PRODUCTION OF BLEACH SOLUTION AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMERCIALLY PRODUCED BLEACH SOLUTION

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PRODUCTION OF BLEACH SOLUTION AND
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMERCIALLY PRODUCED
BLEACH SOLUTION
BY
OZOR, HENRY OGECHI - STE/N2003/013

MICHAEL, CHIZARAM BLESSING - STE/N2003/014
MGBEKANNE, CHIGOZIE E. - STE/N2003/015
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF ORDINARY NATIONAL DIPLOMA
(OND)
IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
(IMT), ENUGU
1
Published by www.e-projecttopics.com
AUGUST 2005
TITLE PAGE
PRODUCTION OF BLEACH SOLUTION AND

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMERCIALLY PRODUCED
BLEACH SOLUTION
BY

MICHAEL, CHIZARAM BLESSING - STE/N2003/014
MGBEKANNE, CHIGOZIE E. - STE/N2003/015
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF ORDINARY NATIONAL DIPLOMA
(OND)
2
IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
(IMT), ENUGU
AUGUST 2005
CERTIFICATION
The Project has been read and found worthy of submission to the
Department of Science Technology, Institute of Management and
Technology (IMT), Enugu.
BY
MICHAEL CHIZARAM BLESSING - STE/N2003/014
IMEGBEKANNE, CHIGOZIE E. - STE/N2003/015
3
MRS. ADA IKEYI
SUPERVISOR DATE: _______________
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DATE: _______________
EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE: _______________
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to Almighty God for His guidance and
protection throughout our stay in the polytechnic. And to our parents who
denied themselves of some pleasures in order to see us through.
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success of this research study is a combination of hard work,
determination and encouragement from our Supervisor, families and friends.
We are greatly indebted to our indefatigable Supervisor MRS. ADA
IKEYI, who in spite of her commitments devoted time to direct and guide us
throughout this study.
Our profound and sincere gratitude also go to our lecturers Mr.
Adebayo, Mr. Apkagu, Mr. Ugwuoke, Mr. J. N. Amuh, who is our Head of
Department and others too numerous to mention.
5
We will even remain grateful to our parents who supported us morally
and financially throughout our stay in the polytechnic. We remain grateful
for your contributions.
ABSTRACT
Bleaching is the process in which net oral colouring matter is removed
from a fiber, yana or fabries. It ranges from simple to complex type
depending on the ingredeient moderal the bleach solution chosen in this
research work is oxochtorale: (i) acid solution (Hocl). The bleach was
produced when 100mls of hydrochloric acid was pound into the flask and
20g of potassium tetraozo magnate (vii) was also put into the round bottom
flask. The flask containing the Hcl was connected into one of the opening,
so that the Hcl ran into the round flask to make contact with the potassium
6
tetraoxomaganate (vii) Kmno4. The chlorine gas was liberated and passed
on till the water became saturated form exochlorate (i) acid, which is the
bleach solution. This is an oxidative process. The equation is thus:
ch(g)+ H2O (L) Hoclca2)+ Hcl(og).
The oxochlorate (i) acid formed is an effective bleaching agent. The
bleach produced was compared with commercially produced bleach. The
control bleach used was Jik a product of PZ Nigeria plc. The result sowed
that there was significant difference between the laboratory produced bleach
and the commercially produced bleach solution.
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
8
1.1 Statement of the problem
1.2 Aims and objectives
1.3 Hypothesis
1.4 Limitation of the study
1.5 Significance of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 BACKGROUND OF BLEACHING SOLUTION
2.2 OXIDIZING OR REDUCING BLEACHING AGENT
2.3 TYPES OF OXIDIZING BLEACHING AGENT
2.4 MECHANISM OF BLEACHING AGENT
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 REAGENTS USED
3.2 APPARATUS/MATERIALS USED
3.3 METHOD OF PRODUCTION
9
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULTS
4.2 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
10
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Bleaching is a process in which natural colouring matter is removed
from a fiber to make it white. This process can be extended to other uses for
example, in yarn or fabrics or in pulp and paper industries where cellulose
used in making paper is bleached to white. Bleach solution can also be
defined as any solution that is capable of bleaching colouring matters.
Bleach solution ranges from simple to complex types in various trade names
like parazone, Jik etc. They completely depend on the makes up of the
ingredient materials.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
11
There has been the problem of low quality production of bleach by
various producing firm in Nigeria. This study is set to assess the production
of bleach solution, self-empowerment of our young school leavers in
Nigeria.
“SUB PROBLEM 1”
The purpose of this study is to produce a bleach solution that will be
