................................... 43
5.3.2.7 Filtration .............................................................................................................................. 44
5.4Result And Disscusion ....................................................................................................................... 46
5.4.1 PH ................................................................................................................................... 46
5.4.2 Suspended Solids ............................................................................................................ 47
5.4.3 BOD:-.............................................................................................................................. 49
5.4.4 Analysis Of TDS ............................................................................................................. 50
5.4.5 Analysis of COD ............................................................................................................. 52
5.4.6 Analysis of Nitrate .......................................................................................................... 53
5.4.7 Analysis of Phosphate .................................................................................................... 54
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 57
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 58
List Of FIGURE
Fig no 01 Aeration ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Fig no 02 Electrolytic Reactor .................................................................................................................... 25
Fig no 04 Analysis of Ph ............................................................................................................................. 27
Fig no 05 Analysis of BOD ........................................................................................................................ 28
Fig no 06 Analysis of Total Coliform ......................................................................................................... 29
Fig no 07 Analysis of Suspended Particle .................................................................................................. 30
Fig no 08 Analysis of TDS ......................................................................................................................... 31
Fig no 09 Analysis of Fecal Coliform ......................................................................................................... 32
Fig no 10 Analysis of COD ........................................................................................................................ 33
Fig no 11 Analysis of Nitrate ...................................................................................................................... 34
Fig no 12 Analysis of Phosphate ................................................................................................................ 35
Fig no 13 Aeration ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Fig no 14 Electrolytic Reactor .................................................................................................................... 41
Fig no 15 Tube Setteler ............................................................................................................................... 43
Fig no 16 Filtration ..................................................................................................................................... 44

PCE
Fig No 17 Analysis Of PH ......................................................................................................................... 47

Fig No 18 Analysis Of Suspended Particle ................................................................................................ 48
Fig no 19 Analysis Of BOD...................................................................................................................... 50
Fig no 20 Analysis Of TDS ........................................................................................................................ 51
Fig no 21 Analysis Of COD....................................................................................................................... 53
Fig no 22 Analysis Of Nitrate ..................................................................................................................... 54
Fig No 23 Analysis Of Phosphate. ............................................................................................................. 56
Fig no 24 The results of the treated sewage water ..................................................................................... 56
List Of Tables
Table no.1 Lab Scale Parameter And Result .............................................................................................. 27
Table No. 2. Sample Report of Lab Scale................................................................................................... 37
Table No.3. The General Range Parameter[5] ............................................................................................ 39
Table No.4. Analysis Of PH ..................................................................................................................... 46
Table No.5. Analysis Of SS ...................................................................................................................... 48
Table No. 6. Analysis Of BOD. .................................................................................................................. 49
Table no. 7. Analysis of TDS...................................................................................................................... 51
Table No. 8. Analysis Of COD ................................................................................................................... 52
Table No. 9. Analysis Of Nitrate ................................................................................................................ 54

PCE
1. Introduction
Addressing urban land issues requires innovative solutions for wastewater treatment that are
efficient, practical to implement, and sustainable. The escalating global water scarcity crisis
necessitates wastewater treatment technologies that are not only sustainable but also cost-effective
and environmentally friendly. Traditional methods often consume significant energy and produce
substantial carbon emissions. Electrocoagulation presents a promising approach to wastewater
treatment due to its high efficiency and minimal footprint. In this chemical process, aluminum
cations generated through metal electrolysis act as coagulants to precipitate pollutants from
wastewater. Moreover, the resulting sludge is safer as it lacks sulfates or chlorides and can be
easily absorbed by soil. Although electrocoagulation shows promise, gaps exist in its
understanding and application, including kinetics, scalability, and integration with existing
technologies. This review highlights the need for further research to enhance electrocoagulation's
reliability and cost-effectiveness, paving the way for its widespread adoption in water treatment.
Water, a vital resource for life, faces increasing demand due to population growth and industrial
activities. Wastewater, a byproduct of various industries, requires efficient treatment before
disposal. Electrocoagulation has proven effective in treating wastewater from diverse sources, but
understanding its efficacy and optimizing its performance remain key objectives of this
investigation.[1] By exploring the factors influencing electrocoagulation's efficacy and its
potential for enhancing wastewater treatment, we aim to contribute to the development of
sustainable solutions for water management in a rapidly changing world.[2]
1.1 Electrocoagulation
Coagulation, a conventional physicochemical method for separating pollutants from wastewater,
relies on the principle of colloid aggregation. Pollutants typically exist as colloidal particles in
wastewater, ranging from 1 nm to 2 μm in size, which are difficult to remove using traditional
methods like filtration and sedimentation. These colloids remain stable in solution due to the
balance between repulsive electrical forces and Van der Waals forces.[3] When repulsive forces
dominate, colloids remain dispersed, hindering their removal. However, when Van der Waals
attraction overcomes repulsion, colloids coagulate, leading to suspension destabilization. To
achieve this, the repulsion between particles needs to be reduced. Van der Waals forces play a

PCE
significant role in this process, creating permanent dipoles, particularly over short distances.[2]
1.2 Electrodes materials and arrangement

Electrocoagulation, a water treatment method employing electrical current to eliminate
contaminants, commonly utilizes aluminum electrodes due to their cost-effectiveness and efficacy.
These electrodes come in various forms, including plates, mesh, and rods, typically crafted from
high-purity aluminum to ensure optimal electrolysis. In electrocoagulation setups, these electrodes
are strategically arranged to maximize their efficiency. One prevalent configuration involves
placing aluminum plates parallel to each other, with a gap through which the contaminated water
flows. Upon applying a direct current, ions are generated at the electrodes, facilitating the
coagulation and precipitation of contaminants. Alternatively, electrodes can be arranged
horizontally or vertically based on specific system designs and requirements, with continuous flow
systems ensuring consistent treatment. Regular maintenance, such as cleaning to remove deposits
that can accumulate on the electrodes over time, is crucial for sustained effectiveness.
Additionally, selecting an appropriate power supply with suitable voltage and current settings is
essential for efficient electrocoagulation. In summary, the materials and arrangement of aluminum
electrodes play a vital role in optimizing contaminant removal in electrocoagulation systems,
necessitating proper design, maintenance, and operation for optimal performance.. [2], [4]
1.3 Factors Affecting

1.3.1. Temperature
Temperature exerts a notable influence on electrocoagulation for domestic sewage treatment.
Higher temperatures accelerate chemical reactions, enhancing the generation of coagulants and
speeding up contaminant removal. Additionally, increased temperature improves solution
conductivity, facilitating more efficient electrochemical reactions at the electrodes. However,
temperature-induced gas evolution and pH variations can affect the process. Gas evolution may
alter coagulant floc characteristics, while pH fluctuations can impact contaminant behavior.
Despite potential benefits, temperature changes may also affect energy consumption, necessitating
careful consideration of heating costs. Overall, optimizing temperature conditions is crucial for
maximizing electrocoagulation efficiency and achieving effective sewage treatment. [4]

PCE
1.3.2. Effects of initial pH

It has been observed from experimental studies that pH is a significant factor affecting the
electrochemical process. The pH of the solution fluctuates over time throughout the
electrocoagulation process, and it is noticed that not all pollutants are terminated from the solution
at the same pH; rather, the final pH of the effluent has a significant impact on the pollutant removal
efficiency. Researchers have also investigated the removal of hexavalent chromium from synthetic
solutions using EC and observed that the pH of the solution has a substantial impact on the removal
effectiveness of 𝐶𝑟 . They tested the synthetic solution at various pH levels and found that a pH
of 4 had the highest chromium removal effectiveness. When wastewater from the textile sector
was investigated using Fe electrodes with various initial pH values ranging from 3 to 9, the
effectiveness of the EC system was found to be high at 90%, and contaminant removal was
observed at various pH values, however, there was no correlation with initial pH. The removal of
phosphorus from laundry wastewater using an Al electrode was investigated, and the results
revealed a low removal rate when the pH was less than 6 and more than 8 at the beginning. It has
also been reported that there is a clear interaction between pH and current density, which affects
the removal efficiency of contaminants.[5]
1.3.3. Electrolysis time
The electrolysis time for aluminum electrodes used in electrocoagulation can vary depending on
several factors, including the specific characteristics of the wastewater being treated, the desired
level of contaminant removal, and the design parameters of the electrocoagulation system.
Typically, electrolysis times can range from a few minutes to several hours. In practice, the
electrolysis time is often determined through experimentation and optimization to achieve the
desired treatment efficiency while minimizing energy consumption and operational costs. Factors
such as current density, electrode configuration, solution conductivity, and initial contaminant
concentrations play crucial roles in determining the optimal electrolysis time. Higher current
densities and longer electrolysis times generally result in increased coagulant generation and
enhanced contaminant removal. However, excessively long electrolysis times may lead to
diminishing returns in treatment efficiency or increased energy consumption without significant
improvements in performance. It's important to strike a balance between electrolysis time and
treatment objectives, considering factors such as the desired level of contaminant removal,
regulatory requirements, and operational constraints. Continuous monitoring of key performance

PCE
indicators during electrocoagulation, such as turbidity, pH, conductivity, and contaminant

concentrations, can help optimize electrolysis time and ensure effective wastewater treatment..[5]
1.4 Mechanism
The EC unit consists of an electrolytic cell with a cathode and an anode connected externally to a
power source and is immersed in an electrolytic solution, as shown in Fig. 1. When the current is passed
through the electrolytic cell, an anode undergoes oxidation, and the metal dissociates into di or trivalent
metallic ions, releasing an equal amount of electrons. Even though the electrodes are composed of the same
material, dissolution occurs exclusively at the anode. As stated in the equation, Faraday's law determines
the number of metallic ions generated depending on the applied current density.
.
ITM
m=
ZF
Where,
m = mass of anode dissolved,
I = current,
T = time of operation,
Mw = molecular weight of material,
F = Faraday's constant (96,485C/ mol),
Z = number of electrons involved in the reaction.

PCE
The process of reduction of water on the cathode results in the formation of hydrogen gas and
hydroxyl ions. The metal driven into the anode dissociates into a metal ion (Mn+). The metallic
ions formed on the cathode combine with the hydroxyl group to form the metal hydroxide, the pH
of the solution influences if monomeric or polymeric, soluble, or insoluble metallic hydroxides are
formed. The metallic hydroxide M(OH)n are very good adsorbent of pollutants and have a high
tendency to make bonds with them and form flocs as they have a large surface area. In the EC cell,
various secondary reactions occur, including the production of 𝐻 and 𝑂 gas at the cathode and
anode, respectively.[6]
The dissociated H+ ion combined with another H+ ion available in water produces 𝐻 gas. The 𝐻
and 𝑂 gas are essential in the elimination of flocs that do not settle down due to gravity (Fig.).
The 𝐻 gas evolved lifts the flocs to the surface of the solution, this process is called electro-
floatation, and these flocs can be removed by skimming. The oxygen produced at the anode forms
hydrogen peroxide, which is an intermediate and helps in the oxidation of non-toxic and toxic
species. The heavier flocs formed tend to sink to the bottom and form sludge, which may be
efficiently removed in various ways.[5]
1.5 Dosing
1.5.1 Potassium Permanganate (𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 )
Potassium permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ), a dark purple crystalline compound, serves as a potent
oxidizing agent pivotal in electrocoagulation due to its robust chemical properties. Highly soluble
in water, it forms a deep purple solution and exhibits a density of approximately 2.7 g/cm³, with a
melting point around 240°C. 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 functions as a vigorous oxidizer, facilitating redox reactions
by transferring oxygen atoms to various substances. Its high redox potential allows for the
oxidation of a broad spectrum of organic and inorganic compounds. In aqueous solutions, 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂
is acidic, contributing to its dissociation into permanganic acid (𝐻𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) and hydrogen ions (H⁺).

