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 This International Student Edition is for use outside of the U.S.

PRINCIPLES OF FIFTH EDITION

ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

LOUIS E. FRENZEL JR.

ISTUDY
 Electronic
Principles of

Communication
Systems
Fifth Edition

Louis E. Frenzel Jr.

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Copyright © 2023 by
McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other
electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LKV 27 26 25 24 23 22

ISBN 978-1-260-59789-9
MHID 1-260-59789-X

Cover Image: Audrius Merfeldas/Shutterstock

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the
copyright page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not
­guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered
Contents

Preface   ix

Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic

Communication 1
1-1 The Significance of Human 1-6 Bandwidth   18
Communication   3 1-7 A Survey of
1-2 Communication Systems   3 Communication
1-3 Types of Electronic Applications   21
Communication   5 1-8 Jobs and Careers in
1-4 Modulation and Multiplexing   8 the Communication
Industry   23
1-5 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum   12

Chapter 2 Electronic Fundamentals

for Communications 31
2-1 Gain, Attenuation, 2-3 Filters   57
and Decibels   32 2-4 Fourier Theory   79
2-2 Tuned Circuits   42

Chapter 3 Amplitude Modulation

Fundamentals 94
3-1 AM Concepts   95 3-5 Single-Sideband
3-2 Modulation Index and Modulation   110
Percentage of Modulation   97 3-6 Current AM/ASK Radio
3-3 Sidebands and the Frequency Usage   114
Domain   100 3-7 Classification of Radio
3-4 AM Power   106 Emissions   115

Chapter 4 Amplitude Modulator and

Demodulator Circuits 119
4-1 Basic Principles of Amplitude 4-4 Balanced
Modulation   120 Modulators   138
4-2 Amplitude Modulators   123 4-5 SSB Circuits   143
4-3 Amplitude Demodulators   131
 Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Frequency
Modulation 150
5-1 Basic Principles of Frequency 5-4 Noise Suppression
Modulation   151 Effects of FM   165
5-2 Principles of Phase 5-5 Frequency Modulation
Modulation   153 Versus Amplitude
5-3 Modulation Index and Modulation   169
Sidebands   156

Chapter 6 FM Circuits 174

­ -1
6 Frequency Modulators   175
­6-2 Phase Modulators   181
­6-3 Frequency Demodulators   184
6-4 FSK Circuits 188

Chapter 7 Digital Communication

Techniques 194
7-1 Digital Transmission 7-4 Pulse Modulation   224
of Data   195 7-5 Digital Signal
7-2 Parallel and Serial Processing   228
Transmission   196
7-3 Data Conversion   199

Chapter 8 Radio Transmitters 237

 -1
8 Transmitter Fundamentals   238 8-4 Impedance-Matching
8-2 Carrier Generators   242 Networks   278
8-3 Power Amplifiers   260 8-5 Typical Transmitter
Circuits   287

Chapter 9 Communication
Receivers 291
­9-1 Basic Principles of Signal 9-5 Noise   311
Reproduction   292 ­­9-6 Typical Receiver
­­9-2 Superheterodyne Circuits   323
Receivers   295 ­9-7 Typical Receivers and
­­
9-3 Frequency Conversion   297 Transceivers   332
9-4 Intermediate Frequency
and Images   306

iv Contents
Chapter 10 Digital Data Transmission 340
10-1 Digital Codes   341 10-6 Broadband Modem
10-2 Principles of Digital Techniques   379
Transmission   343 10-7 Error Detection and
10-3 Transmission Efficiency   350 Correction   383
10-4 Modem Concepts and 10-8 Protocols   393
Methods   355
10-5 Wideband Modulation   370

Chapter 11 Multiplexing, Duplexing, and

Multiple Access 401
11-1 Multiplexing Principles   402 ­11-4 Pulse-Code
11-2 Frequency-Division Modulation   415
Multiplexing   403 11-5 Multiple Access   421
11-3 Time-Division Multiplexing   408 11-6 Duplexing   424

Chapter 12 Digital and Software-Defined

Radios 428
12-1 Defining the Digital and
Software-Defined Radios   429
12-2 Making SDR Possible   430
12-3 Replacing Analog Functions
with Digital Processes   431
12-4 The Benefits of SDRs   431
12-5 Software-Defined Radio:
Receivers   432
12-6 Software-Defined Radio:
Transmitters   434
12-7 A Survey of Software-
Defined Radios   435
12-8 Cognitive Radios   442

Chapter 13 Transmission Lines 445

13-1 Transmission Line Basics   446 13-3 Transmission Lines as
13-2 Standing Waves   459 Circuit Elements   468
13-4 The Smith Chart   473

Chapter 14 Fundamentals of Networking, Local-

Area Networks, and Ethernet 486
14-1 Network Fundamentals   487 14-4 Advanced Ethernet   511
14-2 LAN Hardware   495 14-5 Special Ethernet
14-3 Ethernet LANs   502 Variations   513

Chapter 15 Wired Data Communications 518

15-1 Rationale for Serial I/O   519 15-4 High-Speed Serial
15-2 Serial I/O Applications   520 Interfaces   526
15-3 Low-Speed Serial Interfaces   521
 Chapter 16 Antennas and Wave
Propagation 530
16-1 Antenna Fundamentals   531 16-3 Radio Wave
16-2 Common Antenna Types   539 Propagation   562

Chapter 17 Internet Technologies 580

17-1 Internet Applications   581 17-4 Storage-Area
17-2 Internet Transmission Networks   601
Systems   583 17-5 Internet Security   604
17-3 Cloud Networking and 17-6 Internet Telephony   609
Virtual Systems   599

Chapter 18 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave

Communication 614
18-1 Microwave Concepts   615 18-5 Microwave Tubes   644
18-2 Microwave Transmission Lines 18-6 Microwave
and Devices   622 Antennas   648
18-3 Waveguides and Cavity 18-7 Microwave and
Resonators   632 Millimeter-Wave
18-4 Microwave Semiconductor Applications   668
Diodes   641