affordable to the common man in the society.
“SUB PROBLEM II”
The reason for this study is to produce a bleach solution that will be of
high quality compared to the commercially produced ones in the market.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aims and objectives of this project is to a large extent as
explained by the title – “Production of bleach solution comparatively to
commercially produced bleach solution. The research objectives are listed
below:
12
1. To harness the available raw materials for the production of bleach
solution in the country.
2. To produce quality bleach, which will be affordable to the masses
comparatively to others produced and sold costly in the market.
3. To establish medium scale industries for employment of young school
leavers thus making them to become self-reliant.
1.3 HYPOTHESIS
Having stated the problems and the objectives of the study, the
researchers hereby make the following tentative statement. The following
hypothesis are being considered:
Ho : Bleach produced from project will be comparable to
commercially produced bleach sold in the market.
H1 : Bleach produced from project will not be comparable to
commercially produced bleach sold in the market.
13
1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This empirical study is concerned with the strategies for producing
bleach and making it to be of more quality compared to the commercially
produced ones already in the market.
In pursuance of a successful completion of this research work, certain
limitations posed some threats to the researchers. Among them we have:
1. FINANCE
Finance has been the major factor in any type of project. Lack of
adequate funds to meet the rising cost of undertaking a research work
was among the constraints.
2. TIME
The interval between choosing the project topic, the submission of the
project and preparation for the final examinations is very
infinitesimal, but these are logjam and hence the researchers were
14
deprived of so many other activities to ensure the fulfillment of the
research work.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
For sometime now, there has been great public concern over the low
quality production of bleach solution.
The result of the findings will be of great importance to our society
because things like domestic work in our homes. For example, washing
clothes, removing of stubborn stains, cooking, cleaning and also in killing
germs will be done by the bleach solution produced.
Finally, this research work will be of immense importance to the
researchers, since it is a practical requirement for the award of Ordinary
National Diploma (OND) in Science Technology of the Institute of
Management and Technology (IMT), Enugu.
15
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BACKGROUND OF BLEACHING SOLUTION
In the history of bleach solution, evidence exists for the chemical
bleaching of cloth by archeologist prior to 300 BC.
According to Jeeves (2000), a United State based Professor said that
the Greek and Roman used this neutralization method until the mid –
eighteenth century. Firstly, soaking in an aqueous alkaline solution prepared
by digesting the seaweed cleans the material. After the alkaline treatment,
the cloth was treated with sour milk to remove any calcium salt and to
neutralize the alkaline solution. This neutralization process is called
16
scorning. After scorning, the cloth was rinsed and laid in the sun for days at
a time to been bleached. This later process is called crafting.
By the 1800 century, there was a strong demand for bleached cloth.
The classical sequence of scour, some and bleach remained the only method
available. The first two steps in the sequence was later improved some what
by the use of alkali solution, in the scouring process and the replacement of
scour milk by oil of vitriol. GrownHill M. C. (1967).
USE OF LARGE TRACTS OF LANO
Due to the pressure existed by the decreasing availability of land, the
stage was set for the introduction of a chemical process for bleaching.
According to Frank B., Frank C. P., Seymann S. and Stanley M.
(1978), Benthlef applied chlorine after his discovery in 1974 in a
commercial bleaching. Benthlef attempted at first to use water solution of
chlorine, but he found out that this weakened the cloth excessively. He later
discovered that chlorine could be assorted by a caustic potash solution to
form potassium hypochlorine. This process of bleaching then became the
fully accepted chemical bleaching process with lime and soda ash being used
17
for the scour, oil of vitriol for the scour and potassium hypochlorine for the
bleach.
According to Clugston M. J., Fraze, M. J., Akkins, P. L., Jones R.
(1988), labarraque replaced the expensive potassium solution with caustic
soda and by the turn of the century, labarraque solution has completely
replaced potassium hypochlorine and simultaneously eliminated the need for
crafting.
Other chlorine base methods of bleaching were also being
investigated at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Also according to Ababid O. (1984), p. 282, the development of