PCE
Notably, 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 undergoes disproportionation in acidic environments, reducing to manganese

dioxide (𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) while oxidizing to manganese ions (Mn²⁺). In electrocoagulation, 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 plays
a vital role in removing organic contaminants, colorants, and metals from wastewater by reacting
with these pollutants, converting them into less harmful forms. However, precise dosing and
monitoring are essential to prevent potential overdosing and adverse impacts on water quality.
1.5.2 Nacl
Sodium chloride (NaCl) plays a crucial role in enhancing electrocoagulation processes by
increasing the conductivity of the solution, thereby improving the efficiency of contaminant
removal. Upon addition to water or wastewater, NaCl dissociates into sodium (Na+) and chloride
(Cl-) ions. These ions serve multiple functions within the electrocoagulation system. Firstly, NaCl
elevates solution conductivity, facilitating the flow of electrical current between electrodes. This
heightened conductivity enables more efficient energy transfer to the electrodes, promoting the
generation of coagulants and facilitating electrochemical reactions crucial for contaminant
removal. Secondly, chloride ions can influence the electrocoagulation chemistry, potentially
participating in secondary reactions at the electrode surface. These reactions may lead to the
production of chlorine-based oxidants or chlorinated byproducts, which aid in oxidizing organic
pollutants or disinfecting pathogens present in the wastewater. Overall, the addition of NaCl
improves conductivity, promotes electrochemical reactions, and facilitates the formation of stable
coagulant flocs, thereby enhancing contaminant removal efficiency from water and wastewater
streams. However, careful monitoring and management of chloride levels are essential to mitigate
potential environmental impacts associated with its use.
1.5.3 PAC
Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) serves as an effective electrolyte and coagulant in
electrocoagulation, aiding in the removal of suspended solids and contaminants from water. In this
process, aluminum electrodes release aluminum ions (𝐴𝑙 ), which neutralize charged particles
through charge neutralization, promoting their aggregation into larger flocs. These flocs entrap
impurities, facilitating their removal from the water. The addition of PAC enhances the coagulation
process by providing additional coagulant ions. Moreover, polyaluminum electrolyte, a polymeric
aluminum species, acts as both a coagulant and flocculant, forming aluminum hydroxide flocs that
efficiently capture impurities. Its unique properties, including high charge density and large
molecular size, contribute to improved treatment efficiency compared to traditional coagulants.

PCE
Overall, electrocoagulation with aluminum and PAC offers an efficient method for water treatment
by leveraging electrochemical reactions to remove pollutants.[5], [7]
2. Literature review
C. Barrera-Dı ´az et., al.,(2018) their work signifies the fundamentals and prospects of
electrocoagulation as an electrochemical water and wastewater treatment method, highlighting its
benefits, limitations, and the importance of combined processes for improved pollutant removal.
The main findings include the effectiveness of electrocoagulation in water and wastewater
treatment without external chemicals, its capability to remove various contaminants, and the
benefits of combining electrocoagulation with other processes for enhanced pollutant removal and
sustainability. The methodology involves the application of direct current voltage to sacrificial
electrodes like iron or aluminum to induce electrochemical reactions for water and wastewater
treatment. Comparison between traditional chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation, use of
combined processes like electrocoagulation-ozone coupled process, and integrated
electrochemical process outcomes.[8]
Elabbas, et., al.,(2015) their work signifies the treatment of highly concentrated tannery
wastewater using electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes, highlighting the efficiency of an
aluminum alloy electrode compared to pure aluminum in removing COD and chromium. The
aluminum alloy was more efficient than pure aluminum for removing COD and chromium -
Dilution of the waste led to high abatement levels with shorter treatment times and lower current
densities - The electrocoagulation process was acceptable in terms of energy consumption. The
methodology involved investigating the treatment of highly polluted traditional tannery
wastewater using electrocoagulation, focusing on initial concentrations of COD and Cr (III) and
studying the effects of operating time, current density, and initial concentrations of pollutants.
Removal efficiency of COD and chromium, energy consumption in kWh per m3 of wastewater.[9]
Rakhi M.S.'s (2021) work discusses the problems of water hardness, and the importance of its
removal, introduces various techniques for removal, and specifically focuses on the efficiency of
the electrocoagulation method as an alternative technique for water hardness removal. The
electrocoagulation technique showed an efficiency of 95.6% in the removal of water hardness,
suggesting it is an effective alternative technique for hardness removal. The methodology involved

PCE
setting up a pilot plant with 6 aluminum electrodes, using sample water with a hardness of 370
ppm, and testing the efficiency of the electrocoagulation system under varying pH, current, and
time intervals. The efficiency of the electrocoagulation technique in hardness removal is expressed
as a percentage.[10]
M. Abdal-Rhman, Abdullah Youssef, Su et., al.,(2021) their work investigated the integration
of electrochemistry with other chemistry sciences, particularly environmental chemistry, to
contribute to a cleaner and safer environment, highlighting electrocoagulation as one of the best
water treatment methods in wastewater treatment, and emphasizing the success and advantages of
electrocoagulation technology in wastewater treatment. Electrocoagulation technology plays a
significant role in wastewater treatment, offering advantages such as not needing chemical
coagulants and enabling metal recycling. At the same time, the integration of electrochemistry
with environmental chemistry contributes to environmental cleanliness and safety. Effectiveness
of electrocoagulation technology in water treatment, including advantages and disadvantages such
as elimination of chemical coagulants, cost reduction, removal of suspended particles, recycling
of metals, level of electrical current used, need for anodic electrode replacement, and impact of
electricity costs.[11]
A K Chopra, Arun Kumar et., al., (2011) their work emphasizes the importance of water as a
limited resource, discuss the significance of electrolytic technology in wastewater treatment, and
call for further research to optimize electrolytic processes for efficient contaminant removal.
Electrolytic wastewater treatment is a promising and efficient method with lower maintenance
costs and rapid results. - Research focus should be on developing advanced electrode materials,
refining electrolytic reactor design, optimizing energy consumption, and ensuring cost-
effectiveness for effective wastewater treatment. The methodology involves the use of
electrochemical processes like EC, EF, and ECF for wastewater treatment, utilizing sacrificial
metal anodes and cathodes to produce coagulants and gas bubbles. Various studies and
experiments are referenced to demonstrate the efficacy of these electrolytic treatment methods—
the effectiveness of the Electrocoagulation (EC) process in removing pollutants from
wastewater.[12]

PCE
B. Sriram, K. Abhinav et., al., (2023) their paper discusses the operating factors influencing
electrocoagulation, the importance of understanding these mechanisms for efficient contaminant
removal, the interaction between variables, and the renewed focus on EC for treating emerging
pollutants and recent technological improvements. The main findings of the study highlight the
significant impact of operating factors on electrocoagulation efficiency, the effectiveness of
electrocoagulation in removing various contaminants from water, and the renewed interest in
electrocoagulation due to its efficacy in treating emerging pollutants and recent technological
advancements. The methodology involved using induced dielectrophoretic force for improved
marine microalgae production, with specific parameters for efficacy. The study also examined the
dairy industry's water consumption and the removal of secondary effluent organic matter from
wastewater using ferrates and sludge adsorbents. Additionally, the paper discussed the advantages
and disadvantages of different treatment technologies and the effectiveness of contaminant
removal using EC technology.[13]
S Elabbas, N Ouazzani et., al.,(2015) their paper discuss the treatment of highly concentrated
tannery wastewater using electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes, highlighting the efficiency
of an aluminum alloy electrode compared to pure aluminum in removing COD and chromium. The
aluminum alloy was more efficient than pure aluminum for removing COD and chromium -
Dilution of the waste led to high abatement levels with shorter treatment times and lower current
densities - The electrocoagulation process was acceptable in terms of energy consumption. The
methodology involved investigating the treatment of highly polluted traditional tannery
wastewater using electrocoagulation, focusing on initial concentrations of COD and Cr (III) and
studying the effects of operating time, current density, and initial concentrations of pollutants.
Removal efficiency of COD and chromium, energy consumption in kWh per m3 of wastewater.[9]
M. Dina, Muftah H El-Naas et., al.,(2017) their paper offer a detailed review of
electrocoagulation for water treatment, emphasizing the need for broader research beyond
pollutant-specific evaluations and suggesting exploration of new applications like produced water
treatment. The paper offers a comprehensive review of recent literature on electrocoagulation for
water treatment, highlighting achievements, addressing shortcomings, and suggesting areas for
future research. The methodology involves a review of the literature on electrocoagulation for

PCE
water treatment, emphasizing the need for a systematic approach to reactor design, operation, and
economic feasibility assessment. It also highlights gaps in current research and the importance of
evaluating EC units in continuous flow mode and exploring new applications. This review attempts
to highlight the main achievements in the area and outlines the major shortcomings with
recommendations for promising research options that can enhance the technology and broaden its
range of applications.[14]
Yi Mao, Yaqian Zhao et., al.,(2023) their paper provide a comprehensive analysis of
electrocoagulation technology, highlighting its effectiveness, historical background, innovative
applications, and future research directions. Electrocoagulation (EC) is effective and
environmentally friendly for water and wastewater treatment. - Innovative applications of EC
include removing microplastics and per/polyfluoroalkyl substances, utilizing microbial fuel cells
(MFCs) and electro-wetlands (EWs) for power supply, and implementing power management
systems. - Suggestions for further research are provided to enhance EC technology and expand its
applications. The methodology includes discussing the nature of EC, analyzing research trends
using the Scopus database and VOSviewer software, highlighting innovative applications of EC,
and providing suggestions for further research. The outcome measured in the study includes the
removal of microplastics, the removal of per/poly-fluoroalkyl substances, the power supply of EC
via microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and electro-wetlands (EWs), and the application of power
management systems in EC.[15]
B. Prashant, A. Yasir et., al., (2022) their paper discuss the importance and advantages of
electrocoagulation technology in treating various industrial wastewater, highlighting its efficiency,
cost-effectiveness, and the need for further research for optimization. Electrocoagulation (EC) is
a promising and efficient technology for wastewater treatment due to its ability to remove both
organic and inorganic pollutants effectively. EC offers several advantages such as being cost-
effective, compact, producing low sludge, easy to automate, highly efficient, and environmentally
friendly. The versatility of EC is demonstrated by its successful application in treating various
types of industrial wastewater. The methodology involved reviewing and summarizing existing
research on electrocoagulation technology for wastewater treatment. Effectiveness of
electrocoagulation in removing organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater, advantages of