Chapter 19 Satellite Communication 681

19-1 Satellite Orbits   682 19-5 Satellite
19-2 Satellite Communication Applications   702
Systems   689 19-6 Global Navigation
19-3 Satellite Subsystems   693 Satellite Systems   707
19-4 Ground Stations   698

Chapter 20 Optical Communication 718

20-1 Optical Principles   719 20-5 Wavelength-Division
20-2 Optical Communication Multiplexing   755
Systems   723 20-6 Passive Optical
20-3 Fiber-Optic Cables   728 Networks   757
20-4 Optical Transmitters and 20-7 400-Gbps Networks and
Receivers   740 Beyond   760

vi Contents
Chapter 21 Cell Phone Technologies 769
21-1 Cellular Telephone 21-5 Fifth-Generation Wireless
Systems   770 Cellular   784
21-2 A Cellular Industry 21-6 Smartphone
Overview   772 Analysis   786
21-3 2G and 3G Digital Cell 21-7 Base Stations and
Phone Systems   774 Small Cells   789
21-4 Long-Term Evolution
and 4G Cellular Systems   776

Chapter 22 Wireless Technologies 800

22-1 Wireless LAN   801 22-5 Ultrawideband
22-2 Bluetooth   808 Wireless   817
22-3 ZigBee and Mesh Wireless 22-6 Optional Wireless
Networks   810 Technologies   820
22-4 Radio-Frequency 22-7 Internet of Things   823
Identification
and Near-Field
Communications   813

Chapter 23 Communication Tests and

Measurements 829
23-1 Communication Test Equipment   830
23-2 Common Communication Tests   849
23-3 Troubleshooting Techniques   867
23-4 Electromagnetic Interference Testing   871

Answers to Selected Problems   881

Appendix A 883
Appendix B 885
Appendix C 887
Glossary 889
Index 909
Preface

To Instructors
This new fifth edition of the Principles of Electronic Communication Systems has been
fully reviewed and updated. A book such as this needs revision frequently as the technol-
ogy changes continually. Of course, the fundamentals of electronics communications do
not change. However, the ways these principles are applied do change occasionally. During
the past five years since the introduction of the previous fourth edition, some major changes
and additions have taken place. Most of these changes are important to those of you teach-
ing communications technology and for those of you who are out looking for work in this
field. A high percentage of the new jobs involves the most recent developments.
As a writer and editor for a major electronics magazine, I am able to keep up on all
the new products and technologies by way of continuous monitoring and interacting with
the industries and companies that design, manufacture, and apply the new equipment.
Keeping track of all of this is a full-time job.
This new version of the book is a balance of standard fundamentals and principles
plus an introduction to the most recent and relevant products and technologies. It also
incorporates the suggestions that some of you have provided, for which I am grateful.
Here are the highlights of this new edition. Note most of the chapter sequences and
numbers have changed and two new chapters (12 and 15) have been added.

∙ Chapters 1 through 7 are pretty much the same. Fundamentals do not change much,
although these chapters were edited and updated.
∙ Chapters 8 and 9 on transmitters and receivers also remain pretty much the same
except for minor updates. Also, some material from these chapters has been moved
to the new Chapter 12 covering software-defined radios (SDRs).
∙ Chapters 10 and 11 have been reversed. It is important to cover the digital funda-
mentals before diving into multiplexing. Heavy edit.
∙ Chapter 12 is a new chapter covering software-defined radios.
∙ Chapter 13 on transmission lines has been updated.
∙ Chapter 14 on networking has been updated with enhancements to the Ethernet
coverage.
∙ Chapter 15 is a totally new chapter that covers popular wired communication tech-
niques and serial interfaces. Wire or cable, it’s still a major form of communications.
∙ Chapter 16 on antennas and propagation has been updated.
∙ Chapter 17 on Internet technologies has been revised to include topics such as Inter-
net telephony, virtualization, and cloud usage.
∙ Chapter 18 on microwaves and millimeter waves has been enhanced with increased
coverage of relevant antenna technology such as MIMO and agile beam-forming
phased arrays.
∙ Chapter 19 on satellites has been updated with new GPS information and other new
material.
∙ Chapter 20 on optical technology received minor updating.
 ∙ Chapter 21 on the cellular technologies is virtually all new. LTE coverage has been
updated and expanded. Full coverage of the new 5G New Radio standard and sys-
tems has been added.
∙ Chapter 22, covering the various popular short-range wireless technologies, has been
extensively updated adding new Bluetooth (LE) and Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) versions.
The Internet of Things (IoT) material has been increased and the full spectrum of
new wireless standards and methods has been added.
∙ Chapter 23 on test and measurement has been updated with new instruments and
methods. The addition of VNAs and S-parameters was overdue.