bleaching powder was of great importance since this solid form of chlorine
bleach could be transported easily.
This development eliminated the need for onsite chlorine generating
plants adjacent to the textile mills. For the next century, bleaching powder
remained the chief source of textile bleach and has the impetus for much of
the early chemical and chemical engineering investigations.
Thus, materials could be bleached either with an oxidizing a reducing agent.
18
2.2 OXIDIZING OR REDUCING BLEACHING AGENT
Scoring generally removes all impurities except the natural colouring
matters, which have to be broken down by bleaching, either with an
oxidizing a reducing agent.
Oxidizing bleaching agent are used to a far greater extent than
reducing agent Ababid (1984). Almost invariably the oxidizing agent gives
a more permanent white than the reducing agent. When the colour is acted
upon by a reducing agent, there is always the possibility that the oxygen in
the air re-oxidize it to its original state.
Due to this reason, oxidizing bleaching agent is preferred to reducing
bleaching agent. The traditional oxidizing bleaching agent for cellulosic
fibers was bleaching powder, which is more convenient to handle and more
constant in composition Jeeves (1998).
The cheapest and most abundant oxidizing agent is atmospheric
oxygen Ababid (1984), p. 165 and the method of bleaching was to lay the
methnal out in a field where it was exposed to the sun and air. This was
known as “dew bleaching”. But the generally accepted oxidizing bleach
solutions are oxochlorate (i) acid and sodium hypochlorite.
19
Sulphur dioxide has been used as a reducing bleaching agent, which
has the disadvantages of forming sulphuric acid after bleaching. Sodium
dothionatic has been the most popular reducing bleach used in the textile
industry. Also, sodium biohydcide is being considered as reducing bleach,
unlike most of the metal hydrides. It can dissolve in cold water, and thus
used in aqueous reductions.
Oxidizing bleaching agent will now be reviewed under the following
categories of bleaching materials; chlorine, hypochlutes, chloramines,
hydrogen peroxide, perborales, chlorine dioxide etc. Ababid (1984), p. 165.
2.3 TYPES OF OXIDSIZING BLEACHING AGENT
There are eight types of oxidizing bleaching agents. They include
i. Chlorine,
ii. Chloramines
iii. Hydrogen Peroxide
iv. Chlorinated trisodium Phosphate
v. Perborales
20
vi Chlorine dioxide
vii. Calcium hypochlorine
viii. Sodium hypochlorite
a) CHLORINE
Chlorine is generally used in bleaching operations as an agent for the
preparation of hypochlorine. It is strong and serves for many
purposes, however, chlorination is employed as the first stage bleach
in the preparation of wood pulp because of the high content of
reactive impurities, Ababid (1984), p. 279.
b) CHLORAMINE
The first chloramines used extensively against bleach was 1, 3, -
dichlorine 5, 5 – dimethy chydantion. The first chlorine comes off
with a hydiolysis constant of 2.5 x 10 -4 and the second ax 1.1 x 10 -4.
These values gives sufficient hypochlorous acid at usual laundry
concentration for appreciable bleaching, although not as good as
21
bleach that would be obtained with the same concentration of
available chlorine present in a hypochlonite solution.
c) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
This is the most universal of all commercial bleaches, despite its
higher cost compared to chlorine. It is used mainly in bleaching of
cotton and silk. Ababid (1984), p. 300.
d) CHLORINATED TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE
It is useful in some operations such as cleaning the pipelines used in
transporting milk. For bleaching and sanitation, however, it is less
effective than hyppochlorite preparations, which are not as strongly
alkaline. Ababid (1984).
e) PERBORALES
Perborales are widely used in Europe, where it is a common practice
to bring the wash water to boil or temperatures approaching boiling.
At such temperature, the peroxide released from the perborales
22
becomes effective bleach, at temperature lower than 170 o. It is less
successful, and below 140o it becomes markedly inferior to bleach in
its ability to remove stains and to whiten garments.
f) CHLORINE DIOXIDE
Chlorine dioxide has a very important bleaching agent particularly in
the pulp industry in the past decade. The principal processes used to
generate chlorine dioxide employ sulphur dioxide or methanol to
reduce sodium chlorate in strongly acidic solution. However, the
overall reaction may be whiten as follows:
2NaClo3 + So2 + H2So4 2CLo2 + 2NaHSo4
g) CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Calcium hypochlorine is the stable form in which hypochlorines can
be stained. It contains 35 – 37% available chlorine, 10 – 15% water
and several percent free calcium hydioxide. Good calcium
hypochlorine is not seriously hygroscopic if kept under 105of during
manufacture. Ababid (1984), p. 440.
23
h) SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
The solution contains 14 to 15 percent of available chlorine. This is