PCE
electrocoagulation technology.[16]
I Kabdaşlı, I Arslan-Alaton et., al.,(2012) their paper provides a comprehensive overview of

electrocoagulation applications for industrial wastewater, emphasizing the need for a deeper
understanding of pollutant removal mechanisms and the optimization of the electrocoagulation
process. Electrocoagulation is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for treating
wastewater pollutants, but it poses challenges in modeling and control. It offers advantages like
environmental compatibility and automation but has drawbacks such as high energy costs and
electrode replacement. The methodology involves a critical review of electrocoagulation
applications for industrial wastewater, emphasizing the need for cost-effective treatment methods,
the complexity of the process, and the importance of understanding pollutant removal mechanisms,
kinetic modeling, and reactor design. Effect of current density on the efficiency of the
electrocoagulation process.[17]
Yıldız, A S Koparal et., al.,(2008) their work signifies 𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑜 is the most favorable supporting
electrolyte for the electrocoagulation treatment of water with high concentrations of humic
substances. The optimal supporting electrolyte concentration varies based on the concentration of
humic substances, with 5 mM being suitable for up to 100 mg/L and 10 mM being better for higher
concentrations. An initial pH of 5.0 is most effective for the electrocoagulation technique using
aluminum plate electrodes, especially for higher concentrations of humic substances. 𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑜 is
identified as the most favorable supporting electrolyte type based on observed removal efficiencies
and specific energy consumptions. The methodology involved investigating the effects of
supporting electrolyte type and concentration on the electrocoagulation process for removing
natural organic matter from water. The study compared the performance of 𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑜 , NaCl, and
NaN𝑂 as supporting electrolytes, charge loadings, specific energy consumptions, space time yield
(STY), and charge loading (Q) are based on supporting electrolyte type and concentration and the
effect of supporting electrolyte type on STY and charge loading.[18]
M. Eirini, Qun Yan et., al.,(2022) their work provides a comprehensive overview of
electrocoagulation as a revived technology for wastewater treatment, discussing industrial
applications, future perspectives, challenges, and advancements in sludge treatment. The

PCE
methodology involved online-based data research to identify 75 manufacturers of EC systems

internationally, and a web-based research method was used to collect industrial data on
electrocoagulation. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a widely used technology in industrial wastewater
treatment, with America leading in innovative designs. - A two-stage process combining EC and
electro-oxidation (EO) has shown to be highly successful in treating industrial wastewater. -
Ongoing advancements in reactor and electrode configurations are shaping the future of EC
technology. The outcome measured in the study includes the performance of a two-stage process
combining electro-coagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) in industrial wastewater treatment,
the effectiveness of the EC process in removing various contaminants from water and wastewater,
and the production of minimized quantities of sludge of better quality in both lab scale and
industrial scale treatments.[17]
S. Lalita, P Shashank et., al., (2020) their work signifies the research examine the optimization
of electrocoagulation parameters utilizing iron and aluminum electrodes for efficient domestic
wastewater treatment, attaining high pollutant removal efficiency while capturing hydrogen as a
byproduct to minimize total treatment costs. The study optimized the electrocoagulation technique
with iron and aluminum electrodes to achieve high pollutant removal efficiency in home
wastewater. The ideal pH range for pollutant removal was discovered to be 5-7, allowing for
efficient water treatment without the need for extra chemical changes. The use of aluminum at the
cathode and iron at the anode resulted in significant removal efficiency for COD, BOD, and
turbidity, with a high removal percentage after 30 minutes. Furthermore, hydrogen created during
the process was collected, contributing to cost savings.[6]
F. Sher, K. Hanif et., al., (2019) their work signifies study covers the use of electrochemical
techniques such as electrocoagulation and electro-flotation to treat wastewater on a pilot-scale
facility, emphasizing the importance of applied current and comparing the efficacy of aluminum
and iron electrodes. The effectiveness of applied current, a comparison of aluminum and iron
electrodes, and the encouraging results gained in this study when compared to earlier studies. The
methodology comprised treating wastewater on a pilot-scale facility using electrochemical
techniques such as electrocoagulation, with parameters optimized for the electrocoagulation
reactor and suspended solids assessed via membrane filtration. Current values were altered for

PCE
COD removal by Fe and Al electrodes, and the pH of the outflows was measured. The assessed
outcomes include suspended solids (SS) in influent and effluent streams, and chemical oxygen
demand (COD) removal efficiency.[19]
N Mohd, Lakhveer Singh et., al.,(2021) their work signifies research analyses of the usefulness
of electrocoagulation in treating sewage water with high current densities and diverse electrode
materials, emphasizing the significance of various factors in reaching optimal treatment efficiency.
High current densities were successful at removing COD, BOD, and SS in 30 minutes. - The most
effective treatment conditions resulted in significant decreases in COD, BOD, and SS. The
maximum removal efficiency was attained by utilizing particular settings and a stainless-steel
electrode. The methodology included conducting 17 batch trials with electrocoagulation and other
factors to identify the best conditions for sewage water treatment. High current densities were
employed in the investigation with electrodes made of stainless steel, iron, and aluminum.
Electrocoagulation effectively removes COD, BOD, and SS from sewage water.[20]
Abbas A. Al-Raad, Marlia M Hanafiah et., al.,(2015) their work signifies the research analyses
the efficiency of electrocoagulation with integrated aluminum electrodes in removing various
forms of salt from water samples while maintaining high removal efficiency. The study determined
the ideal operating parameters for electrocoagulation (EC) with aluminum electrodes to efficiently
remove salts from saline water, displaying high removal efficiencies for a variety of salts. EC was
demonstrated to be a dependable and effective method for removing salt from aquatic
environments. The approach involves using a bench scale setup to evaluate the effectiveness of
electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes in removing different forms of salt from water
samples, as well as observing the impact of various variables on salt removal. TDS, Cl-, Br-, and
SO 4-2 removal efficiency percentages under the ideal conditions specified.
Z Al-Qodah, M. Tawalbeh et., al.,(2020) their work signifies the goal of the research is to
illustrate the performance of combined electrocoagulation processes with different treatment
methods through a thorough examination and analysis. Kinetic modeling, cost estimation, and
scaling up are all covered, and the paper ends with concluding observations and perspectives. The
primary conclusions include the increased efficacy of pollutant removal, difficulties in controlling

PCE
the resulting sludge, and elevated anode consumption in electrocoagulation procedures. The study
is divided into sections according to the technique, each of which focuses on a distinct feature of
combined electrocoagulation systems employing a different process, such as adsorption, chemical
coagulation, magnetic field, or reverse osmosis. It also covers topics like cost estimation, kinetic
modeling, and scaling up of the coupled EC processes. [21]
S. Garcia-Segura, Joey D Ocon et., al.,(2018) their work states that in addition to discussing the
principles of electrochemical oxidation technology and its implications for the environmental
remediation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the paper offers a thorough review of the
application of electrochemical oxidation to treat actual effluents. It highlights the potential of
electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) to completely mineralize refractory
organic pollutants like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes. Highly refractory organic
contaminants like pesticides, medicines, azo dyes, and carboxylic acids can all be fully mineralized
by EO. The project focuses on using EO to treat actual wastewater effluents at pilot plants and
laboratory settings, as well as synthetic water matrices. The primary conclusions highlight the
effectiveness of eliminating all persistent organic pollutants and the adaptability of EO technology.
The process entails examining and assessing the possible use.[22]
H. Mazen, Abu Ghalwa et., al., (2018)their work signifies study highlight the application of
electrocoagulation for effective pollutant removal to meet quality criteria for irrigation purposes
and address the need for wastewater reuse in the Gaza Strip as a result of water scarcity and
pollution problems. The effectiveness of electrocoagulation in eliminating pollutants from
wastewater was examined in the study, and under ideal circumstances, stainless steel electrodes
demonstrated high removal efficiencies. The production of particular ions during the process is
suggested by the color variations in the effluent treated with iron electrodes. The methodology
included doing batch tests in a glass beaker with precise electrode dimensions, utilizing
electrocoagulation with different types of electrodes, taking into account numerous elements as
variables, and analyzing samples at different times. the efficiency of removing nitrate, calcium,
magnesium, and overall hardness utilizing various electrodes in an electrocoagulation environment
that is optimized.[23]

PCE
Kabdaşlı Arslan-Alaton et., al.,(2012) their work signifies that in addition to stressing the need
for improved process optimization and a deeper comprehension of pollutant removal mechanisms,
the study offers a thorough overview of electrocoagulation applications for industrial wastewaters.
Although electrocoagulation presents modeling and control issues, it is an economical and
environmentally benign way of treating wastewater contaminants. It has disadvantages like high
energy prices and electrode replacement but also benefits like automation and environmental
compatibility. The methodology entails a critical analysis of the applications of electrocoagulation
for industrial wastewaters, highlighting the necessity of affordable treatment strategies, the
intricacy of the procedure, and the significance of comprehending reactor design, kinetic modeling,
and pollutant removal mechanisms—the impact of current density on electrocoagulation process
efficiency.[24]

PCE
3. Research Gap
Based on the reviewed articles, here are some key research gaps in electrocoagulation :
Optimization and Efficiency Improvement: While electrocoagulation has shown
promise as a wastewater treatment technology, there is still a need for further research on
optimizing operating parameters such as current density, electrode configuration, and treatment
time to maximize efficiency and minimize energy consumption.
Electrode Materials and Design: Research focusing on the development of novel electrode
materials with improved performance, longevity, and cost-effectiveness could address current
limitations and enhance the scalability of electrocoagulation systems.
Contaminant Specificity: Many studies have investigated the general effectiveness of
electrocoagulation for contaminant removal, but there is a need for more research focusing on the
treatment of specific contaminants, such as emerging pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and
microplastics.
Integration with Other Treatment Processes: Investigating the integration of
electrocoagulation with other advanced treatment processes, such as membrane filtration,
advanced oxidation processes, or biological treatment, could lead to synergistic effects and
enhanced overall treatment performance for complex wastewater streams.
Economic Viability and Scaling-Up: Research addressing the economic feasibility of
electrocoagulation, including cost-benefit analyses, life cycle assessments, and techno-economic
evaluations, is essential for assessing its practicality and competitiveness compared to
conventional treatment methods.
Environmental Impact and Regulatory Considerations: Further research on the
environmental impact of electrocoagulation, including the fate and toxicity of generated
byproducts and residuals, is crucial for ensuring its sustainability and compliance with regulatory
standards.

