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Chapter 2—Production Possibilities Frontier Framework
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Points outside (or beyond) the PPF are

a. attainable.
b. unattainable.
c. efficient.
d. inefficient.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic LOC: DISC: Scarcity, tradeoffs, and opportunity cost KEY: Bloom's:
Comprehension
2. Which of the following statements is true?

a. In a world of efficiently used scarce resources, more of one good necessarily means less of some
other good.
b. The law of increasing opportunity costs assumes that all people have the same ability to produce
goods.
c. Efficiency implies that it is impossible to get more of one good without getting less of another.
d. Even if a country has unemployed resources, it can still be operating on its production possibilities
frontier (PPF).
e. a and c
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging
NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic LOC: DISC: Efficiency and equity
KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension
3. Through war, many of the factories in country 1 are destroyed and many of its people are killed. As a
result, the country's
a. production possibilities frontier (PPF) after the war has probably shifted to the right compared to
its PPF prior to the war.
b. PPF after the war has probably shifted to the left compared to its PPF prior to the war.
c. PPF after the war is probably the same PPF as before the war.
d. ability to produce goods and services has increased.
e. b and d
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic LOC: DISC: Scarcity, tradeoffs, and opportunity cost
KEY: Bloom's: Application
4. The economy moves from point A, where it produces 100X and 200Y, to point B, where it produces
200X and 150Y. It follows that
a. point A is a productive inefficient point.
b. point A may be a productive inefficient point.
c. point A may be a productive efficient point.
d. point B is a productive efficient point.
e. b and c

5. Both country 1 and country 2 are located on their respective production possibilities frontiers (PPFs), but
country 1 produces twice the output that country 2 produces. It follows that a. country 1's PPF lies
further to the right than country 2's PPF.
b. country 1 has a smaller population than country 2.
c. country 1 has a bigger population than country 2.
d. country 1 is efficient and country 2 is inefficient.
e. none of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

Application
6. If there is always a three-for-one tradeoff between goods X and Y, then the PPF between X and Y is
a. a downward-sloping curve that is bowed outward.
b. a downward-sloping curve that is bowed inward.
c. a downward-sloping straight line.
d. an upward-sloping straight line.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

7. Points inside (or below) the PPF are

a. unattainable.
b. attainable and productive efficient.
c. attainable but productive inefficient.
d. attainable and neither productive efficient nor productive inefficient.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

8. If increasingly more units of good Y must be given up as each successive unit of good X is produced,
then the PPF for these two goods is
a. a downward-sloping straight line.
b. circular.
c. an upward-sloping curve.
d. a downward-sloping curve that is bowed outward.
e. a downward-sloping curve that is bowed inward.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

9. Consider the following combinations of guns and butter that can be produced: 0 guns, 20,000 units of
butter; 5,000 guns, 15,000 units of butter; 10,000 guns, 10,000 units of butter; 15,000 guns, 5,000 units
of butter; 20,000 guns, 0 units of butter. The PPF between guns and butter is a. a downward-sloping
bowed-out curve.
b. a downward-sloping straight line.
c. an upward-sloping straight line.
d. It is impossible to answer this question without knowing which good would be plotted on the
vertical axis.
Analysis

a. The concept of opportunity costs cannot be illustrated within a PPF framework.
b. If scarcity did not exist, neither would a PPF.
c. All PPFs are downward-sloping straight lines.
d. There are more attainable points than unattainable points in every PPF diagram.

Application
11. A PPF can

a. shift outward but not inward.
b. shift inward but not outward.
c. shift inward or outward.
d. shift neither inward nor outward.

Comprehension
12. Consider two points on the PPF: point A, at which there are 10 apples and 20 pears, and point B, at
which there are 7 apples and 21 pears. If the economy is currently at point A, the opportunity cost of
moving to point B is
a. 1 pear.
b. 7 apples.
c. 3 apples.
d. 21 pears.

Application
13. Consider two points on the PPF: point A, at which there are 50 oranges and 100 apricots, and point B, at
which there are 51 oranges and 98 apricots. If the economy is currently at point B, the opportunity cost
of moving to point A is a. 2 apricots.
b. 1 orange.
c. 98 apricots.
d. 3 oranges.
Application
14. The point where the PPF intersects the vertical axis is
a. unattainable.