the oxidizing power of the solution measured by its ability to liberate
iodine from an acidified iodide solution. Among all the bleaching
agents mentioned above. It is only oxochlonate (i) acid that will be
treated in details (Ababid, 1984). But before going into the processes
involved in bleaching solution, one has to look into the mechanism of
bleaching solution.
2.4 MECHANISM OF BLEACHING SOLUTION
Bleaching is the process in which natural colour matter is removed
from a fiber to make it white. Many coloured materials contain a conjugated
chain that is a double bond, which alternate with single bonds. If one of the
double bonds in a conjugated chain is broken, the colour is usually
destroyed; therefore any agent, which will remove a double bond linkage,
may be effective as bleach. A bleaching agent may also act on the groups at
the end of the chain, Lambert J., Mirow T. (1965).
Generally, bleaching reactions are not reversible and especially not if
a double bond has been destroyed. In some instances in which colours can
24
be restored, the action is probably mild and limited to the terminal
groupings.
Each class of bleaching agent has a different attach, therefore a
succession of bleaching treatments may be more effective than a single
treatments. If some colour materials remains after a chlorine dioxide
treatment as in case of calcium hypochlorine, a light treatment with peroxide
may remove the remaining colour. Sodium hypochlorine has the widest
range of attack and may be used up to the point where it attacks the fiber.
During the process of bleaching with sodium hypochlorine in water
solution, hydrolysis occurs with the production of hypochlorous acid. This
is represented by the reaction.
NaDCL + HOH HCLO + Nacl
This acid is very instable and breaks down releasing nascent oxygen
as shown by the reaction.
HCLO HCL + (O)
25
Excess NaOH and the PH condition control the nascent oxygen release
and thus the ultimate whitening.
For bleaching, sodium hypochlorine is delieved to give a solution
containing between 1 and 3glc of available chlorine. As one gallon per
hundred gallons of water will yield of the other of 1.45glc this will fall
comfortably within the range of 1 to 3glc. Bleaching with calcium
hypochlorine is never free from the risk of tendering due to the formation of
oxycellulose.
26
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 REAGENTS USED
1. Potassium tetraoxomanganate (vii)
2. Hydrochloric acid
3. Water
3.2 APPARATUS/MATERIALS USED
1) Round bottom flask (with two openings)
2) Connecting tube
3) Beaker
4) Cork
5) Three retort stand
6) Flask with tap
7) Spatula
8) Weighing disc
27
9) Weighing balance
3.3 METHOD OF PRODUCTION
The apparatus was set up as shown below:

Concentrated
Hydro Acid (HCL)
Retor
t
stand
28
DISTILLED WATER Potassium
Tetraoxomanganate
(VII)
CHLORINE Crystals
(Kmno4)
OXOCHLORATE ACID
H2O + CL2 HOCL + HCL
FIG. 3.1: PRODUCTION OF OXOCHLORATE (I) ACID BLEACH
SOLUTION.
100mls of hydrochloric acid was poured into the flask with tap and
clamped with a retort stand. 20g of potassium tetraoxomaganate (vii) were
also put into the round bottom flask with two openings. The flask
29
containing the HCL was connected into one of the openings of the round
bottom flask with the help of a cork. The tap was turned on so that the HCL
ran into the round bottom flask to make contact with the potassium
tetraoxomaganate (vii) lcmno4.
Effervescence occurred and chlorine gas was liberated which passed
through the other opening into the connecting tube and into a beaker
containing distilled water. The chlorine gas passed on till the water became
saturated to form oxochlonate (i) acid,which is the bleach solution when the
water in the beaker turned yellow, the reaction was stopped. The equation is
thus:
Kmno4 + 2HCL kmno3 + H2O + CL2
CL2(g) + H2O(c) HOCC (Q) + HCL.
30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULTS
The table below shows the time taken to saturate 50mls of beaker of
water with chlorine.
TABLE I
Time taken to saturate 50mls of water with chlorine.
SAMPLE TIME TAKEN (MINUTES)
I 10
II 15
III 20
The table shows the cleansing ability of the different samples and the
commercially produced product and laboratory-produced product.
31
TABLE II
A) CLEANSING ABILITY OF THE LABORATORY BLEACH
SAMPLE CLEANSING ABILITY
I Effective
II More Effective
III Most Effective
B) CLEANSING ABILITY OF THE COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED BLEACH
SAMPLE CLEANSING ABILITY
I Not Effective
II Effective
III Effective
The table below shows the Irritability test of the laboratory produced
bleach solution and commercially produced bleach solution.
32
TABLE III
A) IRRITABILITY TEST FOR LABORATORY PRODUCED
BLEACH SOLUTION
SAMPLE IRRTATION
I Non Irritable
II Non Irritable
III Irritable
B) IRRITABILITY TEST FOR COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED
BLEACH SOLUTION
SAMPLE IRRTATION
I Irritable
II Irritable
III Irritable
33
4.2 DISCUSSION
TIME OF SATURATION
The experiment shows that the longer the time last to saturate the
water, the more concentrated the solution becomes and the more bleaching
effect.
CLEANSING ABILITY
The cleansing ability of the laboratory produced bleach solution was
effective in sample (I) than the commercially produced bleach solution also
shows that the laboratory produced bleach solution of sample II was more
effective while the commercially produced bleach solution was only
effective. The laboratory produced bleach solution of sample III became
most effective while commercially produced bleach remain effective. All
these were done on the same timing after 10, 15, 20 minutes each.
34
IRRITABILITY TEST
The Irritability test on the laboratory produced bleach solution shows
that there was no irritation because these were moderate concentration of
chlorine. But the irritability test for commercially produced bleach solution
shows that there were irritations on the samples due to excessive chlorine
concentration.
35
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
CLEANSING ABILITY
Due to the experiment carried out and with the help of the results, the
researchers were able to conclude that sample III, which was most
concentrated, was the most effective of all the bleach samples.
However, because of its unpleasant smell and possible reaction to the
user, the level of chlorine advocated by Federal Development Agriculture
(FEDA), and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) should be maintained
in the production of bleach solution.
Generally, for a 50mls of water sample saturated for about 10
minutes, yields an acceptable bleach solution capable of removing any stain
after washing for about 5 minutes. At this, concentration, the smell was
acceptable and appealing to the end user and non irritating and hence will
make a better market.
36
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
It is therefore recommended that further work be done on the aspect of
bleach solution to see if acceptable smell is produced.
And also, we should encourage laboratory production of bleach, so
that the small-scale industries can grow and chlorine produced will not be
wasted.
37
REFERENCES
Ababid Osei Yam (1984): New School Chemistry Published by
Africana, Fep Publishers Limited. Pages 159 –

440.
Clugston, M. J. Fraze M. J., Atkins P.hl and Jones R. A. Y. (1988):
Chemistry Principles and Applications. Page 350.
Frank, B., Frank C. P., Seymoul, S. and Stanley, M. (1978): Chemistry.
A Modern Introduction, W. B. Saunder, Company
Philandelphia; London, Toronto (2nd edition);
page 624.
Gram-Hill M. C. (1967): McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology (Volume 6th edition); pages 612 – 614.
Holidays, A. K. and C. Chambers (1982): Inorganic Chemistry
Butterworth Scientific. Page. 302.
Jeeves, J. (2000): World Wide Web (WWW. ask.com) on History of
Bleach Solution and Detergent.
Lambert, J. and Mior T. A. (1965): Practical Chemistry Heinemaun
Educational Books Limited; London (2nd edition);
pages 121 – 123.
38

PRODUCTION OF BLEACH SOLUTION AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMERCIALLY PRODUCED BLEACH SOLUTION

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Published by www.e-projecttopics.

PRODUCTION OF BLEACH SOLUTION AND

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMERCIALLY PRODUCED

OZOR, HENRY OGECHI - STE/N2003/013

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF ORDINARY NATIONAL DIPLOMA

IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTION OF BLEACH SOLUTION AND

OZOR, HENRY OGECHI - STE/N2003/013

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF ORDINARY NATIONAL DIPLOMA

IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Science Technology, Institute of Management and

Technology (IMT), Enugu.

OZOR, HENRY OGECHI - STE/N2003/013

MICHAEL CHIZARAM BLESSING - STE/N2003/014

IMEGBEKANNE, CHIGOZIE E. - STE/N2003/015

MRS. ADA IKEYI

SUPERVISOR DATE: _______________

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DATE: _______________

EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE: _______________

This work is dedicated to Almighty God for His guidance and

denied themselves of some pleasures in order to see us through.

The success of this research study is a combination of hard work,

determination and encouragement from our Supervisor, families and friends.

We are greatly indebted to our indefatigable Supervisor MRS. ADA

throughout this study.

Our profound and sincere gratitude also go to our lecturers Mr.

Department and others too numerous to mention.

We will even remain grateful to our parents who supported us morally

and financially throughout our stay in the polytechnic. We remain grateful

for your contributions.

Bleaching is the process in which net oral colouring matter is removed

from a fiber, yana or fabries. It ranges from simple to complex type

depending on the ingredeient moderal the bleach solution chosen in this

bleach solution. This is an oxidative process. The equation is thus:

ch(g)+ H2O (L) Hoclca2)+ Hcl(og).

The oxochlorate (i) acid formed is an effective bleaching agent. The

bleach produced was compared with commercially produced bleach. The

and the commercially produced bleach solution.

1.1 Statement of the problem

1.2 Aims and objectives

1.4 Limitation of the study

1.5 Significance of the study

2.1 BACKGROUND OF BLEACHING SOLUTION

2.2 OXIDIZING OR REDUCING BLEACHING AGENT

2.3 TYPES OF OXIDIZING BLEACHING AGENT

2.4 MECHANISM OF BLEACHING AGENT

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 REAGENTS USED

3.2 APPARATUS/MATERIALS USED

3.3 METHOD OF PRODUCTION

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Bleaching is a process in which natural colouring matter is removed

example, in yarn or fabrics or in pulp and paper industries where cellulose

used in making paper is bleached to white. Bleach solution can also be

defined as any solution that is capable of bleaching colouring matters.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There has been the problem of low quality production of bleach by

of bleach solution, self-empowerment of our young school leavers in

The purpose of this study is to produce a bleach solution that will be