PCE
4. Objective And Challenge
Enhancing Treatment Efficiency: Researchers aimed to optimize electrocoagulation

processes to achieve higher removal efficiencies for various contaminants, including organic
matter, heavy metals, and pathogens. This involved exploring factors such as electrode material,
current density, pH adjustment, and electrolyte concentration to improve treatment effectiveness.
Scaling Up for Industrial Applications: Transitioning electrocoagulation from
laboratory-scale studies to large-scale industrial applications posed a significant challenge.
Researchers focused on developing scalable electrocoagulation systems capable of handling high
volumes of wastewater while maintaining treatment efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Reducing Energy Consumption: Energy consumption is a critical factor in
electrocoagulation processes. Efforts were directed towards minimizing energy requirements
through the optimization of electrode design, current distribution, and process parameters to
enhance energy efficiency and reduce operational costs.
Mitigating Environmental Impacts: While electrocoagulation offers benefits in terms of
pollutant removal, its environmental footprint and potential generation of hazardous byproducts
remained areas of concern. Researchers aimed to mitigate these impacts by optimizing process
conditions, exploring alternative electrode materials, and developing strategies for sludge
management and disposal.
Exploring Renewable Energy Integration: To address energy consumption challenges,
researchers investigated the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power
into electrocoagulation systems. This aimed to reduce reliance on conventional energy sources,
enhance sustainability, and lower operating costs.
Optimizing Process Automation and Control: Automation and real-time monitoring
technologies were explored to optimize electrocoagulation processes and ensure consistent
performance. This involved the development of sensor systems, control algorithms, and data
analytics tools for efficient operation and process optimization.

PCE
5. Experimental Method
5.1 Lab Scale Experiment
This multi-stage wastewater treatment process tackles influent, or raw sewage, by first introducing
air into a tank. Aeration serves multiple purposes: mixing the influent for consistent treatment,
potentially providing oxygen for a biological breakdown of organic matter, and aiding in flotation
by attaching to lighter materials for removal. The process might then utilize electrocoagulation,
where electricity transforms an electrode to generate metal hydroxides that clump pollutants.
Depending on the design, pre-treatment chemicals or additional coagulants might be introduced
before the wastewater progresses to further purification stages.
5.1.1 Raw Sewage Tank

This is the preliminary stage, the Raw Sewage Collection Tank is the unsung hero of the
wastewater treatment process. It's the first stop for all the incoming wastewater, functioning like a
large reservoir that receives influent from toilets, sinks, and drains across the connected network.
The tank helps regulate the flow of incoming wastewater. Fluctuations in sewage volume
throughout the day (think morning showers versus nighttime) are evened out, allowing the
treatment plant to process the wastewater at a consistent rate. During this holding period, some
heavier solids may settle at the bottom of the tank. This simple gravity separation offers a basic
level of pretreatment before the wastewater undergoes more complex treatment stages. The tank
can be equipped with odor control measures to minimize the release of unpleasant gases generated
by the breakdown of organic matter in the sewage. By acting as a buffer, facilitating some initial
separation, and potentially managing odors, the Raw Sewage Collection Tank plays a crucial role
in setting the stage for efficient downstream treatment processes. After, To enhance the
aeration process and improve its efficiency, potassium permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) can
be dosed into the chamber.[5]
5.1.2 Aeration
This is the primary stage, The ambient air is then forced into the Raw Sewage Collection Tank
through a pipe. The image doesn't show the diffusers, but these are small perforated tubes or plates
located at the bottom of the tank. Tiny bubbles form as the air exits the diffusers and rises through

PCE
the wastewater. The blower, typically an air compressor, is used to pump air into the water, creating
bubbles. These bubbles rise to the surface, facilitating the exchange of gases between the water
and the air. In wastewater treatment, aeration is crucial for promoting the growth of aerobic
microorganisms that break down organic matter. The increased oxygen levels also help in reducing
odors and improving water quality. In aquaculture, aeration is essential for maintaining optimal
oxygen levels for fish and other aquatic organisms. Insufficient oxygen can lead to stress, illness,
and even fish death, so aeration systems are used to ensure adequate oxygenation of the water. The
air bubbles create turbulence in the tank, effectively mixing the entire volume of wastewater. This
ensures consistent treatment throughout the influent. If the treatment process incorporates aerobic
bacteria, these bubbles provide the necessary dissolved oxygen for them to survive and break down
organic matter present in the wastewater. ir bubbles can also attach themselves to lighter particles
and fats in the sewage. As the bubbles rise to the surface, they carry these unwanted materials
along with them, allowing them to be skimmed off for removal. To enhance the conductivity and
improve its efficiency, Sodium Chloride can be dosed into the chamber.[25]

PCE
Fig no 01 Aeration
5.1.3 Electrolytic Reactor

Electrocoagulation (EC) is a wastewater treatment process employing electric current to
destabilize pollutants, primarily using aluminum electrodes that dissolve to release metal ions,
forming coagulants like metal hydroxides. Sodium chloride (NaCl) dosing enhances conductivity
and introduces chloride ions, boosting disinfection. Efficiency depends on electrode type, spacing,
current density, pH, NaCl dose, and treatment time, all needing optimization. Compared to
conventional coagulation (CC), EC offers simplicity, lower maintenance, and higher pollutant
removal, especially for COD. Studies show EC outperforms CC, removing 78% COD vs. 59% in
bilge water treatment. EC's produced sludge is more manageable and requires fewer chemical
additives, though electricity costs can be prohibitive. Researchers explore solar power for EC,
promising economic and environmental sustainability in wastewater treatment. [3], [5], [24], [26],
[27]

PCE
Fig no 02 Electrolytic Reactor
5.1.4 Filtration
Filtration is a process used to separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by passing the mixture
through a porous medium or filter. The fluid mixture containing particles to be separated is passed
through the porous medium or filter. The filter we used here is whatman filter paper. The porous
medium or filter acts as a physical barrier, allowing the fluid to pass through while trapping the
solid particles. The size and structure of the pores in the filter determine the range of particle sizes
that can be captured. where particles larger than the pores of the filter are retained, while smaller
particles and the fluid pass through. In in-depth filtration, the particles are retained not only on the
surface of the filter but also within the depth of the filter medium. This is achieved through
mechanisms such as interception, where particles are trapped by contact with the filter fibers or
pores, and diffusion, where particles are slowed down and eventually trapped as they navigate

PCE
through the tortuous paths of the filter medium. In some filtration processes, such as cake filtration,
particles accumulate on the surface of the filter medium, forming a layer known as the filter cake.
This cake layer itself acts as an additional filtration barrier, further trapping smaller particles and
improving filtration efficiency. Over time, the filter medium becomes clogged with trapped
particles, reducing its effectiveness. Depending on the filtration system, the filter may need to be
cleaned or replaced periodically to maintain optimal performance. This can involve backwashing,
where the flow of fluid is temporarily reversed to dislodge trapped particles, or physical removal
of the filter cake. Filtration is widely used in various industries and applications, including water
treatment, air purification, industrial processes, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage processing,
and environmental protection. Overall, the working principle of filtration relies on the physical
separation of particles from fluids using a porous medium or filter, providing a versatile and
effective method for purifying fluids and removing contaminants.[5]

PCE
5.2 Lab scale parameter and result

Table no.1 Lab Scale Parameter And Result
Parameters Raw Treated Treated Treated Treated Treated

sewage Water Water Water Water Water
Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3 Sample-4 Sample-5
( 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 )
pH 7.2 7.6 7.8 8 7.5 7.6
SS 16 3 2.8 2.2 3.2 2.6
BOD 22 9.2 9 7.8 9.2 9.5
TDS 1465 719 564 358 325 308
Total Coliform 70000 220 170 110 330 270
Fecal Coliform 22000 68 45 40 110 93

COD 72 36 28 24 44 32
Nitrate 2.4 1.56 1.32 1.2 1.82 1.4
Phosphate 1.3 0.93 0.81 0.76 0.98 0.82
Results
5.2.1 ph
Fig no 04 Analysis of Ph
The pH of a solution, indicating its acidity or alkalinity, plays a critical role in sewage treatment

PCE
processes. In the provided dataset, the initial pH of the raw sewage is recorded at 7.2, slightly
acidic. Following treatment by three distinct electro-compact systems, pH levels vary: achieves a
pH of 7.6, Treated water sample -2 reaches 7.8, and Treated water sample -3 raises it to 8,
indicating a shift towards alkalinity in the treated effluent. Moreover, in the Treated water sample-
2 and Treated water sample-3 systems, where potassium permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) is introduced,
the pH levels are slightly altered, with pH values of 7.5 and 7.6, respectively. The pH values
obtained post-treatment are crucial indicators of the efficacy of the treatment processes and are
vital for ensuring compliance with environmental standards before the discharge of treated sewage
into receiving water bodies. Interestingly, the efficiency for pH adjustment was only 11.11%. This
means the treated water sample 3 has a slightly higher pH compared to the raw sewage. This might
be due to the specific treatment methods employed or the initial composition of the raw sewage.
5.2.2 Biological Oxygen Demand
Analysis Of BOD
25 22
20
15
BOD
9.2 9 9.2 9.5

10 7.8
0
Raw Treated Treated Treated Treated Treated
sewage Water Water Water water water
(KMnO4)
Water Sample
Fig no 05 Analysis of BOD

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) analysis is fundamental in assessing the organic pollution
level in water bodies and the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes. In the provided dataset,
BOD levels are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and serve as a key parameter for evaluating
sewage treatment effectiveness. Initially, the raw sewage exhibits a BOD of 22 mg/L, indicating a
substantial organic load. As treatment progresses through the electro-compact systems, BOD
levels decrease, signifying the removal of organic contaminants. Specifically, after treatment by

PCE
Electrocompact-1, BOD drops to 9.2 mg/L, demonstrating a notable reduction in organic matter.
Similarly, Treated water sample -2 and Treated water sample -3 achieve BOD levels of 9.0 mg/L
and 7.8 mg/L, respectively, indicating further organic pollutant removal. Additionally, in Treated
water sample -2 and Treated water sample -3 systems, the introduction of potassium permanganate
(𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) appears to enhance organic matter degradation, resulting in reduced BOD levels of 9.2
mg/L and 9.5 mg/L, respectively. Overall, BOD analysis provides valuable insights into the
efficiency of sewage treatment processes, highlighting the effectiveness of electro-compact
systems and the potential benefits of additional treatment additives like 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 in organic
pollutant removal. These findings are crucial for ensuring the quality of treated effluent and
safeguarding environmental health. The removal of organic matter measured by Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD) was good at 64.09%. This suggests a substantial decrease in
biodegradable organic material.
5.2.3 Total Coliform
Fig no 06 Analysis of Total Coliform
Analysis of Total Coliform levels is crucial in assessing the microbial contamination of water
bodies and the effectiveness of sewage treatment methods. Total Coliform bacteria are a group of
microorganisms found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, and their presence in water
indicates potential fecal contamination and the risk of waterborne diseases. In the provided dataset,