You will notice that I omitted mention of one chapter: previous Chapter 18 on
telecommunications. This chapter covered legacy telephones and telephone systems.
Wired telephones have been fading away for years, and today most people use only
their cell phones. In fact, in many locations throughout the United States, local loop-
wired telephone service is no longer available. Further, telephone companies are
gradually sunsetting their wired service and putting most of their investments into
the buildout of their wireless systems, especially the new 5G NR services. Employ-
ment opportunities in the wired telecom field have mostly disappeared. I felt it best
to use the available space in this textbook on the more up-to-date technologies. Some
of the more useful telecom material has been incorporated into other chapters as
appropriate.
I have continued with the end-of-chapter Online Activities. It is essential that all of
you who use this book know that there is more communications and wireless knowledge
and information out there than you can ever absorb. A good Internet search is essential
if you ever want to dig deeper or to look more broadly at any given subject. The topics
I chose reflect current trends and applications.
I have tried to edit out the older discrete component circuits where appropriate and
replace them with the equivalent IC devices used today. I have left in discussion of some
popular discrete component circuits where they are still used. I know some of you still
like to teach the older circuits. That’s fine if you do, but you may want to point out that
the real world uses more ICs as well as complete systems on a chip (SoC).
A mixed bag of new appendices has also been included. These are informational
pieces on subjects that do not fit conveniently into the main chapters. Hopefully you will
find them useful.
Before I conclude, let me give you my view of where the industry and technology
are headed. These are not only the trends and developments I see but also what the
market analysists and company CEOs are saying and thinking. Hopefully this will
give you clues as to how to slant your course coverage and better target what gradu-
ates really need to know to get hired today. It is easy to fall into a pattern of teaching
the same things repeatedly each semester as it is easier to proceed with previously
developed materials than it is to add new relevant material. Don’t be one of those
who does a good job of teaching the history of communications but ignores the move-
ments and emphasis that is needed out in the real world. The fundamentals are impor-
tant and you must continue to teach them but also shift the emphasis as needed and
add new material regularly. I hope this revised edition will help with that effort. Yes,
I have taught this before so know there is always more material to cover than there
is time to include it.

Macro Trends
1. The emphasis today is on systems more than on individual components and circuits.
Engineers and technicians work with the end equipment, related modules, and sub-
assemblies and not so much so with components. While you teach the components,
put the focus on the application, including the related equipment, module, PCB or
IC. A good approach is to use more block diagrams and signal flow discussions.
Give the big picture or, as they say, the 10,000-ft view.

x Preface
 2. Most new comm and wireless equipment today operates at the microwave or
­millimeter-wave frequencies. Remember microwaves begin at 1 GHz. So common
things like Bluetooth, ZigBee, satellite TV, and GPS are all microwave devices.
Low-frequency gear is still around, of course, but virtually all new applications and
equipment operate at frequencies from the 5-GHz 802.11ax Wi-Fi to the single-chip
auto radars at 77 GHz. Most of the new 5G cellular gear operates in the range from
1 GHz to 6 GHz with all the new mmWave systems using the 28-, 37-, 39-GHz to
47-GHz bands. Electronics and communications at these frequencies are different.
Start shifting your teaching emphasis to those components and circuits that work at
those frequencies.
3. What engineers and techs do all day is fuss with test gear. You must teach test and
measurement. While the scope is still a prominent bench instrument, today the more
useful RF instruments are the spectrum analyzer, vector network analyzer, and RF
signal emulators and generators. I am sure you know that these instruments are extremely
expensive. Few if any college labs can afford them, but do work toward acquiring them.
Buy used, borrow, or rent if you can so that you can give students at least some short
lab experiences with them. And lectures and demos are better than nothing.
4. Add coverage of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic interfer-
ence (EMI). There is so much wireless floating around out there that interference
and coexistence of technologies have become problems. A major part of a wireless
engineer’s or technician’s work is tracking down EMI and eliminating or minimizing
it. This is another topic that requires specialized test gear.
5. Finally, make students realize that virtually every phase of communications and
wireless is heavily regulated. Make sure they know about the FCC and NTIA, the
spectrum issues, and all of the rules and regulations in the CFR 47 Parts 0–99,
especially Parts 15 and 18. And mention all of the standards bodies and industry
alliances. These often hidden or ignored organizations control the whole technology
and industry and are dynamite sources of information.
Thanks for continuing to use this text. Let me and/or McGraw Hill know if you find
any errors or if you wish to suggest additional or revised coverage.

To Students
This book is loaded with information. As you will probably discover, the course you are
taking will probably not cover all the chapters as it is too much to include in one semes-
ter. Here are some of suggestions to help you make it through the course.
This book assumes that you have had some prior course or training in electronics.
Most of you will have had the prerequisites in one or more college courses or acquired
this knowledge in military service or company training programs. Even self-study is a
valid way to learn the fundamentals.
Then again, you may not have had any electronics background. If that is the case,
you may want to get that background education before continuing here.
If you have had some basic electronics background but it has been a while since
you have acquired it, you have probably forgotten much of this knowledge. One recom-
mended solution is to keep one or more electronics fundamentals books around so you
can look up what you forgot or never learned. Chapter 2 in this book covers much of
what you probably learned in an AC Circuits course that should expedite your learning.
My own McGraw Hill textbook, Contemporary Electronics, Fundamentals, Devices, Cir-
cuits and Systems, covers all that you should know.
Check out the book list in Appendix A that recommends those books I found to be
helpful.
 As it has turned out, the communications sector is the largest part of the U.S. elec-
tronics industry. Because of that, many jobs are available. Taking this course and finish-
ing your education should provide you with enough credentials to get one of those
communications jobs. If you get one of those jobs, you may want to keep this textbook
as a reference as you may need it occasionally. Anyway, good luck with the course, your
education, and job search. Here’s to your coming success.

Lou Frenzel

xii Preface
Acknowledgments

My special thanks to McGraw Hill portfolio manager Beth Bettcher for her continued
support and encouragement to make this new edition possible. Thanks also to Beth Baugh
and the other helpful McGraw Hill support staff, including Jeni McAtee and Alyson Platt.
It has been a pleasure to work with all of you.
I also want to thank Nancy Friedrich of Microwaves & RF magazine and Bill
­Baumann from Electronic Design magazine, both of Penton Media Inc. (Now Endeavor
Business Media), for permission to use sections of my articles in updating chapters 20
and 21.
My appreciation also goes out to those professors who reviewed the book and offered
their feedback, criticism, and suggestions. Thanks for taking the time to provide that
valuable input. I have implemented most of their recommendations. The following
reviewers provided a wealth of good suggestions for the new edition:
John Bosshard Venkata Khambhammettu
Texas A&M University ECPI University, Virginia Beach
William I. Dolan Mervin Moats Jr.
Kennebec Valley Community College Central Carolina Community College
Byron Garry Prentice Tyndall
South Dakota State University Pitt Community College
With the latest input from industry and the suggestions from those who use the book,
this edition should come closer than ever to being an ideal textbook for teaching current
day communications electronics.