15. The point where the PPF intersects the horizontal axis is
a. unattainable.

16. Consider two straight-line PPFs. They have the same vertical intercept, but curve I is flatter than curve
II. The opportunity cost of producing the good on the horizontal axis a. is greater along curve I.
b. is greater along curve II.
c. is the same along both curves.
d. cannot be compared for the two curves without more information.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging

Application
17. Consider two straight-line PPFs. They have the same vertical intercept, but curve I is flatter than curve
II. The opportunity cost of producing the good on the vertical axis a. is greater along curve I.
b. is greater along curve II.
c. is the same along both curves.
d. cannot be compared for the two curves without more information.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging
18. Suppose the economy goes from a point on its production possibilities frontier (PPF) to a point below
that PPF. Assuming that the PPF has not shifted, this could be due to a. a gain of resources.
b. a loss of resources.
c. technological improvement in the production of both goods.
d. a new law that interferes with economic efficiency.

KEY: Bloom's: Application NOT: New
19. Suppose the economy goes from a point on its production possibilities frontier (PPF) to a point below
that PPF. Assuming that the PPF has not shifted, this could be due to
a. a gain of resources.
d. an increase in unemployment of some resources.

Application
20. An increase in the quantity of resources

a. shifts the PPF leftward.
b. shifts the PPF rightward.
c. moves the economy to a new point up along a given PPF.
d. moves the economy to a new point down along a given PPF.

Comprehension
21. A decrease in the quantity of resources

a. shifts the PPF leftward.
b. shifts the PPF rightward.
c. moves the economy up a given PPF.
d. moves the economy down a given PPF.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

Comprehension
22. The increased production of lamps comes at constant opportunity costs in terms of bookshelves. This
means
a. that it takes more resources to produce a lamp than a bookshelf.
b. that it takes fewer resources to produce a lamp than a bookshelf.
c. that for every lamp produced, a constant number of bookshelves is forfeited.
d. that for every lamp produced, a different number of bookshelves is forfeited.

23. Which of the following is an illustration of the law of increasing opportunity costs?
a. As more cars are produced, the opportunity cost of each additional car is greater than for the
preceding unit.
b. As more cars are produced, the opportunity cost of each additional car is less than for the
preceding unit.
c. As more cars are produced, the opportunity cost of each additional car is the same as for the
preceding unit.
d. People pay lower prices for cars the higher the costs of producing cars.

Application
24. The PPF between goods X and Y will be a downward-sloping

a. straight line if increasing opportunity costs exist.
b. straight line if decreasing opportunity costs exist.
c. curve that is bowed outward if increasing opportunity costs exist.
d. curve that is bowed outward if constant opportunity costs exist.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging

Comprehension
25. A PPF is more likely to be a downward-sloping curve that is bowed outward than a downward-sloping
straight line because most resources are
a. better suited for the production of some goods than others.
b. used efficiently.
c. relatively cheap at low levels of output.
d. used to produce consumption goods.
Comprehension
26. Economic growth causes the PPF to

a. shift leftward.
b. shift rightward.
c. remain constant.
d. go from a straight line to a curve.

NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic LOC: DISC: Productivity and growth KEY: Bloom's:
Knowledge
27. Which of the following statements is false?

a. If there are only two goods, guns and butter, it is possible to produce more of both goods through
economic growth.
b. If there are only two goods, guns and butter, it is possible to produce more of both goods if the
economy is currently operating at a productive inefficient point.
c. If there are only two goods, guns and butter, it is possible to produce more of both goods if the
economy is currently operating at a productive efficient point.
d. If there are only two goods, guns and butter, producing more of one means producing less of the
other if the economy is currently operating at a productive efficient point.

28. An economy is productive efficient if it produces

a. more than enough food to feed everyone.
b. more goods and services in each successive year.
c. maximum output with given resources and technology.
d. enough output so that no one lives in poverty.

a. Productive inefficiency implies that it is possible to produce more of one good and no less of
another, but only if additional resources are made available.
b. Productive efficiency implies that it is possible to produce more of one good and no less of
another, even without additional resources.
c. Productive inefficiency implies that it is impossible to produce more of one good and no less of
another.
d. Productive inefficiency implies that it is possible to produce more of one good and no less of
another, even without additional resources.