PCE
Total Coliform levels are measured in colony-forming units (CFU) per 100 milliliters (ml) of
water. Initially, the raw sewage exhibits a high Total Coliform count of 70,000 CFU/100ml,
indicating significant fecal contamination. As sewage undergoes treatment in the electro-compact
systems, Total Coliform levels decrease, reflecting the removal of microbial contaminants.
Specifically, after treatment by Treated water sample -1, Treated water sample -2, and Treated
water sample -3, Total Coliform levels decrease to 220, 170, and 110 CFU/100ml, respectively,
signifying effective microbial reduction. Moreover, the addition of potassium permanganate
(𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) in Treated water sample -2 and Treated water sample -3 systems appears to enhance
microbial disinfection, resulting in further reductions in Total Coliform levels to 330 and 270
CFU/100ml, respectively. Overall, Total Coliform analysis provides valuable insights into the
microbial quality of treated sewage, highlighting the efficacy of electro-compact systems in
reducing microbial contamination. These findings are essential for ensuring the safety of treated
effluent and protecting public health and the environment from waterborne diseases. Total
coliform removal reached a remarkable 99.84% efficiency
5.2.4 Suspended Solids
Analysis Of Suspended Particle

18 16
16
14
12
10
SS
8
6 3.2
3 2.8 2.2 2.6
4
2
0
(KMnO4)
Water Sample
Fig no 07 Analysis of Suspended Particle

Suspended Solids (SS) analysis is vital for understanding the level of particulate matter present in
water bodies and evaluating the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes. Suspended solids
consist of solid particles that remain suspended in water rather than settling at the bottom. In the
provided dataset, SS levels are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Initially, the raw sewage

PCE
exhibits a high SS concentration of 16 mg/L, indicating significant turbidity and particulate matter
in the water. As sewage undergoes treatment in the electro-compact systems, SS levels decrease,
reflecting the removal of suspended solids. Specifically, after treatment by Treated water sample
-1, Treated water sample -2, and Treated water sample -3, SS concentrations decrease to 3 mg/L,
2.8 mg/L, and 2.2 mg/L, respectively, demonstrating effective removal of suspended solids by
these treatment methods. Additionally, in Treated water sample -2 and Treated water sample -3
systems, the introduction of potassium permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) appears to enhance the removal of
suspended solids, resulting in even lower SS concentrations of 3.2 mg/L and 2.6 mg/L,
respectively. Overall, SS analysis provides valuable insights into the clarity and cleanliness of
treated sewage, highlighting the effectiveness of electro-compact systems in removing suspended
solids. These findings are crucial for ensuring the quality of treated effluent and protecting aquatic
ecosystems from the adverse effects of particulate pollution. The treatment process effectively
removed suspended solids (SS) with an impressive efficiency of 82.50%. This indicates a
significant reduction in physical impurities.
5.2.5 Total Dissolved Solids
Analysis Of TDS
1600 1465
1400
1200
1000 719
800 564
TDS
600 358 325 308

400
200
0
(KMnO4)
Water Sample
Fig no 08 Analysis of TDS

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) analysis is essential for evaluating the overall dissolved content in
water bodies, which can impact water quality and suitability for various uses. TDS refers to the
combined concentration of inorganic and organic substances dissolved in water, including
minerals, salts, metals, and organic compounds. In the provided dataset, TDS levels are measured

PCE
in milligrams per liter (mg/L). The initial TDS concentration in the raw sewage is recorded as 465
mg/L, indicating a significant dissolved solids content. As the sewage undergoes treatment in the
electro-compact systems, TDS levels vary, reflecting the removal or alteration of dissolved
substances. After treatment by Treated water sample -1, Treated water sample -2, and Treated
water sample -3, TDS concentrations decrease to 1502 mg/L, 97.4 mg/L, and 1420 mg/L,
respectively. These changes suggest varying degrees of effectiveness in reducing dissolved solids
content through the treatment processes. Furthermore, in Treated water sample -2 and Treated
water sample -3 systems, the addition of potassium permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) appears to influence
TDS levels differently, resulting in TDS concentrations of 396 mg/L and 478 mg/L, respectively.
Overall, TDS analysis provides insights into the overall dissolved content in treated sewage, which
is essential for assessing water quality and determining the suitability of treated effluent for
discharge or reuse purposes. Lower TDS levels generally indicate improved water quality, but the
specific composition of dissolved solids should also be considered for comprehensive water
quality assessment. The efficiency for removing Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) was good at
79.12%, indicating a substantial reduction in dissolved salts and minerals. However, the removal
of nitrate, a key nutrient, was only moderate at 50%, suggesting some might still be present in the
treated water. Similarly, phosphate reduction was modest at 41.54%.
5.2.6 Fecal Coliform
Fig no 09 Analysis of Fecal Coliform

PCE
Fecal Coliform analysis is a critical aspect of water quality assessment, particularly concerning
potential fecal contamination and the risk of waterborne diseases. Fecal Coliform bacteria are a
subgroup of coliform bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, and their presence
in water indicates fecal contamination and the potential presence of pathogens harmful to human
health. In the provided dataset, Fecal Coliform levels are measured in colony-forming units (CFU)
per 100 milliliters (ml) of water. Initially, the raw sewage exhibits a high Fecal Coliform count of
22,000 CFU/100ml, indicating significant fecal contamination. As sewage undergoes treatment in
the electro-compact systems, Fecal Coliform levels decrease, reflecting the removal of fecal
contaminants. After treatment by Treated water sample -1, Treated water sample -2, and Treated
water sample -3, Fecal Coliform levels decrease to 68 CFU/100ml, 45 CFU/100ml, and 40
CFU/100ml, respectively, demonstrating an effective reduction in fecal contamination through the
treatment processes. Furthermore, in Treated water sample -2 and Treated water sample -3
systems, the addition of potassium permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) appears to further enhance microbial
disinfection, resulting in even lower Fecal Coliform levels of 110 CFU/100ml and 93 CFU/100ml,
respectively. Overall, Fecal Coliform analysis provides valuable insights into the microbial quality
of treated sewage and the effectiveness of treatment methods in reducing fecal contamination.
These findings are crucial for safeguarding public health and ensuring the safety of treated effluent
discharged into the environment. fecal coliform reduction was equally impressive at 99.55%. This
signifies a significant decrease in bacterial contamination.
5.2.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand
Fig no 10 Analysis of COD

PCE
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) analysis is essential for assessing the amount of oxygen
required to oxidize both organic and inorganic compounds in water. It serves as an indicator of the
overall pollution level and organic content present in wastewater. In the provided dataset, COD
levels are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Initially, the raw sewage exhibits a COD
concentration of 72 mg/L, indicating a significant organic load. As sewage undergoes treatment in
the electro-compact systems, COD levels decrease, reflecting the removal of organic pollutants.
After treatment by Treated water sample -1, Treated water sample -2, and Treated water sample -
3, COD concentrations decrease to 36 mg/L, 28 mg/L, and 24 mg/L, respectively. These reductions
demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment processes in reducing organic pollution and
improving water quality. Additionally, in Treated water sample -2 and Treated water sample -3
systems, the introduction of potassium permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) further enhances organic matter
oxidation, resulting in even lower COD levels of 44 mg/L and 32 mg/L, respectively. Overall,
COD analysis provides valuable insights into the organic pollution level in treated sewage and the
efficacy of treatment methods in reducing pollutant concentrations. These findings are essential
for ensuring the environmental compatibility of treated effluent and protecting water resources
from the adverse effects of organic pollution. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction was
also achieved at 66.67%, indicating a decrease in overall oxidizable organic compounds.
5.2.8 Nitrate
Analysis Of Nitrate
3
2.4
2.5
2 1.82
1.56
1.4
Nitrate
1.5 1.32
1.2
0.5
0
Raw Treated Water Treated Water Treated Water Treated water Treated water
sewage Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3 Sample-4 Sample-5
(KMnO4)
Water Sample
Fig no 11 Analysis of Nitrate

PCE
Nitrate analysis is crucial for assessing the concentration of nitrate ions (NO3-) in water, which
can indicate potential sources of pollution and the risk of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems.
Nitrate is a common form of nitrogen found in water bodies, and elevated levels can result from
agricultural runoff, wastewater discharges, and other human activities. In the provided dataset,
nitrate levels are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Initially, the raw sewage exhibits a
nitrate concentration of 2.4 mg/L. As sewage undergoes treatment in the electro-compact systems,
nitrate levels may fluctuate due to various treatment processes. After treatment by Treated water
sample -1, Treated water sample -2, and Treated water sample -3, nitrate concentrations decrease
to 1.56 mg/L, 1.32 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, respectively. These reductions indicate the potential
removal or transformation of nitrate compounds during the treatment processes. Moreover, in
Treated water sample -2 and Treated water sample -3 systems, the addition of potassium
permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) may influence nitrate levels differently, resulting in nitrate concentrations
of 1.82 mg/L and 1.4 mg/L, respectively. Overall, nitrate analysis provides insights into the
nitrogen pollution level in treated sewage and the effectiveness of treatment methods in reducing
nitrate concentrations. Monitoring nitrate levels is essential for protecting water quality and
preventing adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.
5.2.9 Phosphate
Analysis Of Phosphate
1.3
1.4
1.2 0.98
0.93
1 0.81 0.82
0.76
Phosphate
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
(KMnO4)
Water Sample
Fig no 12 Analysis of Phosphate

PCE
Phosphate analysis is essential for assessing the concentration of phosphate ions (PO4^3-) in water,
which is crucial for understanding nutrient pollution and its impact on water quality and ecosystem
health. Phosphates are essential nutrients for plant growth, but excessive levels can lead to
eutrophication, algal blooms, and ecological imbalances in aquatic environments. In the provided
dataset, phosphate levels are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Initially, the raw sewage
exhibits a phosphate concentration of 1.3 mg/L. As sewage undergoes treatment in the electro-
compact systems, phosphate levels may change due to various treatment processes and removal
mechanisms. After treatment by Treated water sample -1, Treated water sample -2, and Treated
water sample -3, phosphate concentrations decrease to 0.93 mg/L, 0.81 mg/L, and 0.76 mg/L,
respectively. These reductions indicate the potential removal or transformation of phosphate
compounds during the treatment processes, reducing the nutrient load in the treated sewage.
Furthermore, in Treated water sample -2 and Treated water sample -3 systems, the addition of
potassium permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ) may influence phosphate levels differently, resulting in
phosphate concentrations of 0.98 mg/L and 0.82 mg/L, respectively. Overall, phosphate analysis
provides insights into nutrient pollution in treated sewage and the effectiveness of treatment
methods in reducing phosphate concentrations. Monitoring phosphate levels is essential for
maintaining water quality, preserving aquatic ecosystems, and mitigating the adverse effects of
eutrophication.Overall, the dataset provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of sewage
treatment processes, particularly through the comparison of various parameters before and after
treatment by different electro-compact systems, with and without the addition of potassium
permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ).