Lou Frenzel
 Guided Tour
Learning Features
The fifth edition of Principles of Electronic Communication Systems retains the popular learning
­elements featured in previous editions. These include:

chapter

2
Electronic Fundamentals
for Communications
Chapter Introduction
T o understand communication electronics as presented in this book, you
Each chapter begins with a brief need a knowledge of certain basic principles of electronics, including the
fundamentals of alternating-current (ac) and direct-current (dc) circuits, semi-
­introduction setting the stage for what conductor operation and characteristics, and basic electronic circuit opera-
tion (amplifiers, oscillators, power supplies, and digital logic circuits). Some
the student is about to learn. of the basics are particularly critical to understanding the chapters that follow.
These include the expression of gain and loss in decibels, LC tuned circuits,
resonance and filters, and Fourier theory. The purpose of this chapter is to
briefly review all these subjects. If you have studied the material before, it
will simply serve as a review and reference. If, because of your own sched-
ule or the school’s curriculum, you have not previously covered this material,
use this chapter to learn the necessary information before you continue.
Chapter Objectives
Objectives
Chapter Objectives provide a concise After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Calculate voltage, current, gain, and attenuation in decibels and
statement of expected learning out- apply these formulas in applications involving cascaded circuits.
■ Explain the relationship between Q, resonant frequency, and bandwidth.
comes. ■ Describe the basic configuration of the different types of filters that
are used in communication networks and compare and contrast
active filters with passive filters.
■ Explain how using switched capacitor filters enhances selectivity.
■ Explain the benefits and operation of crystal, ceramic, SAW, and
BAW filters.
■ State and explain the Fourier theory and give examples of how it is
used. dBm. When the gain or attenuation of a circuit is expressed in decibels, implicit is a
comparison between two values, the output and the input. When the ratio is computed,
the units of voltage or power are canceled, making the ratio a dimensionless,31 or relative,
figure. When you see a decibel value, you really do not know the actual voltage or power
values. In some cases, this is not a problem; in others, it is useful or necessary to know
Reference value the actual values involved. When an absolute value is needed, you can use a reference
dBm value to compare any other value.
An often used reference level in communication is 1 mW. When a decibel value is

Good To Know
fre32796_ch02_031-093.indd 31 09/11/21 5:15 PM
computed by comparing a power value to 1 mW, the result is a value called the dBm. It
is computed with the standard power decibel formula with 1 mW as the denominator of
GOOD TO KNOW the ratio:
Pout (W )
Good To Know statements, found in margins, From the standpoint of sound mea-
surement, 0 dB is the least percep-
dBm = 10 log
0.001(W )

provide interesting added insights to topics tible sound (hearing threshold), and
120 dB equals the pain threshold of
Here Pout is the output power, or some power value you want to compare to 1 mW, and
0.001 is 1 mW expressed in watts.
The output of a 1-W amplifier expressed in dBm is, e.g.,
being presented. sound. This list shows intensity lev-
els for common sounds. (Tippens, 1
Physics, 6th ed., Glencoe/McGraw dBm = 10 log = 10 log 1000 = 10(3) = 30 dBm
0.001
Hill, 2001, p. 497) Sometimes the output of a circuit or device is given in dBm. For example, if a
Intensity microphone has an output of −50 dBm, the actual output power can be computed as
Sound level, dB follows:
Hearing threshold 0 Pout
Rustling leaves 10 −50 dBm = 10 log
0.001
Whisper 20
−50 dBm Pout

Examples
Quiet radio 40 = log
Normal conversation 65 10 0.001
Busy street corner 80 Therefore
Subway car 100 Pout
Pain threshold 120 = 10−50 dBm/10 = 10−5 = 0.00001
Each chapter contains worked-out Examples Jet engine 140–160
0.001
Pout = 0.001 × 0.00001 = 10−3 × 10−5 = 10−8 W = 10 × 10−9 = 10 nW
that demonstrate important concepts or circuit
Tippens, Paul E. Physics. McGraw
Hill. 2001.

operations, including circuit analysis,

­applications, troubleshooting, and basic design. Example 2-10
A power amplifier has an input of 90 mV across 10 kΩ. The output is 7.8 V across
an 8-Ω speaker. What is the power gain in decibels? You must compute the input and
output power levels first.
V2
P=
R
−3 2
(90 ×
Pin =
xiv (7.8) 2
Pout =
8
Pout
AP = =
Pin
AP (dB) = 10 log
 CHAPTER REVIEW
Online Activities Online Activity

These sections give students the opportunity
to further explore new communications
­techniques, to dig deeper into the theory,
and to become more adept at using the
Internet to find needed information.
2-1 Exploring Filter Options
Objective: Use online tools to design practical filters.
Procedure: Designing filters used to be a challenging and
difficult process. It still is today, but much of the drudgery
of filter design has been eliminated by online programs
that design the filter for you. Here are some options to
explore.
1. Go to the Texas Instruments’ website and search for the
TI Application Report SLOA093. Print this document
for use later. What type of filters are covered in this
document?
2. Using the procedures described in the Application
Report, design a bandpass filter for 70 kHz. What is its
bandwidth?
3. Go to the websites listed below. What type of filters do
these online tools cover?
4. Using the online tools, design a seventh-order low-pass
filter for 49 MHz with an impedance of 75 Ω. Validate
your design using two or more of the tools.
∙ https://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~fisher/lcfilter/
∙ http://www.rfwireless-world.com/calculators/RF-
filter-calculator.html
∙ rf-tools.com/lcfilter
∙ www.wa4dsy.net/filter/filterdesign.html
∙ https://www.coilcraft.com/apps/lc_filter_designer/
lc_filter_designer.cfm
Questions:
1. Looking at the two designs you completed above, look
at the filter R, L, and C values. What problem do you
perceive in implementing these filters?
2. What is the most popular filter mode (Chebyshev,
elliptical, etc.) available in the design tools you used?

