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SEXUAL CRIME
Sexual Crime
and
Trauma
Edited by
Helen Swaby · Belinda Winder
Rebecca Lievesley · Kerensa Hocken
Nicholas Blagden · Phil Banyard
Sexual Crime
Series Editors
Belinda Winder
Department of Psychology
Nottingham Trent University
Nottingham, UK
Nicholas Blagden
Department of Psychology
Nottingham Trent University
Nottingham, UK
Rebecca Lievesley
Department of Psychology
Nottingham Trent University
Nottingham, UK
Helen Swaby
Department of Counselling
Bishop Grosseteste University
Lincoln, UK
Kerensa Hocken
HMP Whatton
Nottingham, UK
Phil Banyard
Department of Psychology
Nottingham Trent University
Nottingham, UK
Craig A. Harper
Nottingham Trent University
Nottingham, UK
Sexual Crime is an edited book series devised by a team at SOCAMRU
led by Professor Belinda Winder in the Psychology Division at
Nottingham Trent University.
It offers original contributions to specific avenues of research within
the field of sexual crime with each volume drawing together a review of
the literature from across disciplines, including cutting edge research and
practice, original material from services and offenders themselves as well
as future directions for research and practice.
These volumes will be highly relevant to clinical and forensic psychol-
ogists and therapists, offender managers and supervisors, social workers
and those working in the field of rehabilitation. They will be a great
source of insight for academics, researchers and students in these disci-
plines as well as criminologists and policy makers.
Sexual Crime
and Trauma
Editors
Helen Swaby Belinda Winder
Department of Counselling Department of Psychology
Bishop Grosseteste University Nottingham Trent University
Lincoln, UK Nottingham, UK
Sexual Crime
ISBN 978-3-030-49067-6 ISBN 978-3-030-49068-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49068-3
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting,
reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical
way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
v
vi Foreword
genuine belief that sex offending is something our clients have done, but
it does not need to define who they are.
There is a growing body of literature indicating that early trauma
can lead to emotional and behavioural dysregulation, problematic cogni-
tive schemas, dysfunctional relational patterns and maladaptive coping
strategies. These trauma-related consequences increase risk for what we
know as ‘dynamic risk factors’. Therefore, early abuse itself may not be
a ‘predictor’ of risk or recidivism, but the associated consequences of
trauma can contribute to dynamic risk. Trauma is now recognised across
the helping professions and scientific disciplines as a public health crisis,
and as a risk factor to be considered and treated in physical and mental
health disorders. By seeing sex-offending treatment through the lens
of trauma, this book makes an important contribution to cutting-edge
theories and practices.
I am honoured and excited to be offering these thoughts to intro-
duce this book. This volume represents a turning of the tide, and a
paradigm shift in our way of thinking about our client’s treatment needs.
The treatment outcome research for people who have sexually offended
has been somewhat disappointing. I would argue that our field has
neglected important principles of psychotherapy in favour of offence-
specific programming that is often too confrontational for clients to feel
a safe therapeutic alliance, and based upon a dogmatic and paternalistic
approach to treatment needs. A movement towards trauma-informed,
strengths-based, person-centred, motivational, and non-shaming assess-
ment and treatment planning will, I believe, contextualise our evidence-
informed programmes within the empirical and theoretical foundations
of what works to help people change.
The first chapter explores a range of therapeutic approaches to working
with trauma in people who have been convicted for sexual offences.
The chapter examines accounts of interventions using neuropsycholog-
ical, psychodynamic, attachment focussed, cognitive behavioural/schema
focussed, cognitive analytic and milieu-based therapies. Feminist and
restorative justice approaches are also incorporated in the discussion.
The chapter identifies the critical role of attachment with therapists, and
social connection in bringing about change and preventing future harm.
Foreword vii
We explore the definitions and use of evidence, theory and clinical exper-
tise that comes together to provide relevant individualised services for
clients. We argue that trauma-informed clinicians who recognise the
prevalence of early adversities in the clients we treat, and their role
in shaping self-regulation deficits, are better prepared to deliver effec-
tive treatment programming. By viewing clients’ strengths, needs, risks
and behaviours through the lens of trauma, we open up new avenues
for improvements in our services, to reduce the likelihood of future
victimisation.
An important final thought is to note that by integrating trauma-
related responses in our work, we are by no means minimising the pain
and suffering of victims. Nor are we intending to obfuscate responsibility
for causing sexual harm. The reality is that our clients are complex, and
their paths to offending are often paved in their own trauma history; hurt
people hurt others. This book is the fork in the road to more humane and
effective treatments to prevent sexual recidivism. The evidence is clear
regarding the neuro-cognitive and psychosocial impacts of childhood
trauma, as well as the intergenerational legacy of cultural and historical
traumas in oppressed and marginalised populations. We believe that by
integrating the science of trauma into the art of psychotherapy, we will
improve treatment outcomes.
xi
xii Contents
Glossary 225
Index 233
Editors and Contributors
xiii
xiv Editors and Contributors
sexual abuse by working with those who have offended or are at risk of
committing a sexual offence. Kerensa is a member of the Compassionate
Mind Foundation and co-founder of the CFT forensic special interest
group.
Contributors
Geraldine Akerman has worked for the prison service for 20 years,
16 of which are at HMP Grendon, in a variety of roles. At present
Geraldine works on the Enhanced Assessment and Preparation Unit.
Geraldine has publications in the subjects of Therapeutic Communi-
ties, sexual offending, offence paralleling and working with complex
needs. Geraldine is an Honorary Professor and visiting lecturer at Cardiff
Metropolitan University. Geraldine is the Chair for the Division of
Forensic Psychology and Co-Editor in the Issues on Forensic Psychology
book series.
Thomas Andrews is a pseudonym for a resident at HMP Grendon.