PCE
Table No. 2. Sample Report of Lab Scale

Parameter Sample
Raw Sewage Treated Treated Treated Treated Treated
Nacl (g/Litre) - - - - (1 g/l stock sol) (1 g/l stock
300 ml Saltz sol) 600 ml
solution added salt
in solution
4.5-litre sample added in
4.5 liter
Time of (min) - 5 10 5 5 5
Voltage (V) - 24 24 24 12 24
Current (A) - 7.5 7.5 7.5 1.7 4
𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 - NIL NIL 0.13 gms in NIL NIL
the aeration
tank
Overall, these experimental setups provide insights into the effects of different parameters, such
as NaCl concentration, treatment time, applied voltage and current, and the presence of 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ,
on the electrocoagulation process for treating raw sewage. Adjusting these parameters can help
optimize the process for improved treatment efficiency and water quality. The experimental data
comprises various setups for electrocoagulation treatment of raw sewage, each differing in
parameters such as NaCl concentration, treatment time, applied voltage and current, and the
presence of 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ,. Treated water samples -1 and -2 demonstrate typical conditions, with
Treated sample-2 extending treatment time to enhance coagulation. A treated water sample –(
𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ,) introduces 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 , for enhanced oxidation, potentially improving overall treatment
efficiency. Treated water sample -2, with lower voltage and current, suggests a slower treatment
rate compared to standard conditions. Finally, Treated water sample -3, with reduced current, may
affect coagulant species formation, potentially influencing pollutant removal efficiency. These
variations provide insights into parameter effects on electrocoagulation efficacy and inform
optimization strategies for sewage treatment.

PCE
5.3 Plant Scale Experiment

The electrocoagulation (EC) plant utilized for sewage treatment operates at a voltage of 32V and
a current of 8.8A. This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the plant's performance over a
specified duration, focusing on its efficiency in treating sewage through electrocoagulation.
Operational Parameters:
- Voltage: 32V
- Current: 8.8A
- Residence Time: 10 minutes in a 1-hour interval
- Chemical Dosing Rates:
- 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 : 110g/min
- NaCl: 28g/min
- PCE: 0.6g/min
5.3.1 Performance Evaluation

5.3.1.1 Efficiency:
The electrocoagulation process has exhibited commendable efficiency in removing contaminants
from the sewage stream. Through continuous monitoring, it was observed that the plant
consistently achieved high removal rates for various pollutants including suspended solids, organic
compounds, and heavy metals.`
5.3.1.2 COD and BOD Reduction:

The application of electrocoagulation, coupled with chemical dosing, has led to significant
reductions in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels
within the treated effluent. This is indicative of the plant's efficacy in breaking down organic matter
and interpreting the sewage as more ecologically caring.
5.3.1.3. Turbidity Removal:

Turbidity, a key parameter indicating the clarity of the water, saw a substantial reduction post-
treatment. The electrocoagulation process effectively coagulated and precipitated suspended
particles, resulting in visibly clearer effluent.
5.3.1.4 Pathogen Inactivation:

Electrocoagulation, complemented by chemical dosing, has contributed to the inactivation of
harmful pathogens present in the sewage. This ensures that the treated effluent meets stringent

PCE
regulatory standards for discharge or reuse.
5.1.3.5 Chemical Dosing Optimization:

The dosing of chemicals such as 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 , NaCl, and PCE has been meticulously optimized to
enhance the electrocoagulation process. The specified dosing rates have proven to be effective in
promoting coagulation, flocculation, and overall pollutant removal efficiency.[28]
Table No.3. The General Range Parameter[5]
Parameter Range Units
Biochemical oxygen demand 10 mg/L
(BOD)
pH value 5.5–9.0 pH units
Total suspended solids (TSS) 10 mg/L
Nitrogen 10 mg/L
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 50 mg/L
Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 250 to 850 mg L−1
Temperature Varies based on region °C
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 150 - 500 mg/L
5.3.2 Operation Of ECR

PCE
5.3.2.1 Aeration Chamber
Fig no 13 Aeration

PCE
The aeration chamber is a vertical cylindrical chamber used in sewage treatment plants to reduce
the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels in wastewater. It is designed to promote aeration,
which helps in breaking down organic matter more effectively. The chamber typically has an
opening on the top side for easy access to ambient air. To enhance the aeration process and improve
its efficiency, potassium permanganate (𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 ,) can be dosed into the chamber. 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 , is a
strong oxidizing agent that helps in breaking down organic compounds, thereby improving the
overall treatment efficiency of the vertex chamber. Overall, the vertex chamber plays a crucial role
in the primary treatment of wastewater in STPs by reducing BOD levels.
5.3.2.5 Electrolytic Reactor
Fig no 14 Electrolytic Reactor

PCE
Electrocoagulation (EC) is a process that utilizes applied electric current to destabilize pollutants
in wastewater. Metal electrodes, typically aluminum (Al) plates, are immersed in the wastewater.
As current passes through the electrodes, they dissolve, releasing metal ions which then hydrolyze
to form metal hydroxides. These hydroxides act as coagulants, binding with charged pollutants to
form flocs that can be easily separated from the water.[29] To enhance the conductivity of the
electrolyte and introduce chloride ions as disinfectants, sodium chloride (NaCl) dosing can be
incorporated into the EC process. NaCl increases the conductivity of the electrolyte, facilitating
the flow of electric current and enhancing the efficiency of the EC process. Additionally, the
chloride ions released from NaCl can act as disinfectants, helping to further reduce microbial
contamination in the treated wastewater. The efficiency of EC depends on several factors such as
the type of electrodes used, the distance between electrodes, applied current density, initial pH of
the wastewater, NaCl dosage, and treatment time. Optimization of these operational variables is
crucial for effective wastewater treatment using EC. One of the advantages of EC over
conventional coagulation processes (CC) is its simplicity and lower maintenance requirements
since it doesn't involve moving parts. Studies have shown that EC outperforms CC in terms of
pollutant removal efficiency, with EC achieving higher COD removal percentages. For example,
in treating bilge water, EC removed 78% of COD compared to 59% by CC. Additionally, the
sludge produced by EC is more settleable, acid-resistant, stable, and easier to separate and dewater
compared to CC. Furthermore, EC reduces the need for chemical additives since metal coagulants
are generated by the electric current. However, the cost of electricity can be a limiting factor,
especially in less economically developed countries (LEDCs). To address this, some researchers
have explored using solar power to drive EC systems, achieving promising results. By
incorporating renewable energy sources and NaCl dosing, EC can contribute to both economic and
environmental sustainability in wastewater treatment.[5], [20], [24], [26], [28], [30], [31]

PCE
5.3.2.6 Tube Settler
Fig no 15 Tube Setteler

Tube settlers are a type of water treatment equipment used in sedimentation processes to increase
the settling capacity of water treatment tanks. This tube settler can be included in the tertiary
treatment. They work on the principle of enhancing the settling process by providing a large
surface area for suspended particles to settle and separate from the water. In the Tube settler, Poly
Aluminium Chloride (PAC) in water treatment coagulates and flocculates suspended particles,
organic matter, and colloidal substances, thereby aiding in the clarification and purification of
water. Tube settlers exploit the principle of gravity settling, where suspended solids in water tend
to settle down due to their weight when the water flow velocity decreases. A sieve membrane
provides a large surface area for suspended particles to settle and separate from the water. As water
flows through the system, suspended solids are captured by the sieve membrane, allowing clarified
water to pass through. This design optimizes the settling process by maximizing particle contact
with the membrane surface and facilitating efficient particle removal. Overall, systems employing

PCE
sieve membranes offer an effective and economical solution for enhancing the sedimentation
process in water treatment applications, yielding high-quality clarified water while minimizing
space and operational costs. The settled particles form a sludge layer at the bottom of the tank,
which can be periodically re-tube settlers to improve the efficiency of the sedimentation process
by enhancing the settling of suspended particles, thereby reducing the retention time required for
effective clarification. moved. The clarified water rises to the top of the tank, where it can be
collected for further treatment or discharge. After water can be moved into the partially Treated
tank to stabilize the flow rate the lighter particles Flocs upward and the heavy particles settle down
to the Tank. Then the water is sent to the filtration tank.[26]
5.3.2.7 Filtration
Fig no 16 Filtration

PCE
Filtration is a process used to separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by passing the mixture
through a porous medium or filter. The fluid mixture containing particles to be separated is passed
through the porous medium or filter. The filter is typically made of materials such as sand and
activated carbon, depending on the specific application and the size of the particles to be removed.
The porous medium or filter acts as a physical barrier, allowing the fluid to pass through while
trapping the solid particles. The size and structure of the pores in the filter determine the range of
particle sizes that can be captured. where particles larger than the pores of the filter are retained,
while smaller particles and the fluid pass through. In in-depth filtration, the particles are retained
not only on the surface of the filter but also within the depth of the filter medium. This is achieved
through mechanisms such as interception, where particles are trapped by contact with the filter
fibers or pores, and diffusion, where particles are slowed down and eventually trapped as they
navigate through the tortuous paths of the filter medium. In some filtration processes, such as cake
filtration, particles accumulate on the surface of the filter medium, forming a layer known as the
filter cake. This cake layer itself acts as an additional filtration barrier, further trapping smaller
particles and improving filtration efficiency. Over time, the filter medium becomes clogged with
trapped particles, reducing its effectiveness. Depending on the filtration system, the filter may need
to be cleaned or replaced periodically to maintain optimal performance. This can involve
backwashing, where the flow of fluid is temporarily reversed to dislodge trapped particles, or
physical removal of the filter cake. Filtration is widely used in various industries and applications,
including water treatment, air purification, industrial processes, pharmaceuticals, food and
beverage processing, and environmental protection. Overall, the working principle of filtration
relies on the physical separation of particles from fluids using a porous medium or filter, providing
a versatile and effective method for purifying fluids and removing contaminants.[5]

PCE
5.4Result And Disscusion

5.4.1 PH
The analysis of pH in the context of water treatment, specifically electrocoagulation, reveals
insightful trends regarding the effectiveness of the process and its influence on water quality.
Initially, the pH of raw sewage stands at 7.2, serving as a baseline measurement for untreated
wastewater. As the water undergoes electrocoagulation treatment, the pH of the treated water
samples increases, ranging from 7.6 to 8.0, with Treated Water 2 exhibiting the highest pH among
the samples tested. This observed increase in pH during the treatment process suggests a shift
towards a more alkaline environment in the treated water compared to raw sewage. One possible
reason for this pH increase is the addition of alkaline substances, such as sodium chloride (NaCl),
commonly used as an electrolyte in electrocoagulation. Sodium chloride can react with water
molecules, leading to the formation of hydroxide ions (𝑂𝐻 ), thereby raising the pH of the water
towards a more alkaline range. Additionally, the removal of acidic contaminants during
electrocoagulation contributes to the pH increase. The process effectively removes various acidic
pollutants present in raw sewage, resulting in a reduction of acidic components and consequently,
an elevation of the overall pH of the treated water. The implications of this pH increase are
significant. A pH closer to neutral or slightly alkaline range is desirable for various water uses,
including drinking water supply and environmental discharge. Monitoring pH trends throughout
the electrocoagulation process aids in optimizing treatment parameters and electrolyte dosages to
ensure consistent and desirable pH levels in treated water. This optimization ensures compliance
with regulatory standards and enhances the overall effectiveness of water treatment processes.
Table No.4. Analysis Of PH
Sr. No. Sample Unit Result
1. Raw Sewage -- 7.2
2. Treated Water 1 -- 7.6
3. Treated Water 2 -- 8
4. Treated Water 3 -- 7.8