Questions
1. What happens to capacitive reactance as the frequency 9. What kind of filter is used to select a single signal fre-
of operation increases? quency from many signals?
2. As frequency decreases, how does the reactance of a 10. What kind of filter would you use to get rid of an an-
coil vary? noying 120-Hz hum?
3. What is skin effect, and how does it affect the Q of a 11. What does selectivity mean?
coil? 12. State the Fourier theory in your own words.
4. What happens to a wire when a ferrite bead is placed 13. Define the terms time domain and frequency domain.
around it? 14. Write the first four odd harmonics of 800 Hz.
5. What is the name given to the widely used coil form 15. What waveform is made up of even harmonics only?
Findisthe
6. that voltage
shaped like gain or attenuation, in decibels, for
a doughnut? What waveform
18. What is the bandwidth
is madeofup a parallel resonant circuit
of odd harmonics only?that
each of the
6. Describe thecircuits
currentdescribed in Problems
and impedance in a 1series
through
RLC5. has an
16. Why is inductance
a nonsinusoidal μH with
of 33signal a resistance
distorted when itofpasses
14 Ω
A power
7. circuit amplifier has an output of 200 W and an input
at resonance. and a capacitance
through a filter? of 48 pF?
of 8 W. What
7. Describe is the power
the current gain in decibels?
and impedance
◆
in a parallel RLC 17. A series
19. What is theresonant circuit hasapplication
most common upper andoflowerSAWcutoff
and
A power
8. circuit at amplifier
resonance.has a gain of 55 dB. The input power frequencies
BAW filters? of 72.9 and 70.5 MHz. What is its
is 600inmW.
8. State yourWhatowniswords
the output power?
the relationship between Q bandwidth?
An amplifier
9. and has anofoutput
a tunedofcircuit.
5 W. What is its gain in 20. A resonant circuit has a peak output voltage of

Problems
the bandwidth
dBm? ◆ 4.5 mV. What is the voltage output at the upper and
10. A communication system has five stages, with lower cutoff frequencies?
Problems
gains and attenuations of 12, −45, 68, −31, and 21. What circuit Q is required to give a bandwidth of
9 dB. What is the overall gain? 36 MHz at a frequency of 4 GHz?
Students can obtain critical feedback by per- 1. What
11. What is
12. 1.5
What
is the
V and
thereactance
value
gain of an
anofinput
of aamplifier
of 30 μV?
capacitance ◆
with an
7-pF capacitor
is required
at 2output
GHz? of
to produce 50 Ω
4. Three
22. Find the
caded;
amplifiers
L = 60the
impedance
μH, input
withofgains
RW voltage
= 7 Ω, isand
of 15,resonant
a parallel
120CμV.
= 22
22, andcircuit
What
7 are cas-
with
pF.are the overall
forming the Practice Problems at the end of 2. What is theatattenuation
of reactance
13. that in Fig.
Calculate
450 MHz? of a voltage divider like
the 2-3, wherereactance
inductive R1 is 3.3 of akΩ and coil
0.9-μH R2 isat
23. gain
5. A
Writeandthethe output
first four voltages
terms ofoftheeach stage?equation of a
Fourier
sawtooth wave that has a peak-to-peak amplitude of
piece of communication equipment has two stages of
5.1
800kΩ?
MHz. amplification
5 V and a frequencywith gains
of 100 ofkHz.
40 and 60 and two loss
the chapter. Answers to selected ­problems 3. What
14. is the
At what overall gain
frequency will or
a attenuation
2-μH inductor of the combina-
have a reac- 24. stages with attenuation
An oscilloscope has a factors of of
rise time 0.03 andWhat
8 ns. 0.075.isThe
the
tion formed
tance of 300 Ω? by cascading the circuits described in output voltage is 2.2 V. What are the
highest-frequency sine wave that the scope can overall gain (or
are found at the end of the book. 15. Problems
A 2.5-μH1inductor
and 2? ◆ has a resistance of 23 Ω. At a fre- attenuation)
display? and the input voltage? ◆
quency of 35 MHz, what is its Q? 25. A low-pass filter has a cutoff frequency of 24 MHz.
16. What is the resonant frequency of a 0.55-μH coil with What is the fastest rise time that a rectangular wave that
a capacitance of 22 pF? will pass through the filter can have?
9217. What is the value of inductance that will
Chapter 2 resonate with
an 80-pF capacitor at 18 MHz?
Critical Thinking
◆ Answers to Selected Problems follow Chap. 22.

Critical Thinking
A wide variety of questions and problems are 1. Explain how capacitance and inductance can exist in a
fre32796_ch02_031-093.indd 92 7. For the previous circuit, what would the bandwidth be 24/04/20 3:16 PM

circuit without lumped capacitors and inductor compo- if you connected a 33-kΩ resistor in parallel with the
found at the end of each chapter. Those nents being present.
2. How can the voltage across the coil or capacitor in a
tuned circuit?
8. What value of capacitor would you need to produce a

include circuit analysis, trouble­shooting, series resonant circuit be greater than the source volt-
age at resonance?
high-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 48 kHz with
a resistor value of 2.2 kΩ?
3. What type of filter would you use to prevent the harmon- 9. What is the minimum bandwidth needed to pass a peri-
­critical thinking, and job interview questions. ics generated by a transmitter from reaching the antenna? odic pulse train whose frequency is 28.8 kHz and duty
4. What is the minimum oscilloscope vertical bandwidth cycle is 20 percent? 50 percent?
needed to display a 2.5-GHz square wave? 10. Refer to Fig. 2-60. Examine the various waveforms and
5. Explain why it is possible to reduce the effective Q of a Fourier expressions. What circuit do you think might
parallel resonant circuit by connecting a resistor in par- make a good but simple frequency doubler?
allel with it.
6. A parallel resonant circuit has an inductance of 800 nH,
a winding resistance of 3 Ω, and a capacitance of 15 pF.
Calculate (a) resonant frequency, (b) Q, (c) bandwidth,
(d) impedance at resonance.