Thomas has been at Grendon for almost 5 years. In prison he has under-
taken education courses with a view to be self-sufficient on his release. He
also wants to give something back to society, in line with his Buddhist
Editors and Contributors xv
and vegan beliefs. During his time in Grendon, Thomas has participated
in arts projects, theatre and play writing, all of which helped develop
his self-confidence. He has the aim of achieving peace and happiness in
himself and in the future, he would like to run his own business.
Kevin Creeden, M.A., LMHC is the Director of Assessment and
Research at the Whitney Academy in East Freetown, M.A. He has
over 35 years of clinical experience treating children, adolescents, adults
and families working extensively with sexually and physically aggres-
sive youth. His primary focus has been on issues of trauma and attach-
ment difficulties, especially with regard to the neurological impact of
trauma on sexual behaviour problems. Mr. Creeden is a guest faculty
at the Simmons School of Social Work Training Program in Trauma-
Focused Treatment. He trains and consults nationally and internationally
to schools, youth services, forensic and mental health services.
Lawrence Jones is a consultant clinical and forensic psychologist and
head of psychology at Rampton Hospital, United Kingdom. He is
an Honorary associate (clinical) professor at Nottingham University.
He is a former chair of the British Psychology Society division of
Forensic Psychology. He teaches on the Clinical psychology doctor-
ates at Sheffield and Leicester University and the Forensic psychology
doctorate at Nottingham University. He has worked in community,
prison and forensic mental health settings. He has published on trauma-
informed care, sexual offending, ‘personality disorder’, iatrogenic impact
of therapy, engagement, therapeutic communities for people who have
offended and formulation.
Jude Kelman has worked as a forensic psychologist within Her Majesty’s
Prison and Probation Service since 1995, in a variety of roles across a
range of different prisons. She has been the Lead Psychologist for the
Women’s Estate since April 2016, and in this role has overseen the growth
of the Women’s Estate Psychology Service (WEPS). The WEPS team
have been explicit in defining what trauma-informed and responsive
practices look like, and in committing to work in trauma-informed and
responsive ways with all prison residents. Jude is currently undertaking a
part-time Ph.D. at King’s College London.
xvi Editors and Contributors
xix
List of Tables
xxi
1
Treatment Approaches to Trauma for Those
Convicted of Sexual Crime: Interventions
Globally
Lawrence Jones
Introduction
Historically, in some traditions, work on trauma for those convicted of
sexual crime was considered unhelpful; at the least a distraction and at
worst deemed as providing an individual with an ‘exculpatory’ narra-
tive to avoid taking responsibility. Recent thinking about the harm of
feeling stigmatised as an offender and the potential healthy reasons for
wanting to avoid shame have challenged this view, as has the increasing
recognition that the motives for disclosure of abuse are not always about
wanting to ‘dupe’ therapists. Indeed, the danger of replaying a damaging
childhood trauma dynamic by repeating an episode of disbelief from
caregivers is very real.
In spite of the historical reticence in relation to this kind of formu-
lation, there have been a number of clinicians who have worked with
L. Jones (B)
Rampton High Secure Hospital, Retford, Nottinghamshire, UK
e-mail: Lawrence.Jones@nottshc.nhs.uk
Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK
Sen hän olisi voinut saada Axel Fersen'istä, — mutta hänet oli
Magdalena hyljännyt, ja nyt se jo oli liian myöhäistä.
KOLMASKYMMENESENSIMÄINEN
LUKU.
— Ei, ei, Sohvi, sitä en tahdo… en, kun asiata oikein mietin! Sinä,
joka olot puhunut heidän puolestansa, kerro heille tämä minun
viimeiseni, peruuttamatoin vastaukseni.
— Niin, niin, sehän on totta! Minulla oli monta syytä häntä epäillä
(45) ja tässä on minulla todistuksia, — kuningas laski kätensä noille
äsken vastaanottamillensa papereille, joita hän yhtä toisensa perään
silmäili, samalla kuin Ehrenström kunniaa osoittavassa asemassa
odotti hänen muita käskyjänsä. — Ehdoitus uuteen hallitusmuotoon
Suomelle Hollannin mallin mukaan — jatkoi Kustaa-kuningas, — ja
sen toteuttamiseksi pyyntö saada kaksi miljoonaa ruplaa eräästä
pankista Suomessa. Eipä aivan hullusti mietitty, Sprengtporten-
hyväni, eipä aivan hullusti! — ja ylenkatseellisella eljeellä heitti hän
nuot lukemansa paperit eteensä pöydälle; — ja tässä keisarinnan
armollinen suostumus. Foi de gentilhomme, nyt minulla on syytä…
vihastuneen näköisenä keskeytti hän puheensa ja, tarkasti
tähystellen Ehrenströmiä, kysyi hän vilkkaasti: — Noh, millä keinoin
te onnistuitte?
— Hyvä, hyvä!
— Mikä oikku!
— Ei, tässä tahdon olla ja koettaa ajatella; minulla olisi niin paljo
sinulle sanomista.
— Oi, Magdalenani!
— Minä koetin paeta, mutta, ah, en voinut! Ja… hair… oi, mikä
sokeus!
— Mitä, virka?…
Linnassa oli vastaanotto. Tungos etehisessä oli milt'ei yhtä suuri kuin
ennenkin, ja kiihkoisella uteliaisuudella silmäiltiin kuninkaan kasvoja,
kuunnellen hänen pienintä sanaansakin. — Miksi oli hän äskettäin
ollut Köpenhaminassa, mitä olikaan oikeastansa tekeillä, mitähän
salaisia kokouksia kuningas silloin tällöin suvaitsi pitää? — Vaiti!
tuossa puheli kuningas Kaarlo-herttuan kanssa.
— Säikähdyksestähän…