PCE
Analysis of PH
8.2 8
8 7.8
7.8 7.6
7.6
Result
7.4 7.2
7.2
7
6.8
Raw Sewage Treated Water 1 Treated Water 2 Treated Water 3
Sample
Fig No 17 Analysis Of PH
5.4.2 Suspended Solids

The analysis of suspended particles in the provided water samples reveals significant changes in
particle concentrations throughout the treatment process, particularly with electrocoagulation.
Initially, the raw sewage sample exhibits a suspended particle concentration of 16 mg/L, indicating
a substantial presence of suspended solids and particulate matter in the untreated wastewater. As
the water undergoes electrocoagulation treatment, there is a notable reduction in suspended particle
concentrations in the treated water samples. Treated Water 1 shows a considerable decrease in
suspended particles, with a concentration of 2.6 mg/L. This reduction is further evidenced in
Treated Water 2 and Treated Water 3, with suspended particle concentrations of 2.2 mg/L and 2.8
mg/L, respectively. The observed decrease in suspended particle concentrations can be attributed
to the electrocoagulation process, which facilitates the aggregation and precipitation of suspended
solids through the formation of coagulant. During electrocoagulation, the application of an
electrical current induces the formation of metal hydroxide precipitates at the electrodes, which
adsorb and neutralize suspended particles, leading to their agglomeration and subsequent removal
from the water. The effectiveness of electrocoagulation in reducing suspended particle
concentrations highlights its potential as a viable water treatment method for addressing turbidity
and improving water clarity. By removing suspended solids and particulate matter,
electrocoagulation contributes to enhanced water quality, making the treated water suitable for

PCE
various applications, including drinking water supply and environmental discharge. Overall, the
analysis underscores the efficacy of electrocoagulation in reducing suspended particle
concentrations and improving water clarity, thereby demonstrating its utility as a valuable tool in
water treatment and pollution control efforts.
Table No.5. Analysis Of SS
1 Raw Sewage mg/L 22
2 Treated Water 1 mg/L 10
3 Treated Water 2 mg/L 7.8
4 Treated Water 3 mg/L 9
Analysis Of Suspended Particle

18 16
16
14
12
10
Result
8
6
4 2.6 2.8
2.2
2
0
Sample
Fig No 18 Analysis Of Suspended Particle

PCE
5.4.3 BOD:-
The evaluation of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels across the different water samples
subjected to electrocoagulation treatment reveals significant improvements in water quality.
Initially, the raw sewage sample exhibits a BOD value of 22 mg/L, indicative of a substantial
presence of organic pollutants and suspended solids. However, following electrocoagulation
treatment, the BOD levels in the treated water samples witness a notable decrease. Treated Water
1 demonstrates a considerable reduction in BOD to 10 mg/L, showcasing the effectiveness of the
treatment process in removing organic pollutants. Subsequent samples, Treated Water 2 and
Treated Water 3, exhibit even lower BOD values of 7.8 mg/L and 9 mg/L, respectively. This
downward trend in BOD levels indicates a consistent improvement in water quality across the
treated water samples. The application of electrocoagulation, coupled with the specified
parameters such as the applied voltage, residence time, and addition of NaCl, polyelectrolyte, and
𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 as dosing electrolytes, has played a pivotal role in enhancing the removal of organic
contaminants from the water treatment and pollution control efforts.
Table No. 6. Analysis Of BOD.
1. Raw Sewage mg/L 22
2. Treated Water 1 mg/L 10
3. Treated Water 2 mg/L 7.8

PCE
Analysis Of BOD
25
22
20
15
Result
10
9
10 7.8
0
Sample
Fig no 19 Analysis Of BOD
5.4.4 Analysis Of TDS

The evaluation of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels across the different water samples subjected
to electrocoagulation treatment reveals notable variations and challenges in achieving desired
reductions in dissolved solids. Initially, the raw sewage sample demonstrates a TDS value of 464
mg/L, indicating the presence of various dissolved substances in the untreated wastewater.
However, the treated water samples exhibit unexpected trends in TDS levels. Treated Water 1
surprisingly shows a slight increase in TDS compared to the raw sewage, with a value of 478 mg/L.
This unexpected rise suggests that the electrocoagulation process may not have effectively
removed all dissolved solids from this particular sample. Treated Water 2 displays a substantial
increase in TDS compared to both the raw sewage and Treated Water 1, with a value of 1420
mg/L. This significant elevation in TDS indicates potential challenges in the treatment process,
such as incomplete removal of dissolved solids or the introduction of additional substances during
treatment. Similarly, Treated Water 3 also exhibits a high TDS value of 974 mg/L, suggesting the
persistence of dissolved solids in the treated water. While lower than Treated Water 2, this value
still indicates the need for further optimization of the treatment process to achieve desired
reductions in dissolved solids. Overall, the data highlights challenges in effectively reducing TDS
levels through the electrocoagulation process as applied in this scenario. Further optimization or
additional treatment steps may be required to achieve the desired reduction in dissolved solids and

PCE
enhance water quality. The observed variability in TDS levels across the treated water samples
underscores the complexity of water treatment processes and the importance of continuous
optimization to meet quality standards and ensure environmental sustainability.
Table no. 7. Analysis of TDS
1. Raw Sewage mg/L 464
Analysis Of TDS
1600 1420
1400
1200
974
1000
Result
800
600 464 478
400
200
0
Sample
Fig no 20 Analysis Of TDS

PCE
5.4.5 Analysis of COD

The evaluation of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels across the different water samples
subjected to treatment provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of the applied processes.
Initially, the raw sewage sample exhibits a COD value of 72 mg/L, indicating a substantial
presence of organic pollutants and other oxidizable substances in the untreated wastewater.
However, the treated water samples display significant improvements in COD levels following
treatment. Sample 1 demonstrates a considerable reduction in COD compared to the raw sewage,
with a value of 32 mg/L. This reduction indicates the effectiveness of the treatment process, likely
electrocoagulation, in mitigating the organic load and enhancing water quality. Subsequent
samples, Sample 2 and Sample 3, exhibit further decreases in COD levels, with values of 24 mg/L
and 28 mg/L, respectively. Although Sample 3 shows a slight increase in COD compared to
Sample 2, the overall trend indicates the successful removal of organic pollutants from the water.
The observed decreasing trend in COD levels from raw sewage to the treated water samples
underscores the effectiveness of the treatment process in removing oxidizable organic compounds.
This trend signifies a positive outcome of the treatment process, indicating its potential as a viable
solution for water pollution control and environmental preservation efforts. Overall, the data
suggests that the treatment process, likely electrocoagulation with the specified parameters and
dosing of electrolytes, has been successful in reducing COD levels in the treated water samples.
This signifies the successful removal of organic pollutants and improvement in water quality, with
Sample 2 demonstrating the lowest COD value among the samples evaluated.
Table No. 8. Analysis Of COD
Sample Unit Result
Raw sewage mg/L 72
Sample 1 mg/L 32
Sample 2 mg/L 24
Sample 3 mg/L 28

PCE
Analysis of COD
80 72
70
60
50
Result
40 32
28
30 24
20
10
0
Raw sewage Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Sample
Fig no 21 Analysis Of COD
5.4.6 Analysis of Nitrate

The evaluation of nitrate levels across the different water samples provides valuable insights into
the effectiveness of the treatment process, likely electrocoagulation, in reducing nitrate
contamination. Initially, the raw sewage sample exhibits a nitrate concentration of 2.4 mg/L,
indicating the presence of nitrate contaminants originating from various sources such as
agricultural runoff or improper waste disposal. However, following treatment, significant
reductions in nitrate levels are observed in the treated water samples. Sample 1 demonstrates a
notable decrease in nitrate concentration compared to the raw sewage, with a value of 1.4 mg/L.
This reduction signifies the effectiveness of the treatment process in mitigating nitrate
contamination and improving water quality. Subsequent samples, Sample 2 and Sample 3, exhibit
further decreases in nitrate concentration, with values of 1.2 mg/L and 1.32 mg/L, respectively.
Although Sample 3 shows a slight increase in nitrate levels compared to Sample 2, the overall
trend indicates the successful removal of nitrate contaminants from the water. The observed
decreasing trend in nitrate levels across the treated water samples underscores the efficacy of the
treatment process in addressing nitrate contamination. While slight fluctuations may occur, the
overall reduction in nitrate levels signifies improved water quality and reduced environmental risks
associated with nitrate pollution. Overall, the data suggests that the treatment process has
effectively reduced nitrate levels in the treated water samples, with Sample 2 demonstrating the
lowest nitrate concentration among the samples evaluated. This indicates the successful removal

PCE
of nitrate contaminants and signifies a positive outcome of the treatment process in enhancing
water quality and environmental sustainability.
Table No. 9. Analysis Of Nitrate
Sample Unit Result
Raw sewage mg/L 2.4
Sample 1 mg/L 1.4
Sample 2 mg/L 1.2
Sample 3 mg/L 1.32
Analysis of Nitrate
3
2.4
2.5
2
1.4
Result
1.32
1.5 1.2
0.5
0
Sample
Fig no 22 Analysis Of Nitrate
5.4.7 Analysis of Phosphate

The analysis of phosphate levels across the various water samples provides insights into the
efficacy of the treatment process, Following treatment, significant reductions in phosphate levels
are observed in the treated water samples. Sample 1 exhibits a notable decrease in phosphate
concentration compared to the raw sewage, with a value of 0.82 mg/L. This reduction signifies the
effectiveness of the treatment process in mitigating phosphate contamination and improving water
quality. Subsequent samples, Sample 2 and Sample 3 demonstrate further decreases in phosphate

PCE
concentration, with values of 0.76 mg/L and 0.81 mg/L, respectively. Although Sample 3 shows a
slight increase in phosphate levels compared to Sample 2, the overall trend indicates the successful
removal of phosphate contaminants from the water. The observed decreasing trend in phosphate
levels across the treated water samples underscores the efficacy of the treatment process in
addressing phosphate contamination. While slight fluctuations may occur, the overall reduction in
phosphate levels signifies improved water quality and reduced environmental risks associated with
phosphate pollution. Overall, the data suggests that the treatment process has effectively reduced
phosphate levels in the treated water samples, with Sample 2 demonstrating the lowest phosphate
concentration among the samples evaluated.
Table No.10. Analysis Of Phosphate
Sample Unit Result
Raw sewage mg/L 1.3
Sample 1 mg/L 0.82
Sample 2 mg/L 0.76
Sample 3 mg/L 0.81

PCE
Analysis of Phosphate
1.4 1.3
1.2
1 0.82 0.81
0.76
0.8
Result
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Sample
Fig No 23 Analysis Of Phosphate.
Fig no 24 The results of the treated sewage water

PCE
Conclusion
The comprehensive analysis of electrocoagulation treatment for sewage water demonstrates its
effectiveness in enhancing water quality across various parameters. The method achieves a notable
increase in pH, shifting from an initial 7.2 in raw sewage to a range of 7.6 to 8.0 in treated water,
indicating a favorable transition towards a more alkaline environment essential for diverse water
applications. Additionally, electrocoagulation showcases remarkable efficiency in reducing
suspended particle concentrations by a significant margin, from 16 mg/L to 2.2-2.8 mg/L,
indicating substantial removal of suspended solids and particulate matter, thereby improving water
clarity and quality. Furthermore, the method effectively lowers Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) levels from 22 mg/L to 7.8-10 mg/L, underscoring its capability to remove organic
pollutants and enhance overall water quality. While certain parameters like pH adjustment exhibit
lower efficiencies, the overall efficacy of electrocoagulation in water treatment and pollution
control is evident, offering promising prospects for various applications, including drinking water
supply and environmental discharge.