30. Productive inefficiency implies that

a. it is possible to obtain gains in one area without losses in another.
b. it is impossible to obtain gains in one area without losses in another.
c. there are too many resources.
d. there are too few resources.

31. Productive efficiency implies that

a. it is impossible to obtain gains in one area without losses in another.
b. it is possible to obtain gains in one area without losses in another.
c. there are too many resources.
d. there are too few resources.

NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic LOC: DISC: Efficiency and equity KEY: Bloom's:
Comprehension
32. Suppose the economy goes from a point on its production possibilities frontier (PPF) to a point directly
to the left of it. Assuming that the PPF has not shifted, this could be due to a. a gain of resources.
d. a new law that interferes with productive efficiency.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
Exhibit 2-1
33. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. The PPF illustrates

a. constant opportunity costs between guns and butter.
b. that guns are more important than butter.
c. increasing opportunity costs between guns and butter.
d. the opportunity cost of one unit of guns is four units of butter.

Application
34. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. The movement from point A to point B is a movement from
a. a productive efficient point to a productive inefficient point.
b. a point with more guns and less butter to a point with more butter and even more guns.
c. a productive efficient point to another productive efficient point.
d. a productive inefficient point to a productive efficient point.

35. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. A movement from point B to point D
a. could only happen through economic growth.
b. is necessarily a movement from a productive efficient point to a productive inefficient point.
c. is a movement from a productive efficient point to another productive efficient point.
d. is necessarily a movement from a productive inefficient point to another productive inefficient
point.

36. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. If the economy is at point C, it follows that

a. more guns and more butter could be produced with available resources than are currently being
produced.
b. only more guns could be produced with available resources than are currently being
produced.
c. only more butter can be produced with available resources than are currently being produced.
d. C is an unattainable point.

Comprehension
37. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. The opportunity cost of moving from point B to A is
a. 10,000 units of butter.
b. 20,000 units of butter.
c. 50,000 units of guns.
d. the maximum amount of butter that can be produced with available resources.

Application
38. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. Scarcity exists

a. at point C but not at point A.
b. neither at point C nor at point A.
c. at both point C and at point A.
d. at point A but not at point C.
Comprehension
39. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. The opportunity cost of moving from point A to B is
a. 10,000 units of butter.
b. 20,000 units of butter.
c. 20,000 units of guns.
d. 10,000 units of guns.

40. According to the text, farming today in the U.S. is productive compared to a century ago,
resulting in there being farmers today than at the turn of the previous century. a. about as;
fewer
b. about as; more
c. much more; fewer
d. much more; more

Knowledge
41. Technological in American agriculture has other types of employment.

a. improvement; drawn labor away from
b. improvement; released labor to go to
c. stagnation; drawn labor away from
d. stagnation; released labor to go to

Knowledge
42. In the production possibilities framework, economic growth is depicted by the PPF
a. shifting leftward (toward the origin).
b. shifting rightward (away from the origin).
c. becoming a straight line rather than a bowed outward curve.
d. becoming bowed outward rather than a straight line.
Comprehension
Exhibit 2-2
43. Refer to Exhibit 2-2. If PPF2 is the relevant production possibilities frontier, then point
illustrates productive inefficiency.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. J
e. a, b, or c
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension NOT: New
44. Refer to Exhibit 2-2. If PPF2 is the relevant production possibilities frontier, then point is
unattainable.
a. A
b. G
c. D
d. J

45. Refer to Exhibit 2-2. If PPF2 is the relevant production possibilities frontier, then point is
productive efficient. a. B
b. D
c. I
d. F
e. both b and d

46. Refer to Exhibit 2-2. If PPF2 is the relevant production possibilities frontier, a significant loss of
resources will
a. move this society from point D to point G on PPF .
b. move this society to PPF.
c. move this society to PPF.
d. not affect this society.

47. Refer to Exhibit 2-2. The production possibilities frontiers shown in this exhibit depict
opportunity costs. a. constant
b. increasing
c. decreasing
d. There is not enough information provided to answer this question.

Comprehension
Exhibit 2-3
48. Refer to Exhibit 2-3. If PPF1 is the relevant production possibilities frontier, society may move to PPF 2
as a result of
a. an increase in resources.
b. a decrease in resources.
c. an increase in technology.
d. both a and c
e. both b and c

Comprehension
49. Refer to Exhibit 2-3. If PPF1 is the relevant production possibilities frontier, society can choose points
that lie only
a. below PPF1.
b. below or on PPF1.
c. on PPF2.
d. none of the above

50. Refer to Exhibit 2-3. If PPF1 is the relevant production possibilities frontier, PPF 2 may depict a.
economic growth.
b. an increase in resources.
c. an increase in technology.
d. both b and c
e. all of the above

Comprehension
51. A productive efficient society

a. produces at a point on its PPF.
b. can produce more of one good only by giving up some of another good.
c. cannot produce unlimited amounts of a good.
d. still has to make choices.
e. all of the above

52. If resources are better suited toward the production of one good than toward the other good, then the PPF
for those two goods is a. a straight line.
b. bowed outward.
c. upward sloping.
d. any of the above

Comprehension
53. A society is productive inefficient when

a. it produces at a point inside or below its PPF.
b. it does not produce the maximum output with its given resources and technology.
c. it can produce more of one good without giving up some of another good.
d. both a and b
e. all of the above

54. With a constant opportunity cost between goods A and B, the PPF for goods A and B would a. be a
straight line.
b. be a bowed-outward line.
c. be a bowed-inward line.
d. not exist.

55. Within the production possibilities frontier (PPF) framework, choice is depicted by the a. PPF itself.
b. PPF being bowed outward.
c. need to select among the points making up the PPF.
d. straight-line PPF.

Comprehension
56. If there is an increase in the amount of good B foregone as every additional unit of good A is produced,
the PPF between goods A and B would a. be a straight line.
b. be a bowed-outward curve.
c. be a bowed-inward curve.
d. not exist.

57. A PPF is bowed outward as a result of

a. constant opportunity costs.
b. increasing opportunity costs.
c. decreasing opportunity costs.
d. scarcity.
e. choice.

Comprehension
58. A PPF is a straight line as a result of

a. constant opportunity costs.
b. increasing opportunity costs.
c. decreasing opportunity costs.
d. scarcity.
e. choice.

59. In an eight-hour day, Andy can produce either 24 loaves of bread or 8 pounds of butter. In an eight-hour
day, John can produce either 8 loaves of bread or 8 pounds of butter. The opportunity cost of producing
1 pound of butter is
a. 1/3 hour for Andy and 1 hour for John.
b. 1 hour for Andy and 1 hour for John.
c. 3 loaves of bread for Andy and 1 loaf of bread for John.
d. 1/3 loaves of bread for Andy and 1 loaf of bread for John.

Application
60. An advance in technology commonly refers to the ability to produce

a. the same output with a smaller quantity of resources.
b. more output with a fixed quantity of resources.
c. more output with a greater quantity of resources.
d. both a and b
e. both b and c

Comprehension
Exhibit 2-4
61. Refer to Exhibit 2-4. The line joining points A and D is called the
a. production function frontier.
b. utility function.
c. production possibilities frontier.
d. demand curve.

Knowledge
62. Refer to Exhibit 2-4. This economy is productive

a. efficient, if it operates at point B or C.
b. efficient, if it operates at point A or D.
c. inefficient, if it operates at point A or D.
d. inefficient regardless of the particular point.
e. both a and b

63. Refer to Exhibit 2-4. The opportunity cost of moving from point A to point B is a. 60,000 copiers.
b. 40,000 copiers.
c. 20,000 copiers.
d. 20,000 fax machines.
e. 40,000 fax machines.

Application
Exhibit 2-5
64. Refer to Exhibit 2-4. As more fax machines are

produced, the opportunity cost of producing them a.
increases.
b. decreases.
c. remains constant.
d. first decreases and then increases.
65. Refer to Exhibit 2-5. The economy is currently

operating at point F. The opportunity cost of moving to point
E is approximately a. 35 fax machines.
b. 55 fax machines.
c. zero fax machines.
d. 40 fax machines.

66. Refer to Exhibit 2-5. As more fax machines are produced, the opportunity cost of producing them a.
increases.
b. decreases.
c. remains constant.
d. first decreases and then increases.