Electronic Fundamentals for Communications 93

fre32796_ch02_031-093.indd 93 24/04/20 3:16 PM

 chapter

1
Introduction to Electronic
Communication
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Explain the functions of the three main parts of an electronic
­communication system.
■ Describe the system used to classify different types of electronic
­communication and list examples of each type.
■ Discuss the role of modulation and multiplexing in facilitating signal
transmission.
■ Define the electromagnetic spectrum and explain why the nature of
­electronic communication makes it necessary to regulate the electro-
magnetic spectrum.
■ Explain the relationship between frequency range and bandwidth
and give the frequency ranges for spectrum uses ranging from voice
to ultra-high-frequency television.
■ List the major branches of the field of electronic communication and
describe the qualifications necessary for different jobs.
■ State the benefit of licensing and certification and name at least
three sources.
Figure 1-1 Milestones in the history of electronic communication.

When? Where or Who? What?

1837 Samuel Morse Invention of the telegraph (patented in 1844).

1843 Alexander Bain Invention of facsimile.
1866 United States and England The first transatlantic telegraph cable laid.
1876 Alexander Bell Invention of the telephone.
1887 Heinrich Hertz (German) Discovery of radio waves.
1887 Guglielmo Marconi Demonstration of “wireless”
   (Italian)    communications by radio waves.
1901 Marconi (Italian) First transatlantic radio contact made.
1903 John Fleming Invention of the two-electrode vacuum tube
   rectifier.
1906 Reginald Fessenden Invention of amplitude modulation; first electronic
   voice communication demonstrated.
1906 Lee de Forest Invention of the triode vacuum tube.
1914 Hiram P. Maxim Founding of American Radio Relay League,
   the first amateur radio organization.
1920 KDKA Pittsburgh First radio broadcast.
1923 Vladimir Zworykin Invention and demonstration of television.
1933–1939 Edwin Armstrong Invention of the superheterodyne
   receiver and frequency modulation.
1939 United States First use of two-way radio (walkie-talkies).
1940–1945 Britain, United States Invention and perfection of radar (World War II).
1947 New York City, New York First regular network TV broadcasts.
1948 John von Neumann Creation of the first stored program
   and others    electronic digital computer.
1948 Bell Laboratories Invention of transistor.
1948 James Van Damager, California First cable TV.
1953 RCA/NBC First color TV broadcast.
1958–1959 Jack Kilby (Texas Invention of integrated circuits.
   Instruments) and
   Robert Noyce
   (Fairchild)
1958–1962 United States First communication satellite tested.
1961 United States Citizens band radio first used.
1963 Cape Canaveral, Florida Initial geosynchronous satellite.
1969 MIT, Stanford University Prototype of Internet access developed.
1973–1976 Metcalfe Ethernet and first LANs.
1975 United States First personal computers.
1977 United States First use of fiber-optic cable.
1982 Carnegie Melon University First instance of Internet of Things (IoT).
1982 United States TCP/IP protocol adopted.
1982–1990 United States Internet development and first use.
1983 United States Cellular telephone networks.
1993 United States First browser Mosaic.
1994 Carl Malmud, United States Internet radio begins.
1995 United States Global Positioning System deployed.
1996–2001 Worldwide First smartphones by BlackBerry, Nokia, Palm.
1997 United States First wireless LANs.
2000 Worldwide Third-generation digital cell phones.
2004–2006 United States Social media begins.
2005–2007 United States Beginning of streaming TV.
2007 California Apple iPhone.
2009 United States Transition: analog to HD digital broadcast TV.
2009 Worldwide First fourth-generation LTE cellular networks.
2009 Worldwide First 100 Gb/s fiber optical networks.
2019 Uruguay Beginning of 5G cellular service.

2 Chapter 1
1-1 The Significance of Human
Communication
Communication is the process of exchanging information. People communicate to ­convey Communication
their thoughts, ideas, and feelings to others. The process of communication is inherent
to all human life and includes verbal, nonverbal (body language), print, and electronic
processes.
Two of the main barriers to human communication are language and distance. L ­ anguage
barriers arise between persons of different cultures or nationalities. ­Communicating over long
distances is another problem. But that problem has been solved today with modern electronic
communications.
Human communication took a dramatic leap forward in the late nineteenth century
when electricity was discovered and its many applications were explored. The telegraph
was invented in 1844 and the telephone in 1876. Radio was discovered in 1887 and GOOD TO KNOW
demonstrated in 1895. Fig. 1-1 is a timetable listing important milestones in the history Marconi is generally credited with
of electronic communication. inventing radio, but he did not.
Well-known forms of electronic communication, such as the telephone, radio, TV,
­Although he was a key developer
and the Internet, have increased our ability to share information. The way we do things
and the success of our work and personal lives are directly related to how well we com- and the first deployer of radio, the
municate. It has been said that the emphasis in our society has now shifted from that of real credit goes to Heinrich Hertz,
manufacturing and mass production of goods to the accumulation, packaging, and who first discovered radio waves,
exchange of information. Ours is an information society, and a key part of it is com- and Nicola Tesla, who first
munication. Without electronic communication, we could not access and apply the avail- ­developed real radio applications.
able information in a timely way.
This book is about electronic communication, and how electrical and electronic
principles, components, circuits, equipment, and systems facilitate and improve our abil-
ity to communicate. Rapid communication is critical in our very fast-paced world. It is
also addictive. Once we adopt and get used to any form of electronic communication,
we become hooked on its benefits. In fact, we cannot imagine conducting our lives or
our businesses without it. Just imagine our world without the telephone, ­radio, e-mail,
television, cell phones, tablets, or computer networking.