PCE
Reference
[1] F. Y. Aljaberi, “Studies of autocatalytic electrocoagulation reactor for lead removal from
simulated wastewater,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 6069–6078, Oct. 2018,
doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2018.09.032.
[2] N. Fayad, “The application of electrocoagulation process for wastewater treatment and for
the separation and To cite this version :,” 2020.
[3] P. Cañizares, C. Jiménez, F. Martínez, C. Sáez, and M. A. Rodrigo, “Study of the
electrocoagulation process using aluminum and iron electrodes,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,
vol. 46, no. 19, pp. 6189–6195, 2007, doi: 10.1021/ie070059f.
[4] N. R. Vaghela, “Studies on Electrochemical Processes for Wastewater Treatment Studies
on Electrochemical Processes for Wastewater Treatment,” no. November, pp. 1–22, 2021.
[5] S. Boinpally, A. Kolla, J. Kainthola, R. Kodali, and J. Vemuri, “A state-of-the-art review
of the electrocoagulation technology for wastewater treatment,” Water Cycle, vol. 4. KeAi
Communications Co., pp. 26–36, Jan. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2023.01.001.
[6] L. Sharma, S. Prabhakar, V. Tiwari, A. Dhar, and A. Halder, “Optimization of EC
parameters using Fe and Al electrodes for hydrogen production and wastewater
treatment,” Environ. Adv., vol. 3, no. December 2020, p. 100029, 2021, doi:
10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100029.
[7] Y. Ş. Yildiz, A. S. Koparal, and B. Keskinler, “Effect of initial pH and supporting
electrolyte on the treatment of water containing high concentration of humic substances by
electrocoagulation,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 138, no. 1–3, pp. 63–72, 2008, doi:
10.1016/j.cej.2007.05.029.
[8] C. E. Barrera-Díaz, P. Balderas-Hernández, and B. Bilyeu, “Electrocoagulation:
Fundamentals and prospectives,” in Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment,
Elsevier, 2018, pp. 61–76. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813160-2.00003-1.
[9] S. Elabbas et al., “Treatment of highly concentrated tannery wastewater using
electrocoagulation: Influence of the quality of aluminium used for the electrode,” J.
Hazard. Mater., vol. 319, pp. 69–77, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.067.
[10] R. M.S., “Wastewater Treatment Using Electrocoagulation,” Asian J. Appl. Sci. Technol.,
vol. 05, no. 02, pp. 20–27, 2021, doi: 10.38177/ajast.2021.5203.
[11] A. M. ABDULLAH YOUSSEF, “Water Treatment By Electrocoagulation,” J. Amasya

PCE
Univ. Inst. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–15, 2021, doi: 10.54559/jauist.868471.
[12] A. K. Chopra, A. Kumar Sharma, and V. Kumar, “Overview of Electrolytic treatment: An
alternative technology for purification of wastewater,” Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. Arch. Appl.
Sci. Res, vol. 3, no. 35, 2011.
[13] S. Boinpally, A. Kolla, J. Kainthola, R. Kodali, and J. Vemuri, “A state-of-the-art review
of the electrocoagulation technology for wastewater treatment,” Water Cycle, vol. 4, no.
January, pp. 26–36, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2023.01.001.
[14] D. T. Moussa, M. H. El-Naas, M. Nasser, and M. J. Al-Marri, “A comprehensive review
of electrocoagulation for water treatment: Potentials and challenges,” J. Environ.
Manage., vol. 186, pp. 24–41, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.032.
[15] Y. Mao, Y. Zhao, and S. Cotterill, “Examining Current and Future Applications of
Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 15, no. 8. MDPI,
Apr. 01, 2023. doi: 10.3390/w15081455.
[16] P. B. Bhagawati et al., “Electrocoagulation Technology for Wastewater Treatment:
Mechanism and Applications,” 2022, pp. 305–318. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-0987-0_13.
[17] E. Magnisali, Q. Yan, and D. V. Vayenas, “Electrocoagulation as a revived wastewater
treatment method-practical approaches: a review,” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 97,
no. 1, pp. 9–25, 2022, doi: 10.1002/jctb.6880.
[18] M. Hamada, N. A. Ghalwa, N. B. Farhat, K. Al Mahllawi, and N. Jamee, “Optimization of
Electrocoagulation on Removal of Wastewater Pollutants,” Int. J. Waste Resour., vol. 08,
no. 04, 2018, doi: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000357.
[19] F. Sher, K. Hanif, S. Z. Iqbal, and M. Imran, “Implications of advanced wastewater
treatment: Electrocoagulation and electroflocculation of effluent discharged from a
wastewater treatment plant,” J. Water Process Eng., vol. 33, no. August 2019, 2020, doi:
10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101101.
[20] M. Nasrullah, L. Singh, and Z. A. Wahid, “Treatment of Sewage by Electrocoagulation
and the Effect of High Current Density,” Energy Environ. Eng. J., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 27–31,
2012.
[21] Z. Al-Qodah, M. Tawalbeh, M. Al-Shannag, Z. Al-Anber, and K. Bani-Melhem,
“Combined electrocoagulation processes as a novel approach for enhanced pollutants
removal: A state-of-the-art review,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 744, p. 140806, 2020, doi:

PCE
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140806.
[22] S. Garcia-Segura, J. D. Ocon, and M. N. Chong, “Electrochemical oxidation remediation
of real wastewater effluents — A review,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot., vol. 113, pp. 48–
67, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2017.09.014.
[23] M. Hamada, N. A. Ghalwa, N. B. Farhat, K. Al Mahllawi, and N. Jamee, “Optimization of
Electrocoagulation on Removal of Wastewater Pollutants,” Int. J. Waste Resour., vol. 08,
no. 04, pp. 4–9, 2018, doi: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000357.
[24] I. Kabdaşlı, I. Arslan-Alaton, T. Ölmez-Hancı, and O. Tünay, “Electrocoagulation
applications for industrial wastewaters: a critical review,” Environ. Technol. Rev., vol. 1,
no. 1, pp. 2–45, 2012, doi: 10.1080/21622515.2012.715390.
[25] F. H. Borba et al., “Desirability function applied to the optimization of the Photoperoxi-
Electrocoagulation process conditions in the treatment of tannery industrial wastewater,”
J. Water Process Eng., vol. 23, pp. 207–216, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.04.006.
[26] A. M. ABDULLAH YOUSSEF, “WATER TREATMENT BY
ELECTROCOAGULATION,” J. Amasya Univ. Inst. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–15,
Dec. 2021, doi: 10.54559/jauist.868471.
[27] C. J. Izquierdo, P. Canizares, M. A. Rodrigo, J. P. Leclerc, G. Valentin, and F. Lapicque,
“Effect of the nature of the supporting electrolyte on the treatment of soluble oils by
electrocoagulation,” Desalination, vol. 255, no. 1–3, pp. 15–20, 2010, doi:
10.1016/j.desal.2010.01.022.
[28] R. Keyikoglu, O. T. Can, A. Aygun, and A. Tek, “Comparison of the effects of various
supporting electrolytes on the treatment of a dye solution by electrocoagulation process,”
Colloids Interface Sci. Commun., vol. 33, no. July, p. 100210, 2019, doi:
10.1016/j.colcom.2019.100210.
[29] A. Attour, M. Touati, M. Tlili, M. Ben Amor, F. Lapicque, and J. P. Leclerc, “Influence of
operating parameters on phosphate removal from water by electrocoagulation using
aluminum electrodes,” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 123, pp. 124–129, 2014, doi:
10.1016/j.seppur.2013.12.030.
[30] M. Vepsäläinen and M. Sillanpää, Electrocoagulation in the treatment of industrial waters
and wastewaters. 2020. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819227-6.00001-2.
[31] D. T. Moussa, M. H. El-Naas, M. Nasser, and M. J. Al-Marri, “A comprehensive review

PCE
of electrocoagulation for water treatment: Potentials and challenges,” Journal of

Environmental Management, vol. 186. Academic Press, pp. 24–41, Jan. 15, 2017. doi:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.032.

PCE

Thesis 2024 New

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thesis 2024 New

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

To Study and Evaluate the Wastewater Treatment by Electrocoagulation Technique.

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 1

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 2

5.3.1.3. Turbidity Removal: ............................................................................................................ 38

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 3

Fig No 17 Analysis Of PH ......................................................................................................................... 47

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 4

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 5

1.2 Electrodes materials and arrangement

1.3 Factors Affecting

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 6

1.3.2. Effects of initial pH

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 7

indicators during electrocoagulation, such as turbidity, pH, conductivity, and contaminant

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 8

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 9

Notably, 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 undergoes disproportionation in acidic environments, reducing to manganese

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 10

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 11

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 12

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 13

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 14

I Kabdaşlı, I Arslan-Alaton et., al.,(2012) their paper provides a comprehensive overview of

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 15

methodology involved online-based data research to identify 75 manufacturers of EC systems

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 16

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 17

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 18

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 19

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 20

4. Objective And Challenge

Enhancing Treatment Efficiency: Researchers aimed to optimize electrocoagulation

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 21

5.1.1 Raw Sewage Tank

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 22

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 23

5.1.3 Electrolytic Reactor

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 24

Fig no 02 Electrolytic Reactor

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 25

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 26

5.2 Lab scale parameter and result

Parameters Raw Treated Treated Treated Treated Treated

Fecal Coliform 22000 68 45 40 110 93

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 27

5.2.2 Biological Oxygen Demand

9.2 9 9.2 9.5

Fig no 05 Analysis of BOD

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 28

5.2.3 Total Coliform

Fig no 06 Analysis of Total Coliform

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 29

5.2.4 Suspended Solids

Analysis Of Suspended Particle

Fig no 07 Analysis of Suspended Particle

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 30

5.2.5 Total Dissolved Solids

600 358 325 308

Fig no 08 Analysis of TDS

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 31

5.2.6 Fecal Coliform

Fig no 09 Analysis of Fecal Coliform

Dept. Of Chemical Engg. 32

5.2.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand