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GROUP 3 LAB REPORT
GROUP 3 LAB REPORT
EUNICE AKWAREJ40-1163-2018
LAB REPORT
This study investigates the shear modulus of several beam specimens made of different
materials. A torsiometer was used to measure the shear modulus. The specimens were subjected
to a range of loading conditions, and the results were analyzed to determine the shear modulus
for each material. The results showed that the shear modulus varied significantly between
materials. This study provides useful information for selecting materials for use in structural
applications.
OBJECTIVES
ii. To familiarize students with the equipment and its sensitivity in the specimen’s elastic
region
THEORY
Useful notation;
It is a measure of the rigidity of the material when in ‘shear’, that is, when twisting. It is
given by the ratio of shear stress and the shear strain of the material. Also referred to as Shear
Modulus.
F
S h ear stress A τ
G= = = Eqn 1
S h ear strain ∆ x γ
h
higher J indicates that the beam is able to resist a higher torsion or twisting force. The
The general torque equation for circular cross-sections is usually given by;
T Gθ
= Eqn3
J l
Torque (T)
The twisting force, referred to as torque, at the end of the specimen is the moment of the
Shear Stress (τ )
TD
τ= Eqn5
2J
τ rθ
γ= = Eqn 6
G l
Hence;
TD
2J
G= Eqn 7
rθ
l
G is determined within the elastic limit. A material is perfectly elastic if it can be compressed
or stretched by an amount, and then regains its original shape when the stress is reomved.
However, for a perfectly plastic material, when stretched by a small amount, it does not
regain the original shape. Most materials habe both elastic and plastic properties. They
behave like an elastic material up to elastic limit or yield point. Beyond this point, they
Figure 1
Specimen
PROCEDURE:
2. Use the cable supplied with the power supply to connect it to a suitable mains electrical
supply
4. Check the distance across the flats at the ends of the specimen and choose the correct sockets
5. Fit the socket to the torque head and the gearbox output as shown below
8. Switch on both Digital Meters and press their “press to zero” buttons
9. Remove the clear guard around the specimen ( cannot be used when not using the
torsiometer)
10. To remove any mechanical error, slowly turn the gearbox hand wheel until the load display
starts to show a small value of torque, then use the ‘Press to zero’ buttons to set all displays
to zero
11. Carefully press the Torsiometer button to set its displays to zero before loading
12. Load the specimen within the elastic region ie to a maximum of 0.030 radians. Beyond this,
DATA
Table 1 Data
Since the specimen have the same diameter, they have the same polar moment of
4 4
π D π × 0.006 −10 4
J= = =1.2723 × 10 m
32 32
TD
τ=
2J
Shear strain is given by:
τ rθ
γ= =
G l
Using the formulas for shear stress and shear strain, the table below was obtained
τ
G=
γ
GCS=77 GPa
GB= 39GPa
The shear modulus both from experiment and theoretic ones are different. Theoretical
material's atomic structure and composition. Practical shear modulus is a measure of how
the material behaves under actual loading conditions and is determined through testing.
Theoretical shear modulus is calculated based on the theoretical models and assumptions,
such as sample preparation, loading conditions and other physical properties of the
material. Therefore, the difference between theoretic shear modulus and experimental
shear modulus is due to the fact that theoretical models can only approximate the
behavior of materials and cannot always account for the complex interactions that occur
in real life.
The difference between theoretical and experimental shear modulus is due to several
factors. These include the actual geometry of the sample, the effects of temperature, the
presence of defects, grain size, porosity, and other internal and external influences. The
theoretical shear modulus is based on idealized assumptions and does not take into
account the actual conditions of the sample. The experimental shear modulus, on the
other hand, is based on actual measurements and conditions of the sample, which may not
reflect the ideal assumptions. Additionally, the complexity of the sample and its structure
may also play a role in the difference between theoretical and experimental shear moduli.
CONCLUSION
The experiment to find the shear modulus on several beam specimens of various materials
performed by a torsiometer yielded valuable insight into how different materials respond to shear
forces. Through the experiment, we were able to calculate the shear modulus of each material
and compare it to the predicted values. The results of this experiment have shown that the shear
modulus of each material is in line with the predicted values, suggesting that the torsiometer is
Me as student I got familiar with the equipment and its sensitivity in the specimen’s elastic
region.