1-2 Communication Systems

All electronic communication systems have a transmitter, a communication channel or
medium, and a receiver. These basic components are shown in Fig. 1-2. The process of com-
munication begins when a human being generates some kind of message, data, or other
intelligence that must be received by others. A message may also be generated by a computer
or electronic current. In electronic communication systems, the message is referred to as Electronic communication systems
information, or an intelligence signal. This message, in the form of an electronic signal, is Information
fed to the transmitter, which then transmits the message over the communication channel.
The message is picked up by the receiver and ­relayed to another human. Along the way, noise
is added in the communication channel and in the receiver. Noise is the general term applied Noise
to any unwanted phenomenon that ­degrades or interferes with the transmitted information.

Transmitter
The first step in sending a message is to convert it into electronic form suitable for trans-
mission. For voice messages, a microphone is used to translate the sound into an electronic
audio signal. For TV, a camera converts the light information in the scene to a video Audio
signal. In computer systems, the message is typed on a keyboard and converted to binary
codes that can be stored in memory or transmitted serially. Transducers convert physical
characteristics (temperature, pressure, light intensity, and so on) into electrical signals.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
[Contents]
Puzzle No. 89
 SLENDER AS A GIRL
By John A. Shafer

This is no Falstaff of cross word puzzles, no paunchy

fellow stuffed with large and grandiloquent words. It is
a mite, a snack. It is an easy one, too.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36
37 38
39 40 41 42 43
44 45 46 47 48
49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65
66 67

[90]

HORIZONTAL

To twist
1 Paint38carelessly
Financially
7 sound Rebel
39
 Obligation
13 Coffins
40
Large14duck Neat42
Response
16 An individual
44
Beat17(colloq.) Obstacle
45
Deep 19ditch Penetrate
46
Animal
20 of Africa Jurisdiction
48 of
Proceed
21 archbishop
To steep
23 in water Come 49about
Infatuated
25 Fodder
50
Perform
26 Silence
52 by force
Measure
27 Symbol
54 for tin
Pericarp
29 for seeds Period
55 of time
Doleful
31 Game 56
Asphyxiate
32 To desert
58 one’s party
Bobbin
33 Box 60
Human35 being Coarse
62 cotton
Provisions
36 for table Source
64
Willingly
37 Inking
66pad of
lithographic printer
Goodies
67

VERTICAL

Old man
1 Portion
31
Near 2 East32
Indian oxen
Kind of
3 fruit Wilful
34misstatement
Former4 European ruler Adipose
36
Regarding
5 Strong
39
Nervous
6 twitch Turkish
40 title
Adjust7 A bending
41
Correlative
8 Small
43catlike animals
Offer 9
for sale Non-professional
45
Medieval
10 shield Thick,
47oily substance
State11(abbr.) Musical
50 instrument
 Uneven
12 Fish51
Excavated
15 Outward
53 form
Catnip
18 Female55 parent
Point20of a spear 252 56gallons
A hydrocarbon
22 To chatter
57
Coarse
24 part of flax Over59 and above
Anything
25 closely Italian
61river
interwoven In high
62 degree
Handcuffs
26 (slang) Noting63 motion toward
Period
28 Adhering
65
Thumb30 or finger

[93]

[Contents]
Puzzle No. 90
 CORNERED
By T. J. Stephens

Look at those corners, full, compact, ample, obese. A

little bit loose on the sides, but admirable for corner
construction. Most constructors would run the arms of
the central cross out to the next to last letter.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47
48 49 50 51
52 53 54 55 56 57 58
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77
78 79 80 81 82 83
84 85 86 87
88 89 90 91 92 93 94
95 96 97 98 99 100 101
102 103 104 105 106
107 108 109 110 111 112
113 114 115 116 117 118
119 120 121
122 123 124
[92]

HORIZONTAL

Interchange
1 of opinions An Indian
69
A set 7of steps leading Disagreeable
70
over a wall or fence A Roman
71 highway
A true
11copy of an A fruit
73(pl.)
original writing Horned
75 toad
Yearly
18 A festival
77
A unit
19 Ruins78
Discordant
20 A color
80
Established
21 To delay
82
Large23body of water Laborer
84
To make
25 a circuit Lift 85
A master
26 Pertaining
87 to ferns (pl.)
A slight
27 sound To percolate
89 slowly
Taste29 Part 90
of the harness of a
To abide
31 horse (pl.)
A shrub
32 A Chinese
92 wax
Rent34 A place
95 of worship
To extract
35 Artificially
97 produced
A device
36 for igniting an Daughter
98 of Uranus
explosive charge A Greek
100 letter
Son 37
of Vulcan (Rom. Tidy102
myth) A part
103of a shoe
A doglike
39 animal Feminine
104 proper name
A stream
41 Obsolete,
106 timber
Clearer
42 Catch
107(colloq.)
To eject
43 User108of tobacco
Pertaining
45 to A vegetable
110 (pl.)
understanding A prefix
112 meaning limit
Immense
47 (geom.)
A child
48 Number
113 of books
Jeweled
50 headdress printed at once
 Father
51 A tree
115
Staggered
53 A large
117 seal
Born55 To yield
119
Admire
56 (U. S. colloq.) Nothing
120
Needy
59 A fine
121
To burst
61 forth Moved
122 away furtively
Withered
63 (obs.) Cut123
of meat
Presage
65 Sophoclean
124 hero
To grate
67
Name68of an automobile

VERTICAL

A long1 outer garment To lay

57in surrounding
An Indian
2 tribe matter
To loosen
3 Below58
A hard-shelled
4 fruit Away 60from
To season
5 An American
62 poet and
Chosen6 story-writer
A small
8 nail An age
64
A transparent
9 solid To devour
66
To run
10 To reiterate
72
A young
12 hog To dismiss
73
A large
13 book To gaze
74
Hit 14 A goose
75
Obliteration
15 On top
76 of
To rate
16 Useless
77 adornments
Assayers
17 A beverage
79
A lateen-rigged
22 vessel A mixture
81 of gases
An American
23 spotted A plane
83 surface
cat To recover
85
A genus
24 of gastropods Ethylene
86
To harden
25 Flags88
An element
28 Not moving
89
 Boys30 Converse
90
To move
33 heavily A prefix
91 meaning half
A musical
36 composition To ordain
93
A person
38 in authority Sea 94soldiers
Mock 40blow Dull 96
gray
Exhausts
41 A satellite
97
Form42assumed by Biblical
99 name
certain insects Obsolete,
101 herald
A recital
44 Smite
103(past part.)
Girl’s46name Not105
far
Difficult
47 To 108
subside
An area
49 of ground Rave109
(military) A jar
110or pot
Robbers
51 Identical
111
A part52of an antenna Beverage
114
Dressed
53 Filled
116pastry
Musical
54 compositions The118(French pl.)
for two performers
Farm56

[95]

[Contents]
Puzzle No. 91
THAT EXCLUSIVE LINOLEUM PATTERN
By Wilmer H. Koch

Mr. Koch wandered into the kitchen after a doughnut,

and saw black and white squares all over the floor.
“Aha,” thought he, “like a flash, an idea!” This is it.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32 33
34 35 36 37 38
39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47
48 49 50 51 52
53 54 55 56
57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65
66 67 68 69 70
71 72

[94]

HORIZONTAL
 Grammatical
1 figure Concerning
41
Interchange
6 Indefinite
43 nominative
A negative
11 vote Petitioner
44 at law
First12cause A color
46
A tetrasyllabic
14 foot River48in Germany
The 16two-toed sloth A second
50 perusal
Fragments
18 Rather
52 than
Collection
20 of animals The 53
rear
To charge
21 with gas Layers
55
Astronomical
23 Coins57minted under
measuring instrument Charles I
Bull’s-eyes
25 at archery Tripod
59
Compounds
27 having the Prefix;
61 the same
same composition Scourge
63
Spiteful
29 woman A field
65 of granular
Separation
31 of snow
compound words A bid66at bridge
Ornamental
33 border An evening
68 party
To eject
34 legally Gold70color
Displace
36 The 71
goober
The 38Roman libra A cognomen
72
A kind39 of indehiscent
fruit

VERTICAL

Encircle
1 Incarnation
30
Ordinary
2 Turkish
32 hospice
Wend3 St. Vitus’s
35 dance
Collection
4 of interesting Month37 of the Jewish
objects year
Geometric
5 figure Strait40
Tolerate
6 A grooved
42 wheel
Rebels
7
 Preposition
8 A source
43 of synthetic
A soluble
9 ferment indigo
River10 Shakespearean
45
A delicate
11 gradation character; a duke
Lacrosse
13 racket Sexless
47
Solicits
15 Scene49 of Napoleon’s
Frigid
17 defeat of the Austrians,
Place19of detention 1796
Falter
22 A blood
51 vessel
Aftermaths
24 Penal54crime
Cylindrical
26 Ringworm
56
A click
28 beetle Inclination
58
Cry of
60bacchanals
Sip 62
Tomcat
64
Note67of diatonic scale
Printer’s
69 measure

[97]

[Contents]
Puzzle No. 92
 ADAM’S RIB
By E. Pinkerton

If this puzzle were Adam, that central double armed

cross would be his rib just before it started turning into
Eve. We observe nice fat masses of words at sides
and corners.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19
20 21 22 23
24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36 37
38 39
40 41 42 43
44 45 46
47 48 49 50 51
52 53 54 55 56 57 58
59 60 61 62
63 64 65
66 67 68

[96]

HORIZONTAL
 3.2 grains
1 Dregs
39
Wicked5 Unfastens
40
Supply8 food Small
42egg
Animal
13 without feet Handles
43
Rectangular
14 piece Move44
Female
16 beast of Huge46snake
burden Two-faced
48 outwork
Father
17 Hide52
Reduce
18 Studio
55
Series
19 of heroic events A game
59
Hermit
20 Choose
60
Zealous
22 Qualified
62
Constraint
24 Entrance
63 to a mine
Rested
27 Bargains
64
Every
29one Furnace
65
Narrow-minded
33 people Keep66back
Chart
35 Relieved
67
Vassal
36 Set again
68
Rage38

VERTICAL

Cloak1 Part 31
of a shoe (pl.)
Aside2 Dirty32
Cord 3 Knock34
First man
4 Obtain
37
Young5 children A father
41
Collection
6 of sayings Sharpen
43
Restrain
7 Scolds
45
So be9it Posts46for cables on a
Narrow
10 strip ship
Appearing
11 gnawed Crystal-lined
47 stone
Cease12 from motion Pert.49
to the palate
Eucharist
14 plate Lashed
50
 Depart
15 Reigning
51 beauty
The 21
rainbow To box
52
Actual
23 Shear53
Scrutinize
25 Repetition
54 to learn
Dress
26covering Variety
56 of red
Exists
27 Egyptian
57 bird
Actor28 Hire 58
Microscopic
30 hair (pl.) Yale61

[99]

[Contents]
Puzzle No. 93
 IN THE CLOVER PATCH
By Minerva

A splendid construction, particularly in its avoidance of

the bane of puzzlers—the loose center. Minerva has
not hesitated to call upon the deeps of the dictionary
for her words; there are some old favorites in the
patch, of course, but also some interlopers that will
serve to keep your interest for some time.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
62 63 64 65 66 67 68
69 70 71 72 73 74 75
76 77 78
79 80 81 82 83 84 85
86 87 88 89 90 91 92
93 94 95 96 97 98 99
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
107 108 109 110 111 112
113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128
129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136