67. Refer to Exhibit 2-5. The opportunity cost of moving from point A to point B is approximately a.
5,000 televisions.
b. 5,000 fax machines.
c. 10,000 televisions.

Application
68. Refer to Exhibit 2-5. The opportunity cost of moving from point D to point C is a. 5,000 televisions.

Application
69. Refer to Exhibit 2-5. The opportunity cost of moving from point C to point B is a. 15,000 televisions.

70. Refer to Exhibit 2-5. "In order to produce one more television set, we must forfeit the production of
one fax machine." This statement describes a movement from a. point C to point D.
b. point D to point E.
c. point E to point F.
d. point E to point D.
e. point D to point C.

Application
71. Refer to Exhibit 2-5. Which of the following labeled points are productive efficient? a. A, B, C, D, and
E
b. B, C and D only
c. C only
d. All of the points are productive efficient.
e. None of the points are productive efficient.

72. Refer to Exhibit 2-5. Given available resources and technology, this economy can produce 50,000
television sets and 50,000 fax machines only if it chooses to a. have an equal distribution of goods.
b. operate at both points C and D.
c. combine points C and D.
d. none of the above

Application
73. Some of our farm fields are being left unused. Does this have any implications for the economy's PPF
diagram (with agricultural products on one axis and all other products on the other axis)? a. No
implications, because the PPF deals only with resources in use.
b. The PPF cannot be drawn if some resources are idle.
c. With unemployed resources, we are at a point below the PPF.
d. The PPF would be upward sloping.

Analysis
74. Productive efficiency implies that

a. all consumers' wants are satisfied.
b. no advance in technology will occur in the future.
c. the attainable region is greater than the unattainable region.
d. gains are impossible in one area without losses in another.
e. all of the above

KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge
75. Jose has one evening in which to prepare for two exams and can employ two possible strategies:
Strategy Score in Economics Score in Statistics

A 94 79
B 77 90
The opportunity cost of receiving a 94 on the Economics exam in terms of the number of points on the
Statistics exam is a. 79.
b. 17.
c. 11.
d. 90.

KEY: Bloom's: Application MSC: Economics 24/7
76. Jose has one evening in which to prepare for two exams and can employ two possible strategies:
Strategy Score in Economics Score in Statistics

A 94 79
B 77 90
The opportunity cost of receiving a 90 on the Statistics exam in terms of the number of points on the
Economics exam is a. 79.
b. 17.
c. 11.
d. 90.

KEY: Bloom's: Application MSC: Economics 24/7
Exhibit 2-6
77. Refer to Exhibit 2-6. Which graph depicts a technological breakthrough in the production of good Y
only?
a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (4)
NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic LOC: DISC: Productivity and growth
78. Refer to Exhibit 2-6. Which graph depicts a discovery of a new cheap source of energy that assists in
the production of both good X and good Y? a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (4)

79. Refer to Exhibit 2-6. Which graph best depicts the consequence of a large-scale natural disaster? a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (4)

Application
80. Refer to Exhibit 2-6. Which graph depicts society's choice to produce more of good X and less of good
Y?
a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (4)

Application
81. Refer to Exhibit 2-6. Which graph depicts a technological breakthrough in the production of good X
only?
a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (4)

82. Refer to Exhibit 2-6. Which graph depicts the result of a decrease in the unemployment rate? a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (4)

83. Refer to Exhibit 2-6. Which graph depicts the result of an increase in the number of illegal immigrants
entering the country? a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (4)

84. Refer to Exhibit 2-6. Which graph depicts the result of an increase in the unemployment rate? a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (4)

Exhibit 2-7
85. Refer to Exhibit 2-7. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Points B and D are more efficient than points A and C.
b. If the economy's PPF is represented by PPF 1, points A and B are productive efficient, while C and
D are unattainable.
c. If the economy's PPF is represented by PPF 2, points C and D are productive efficient, while A and
B are unattainable.
d. both a and c

86. Refer to Exhibit 2-7. For which of the following is the statement "In order to get more civilian goods,
we have to forfeit some military goods" true? a. a movement from A to C
b. a movement from B to D
c. a movement from C to D
d. a movement from F to D

Application
87. Refer to Exhibit 2-7. Point F is

a. unattainable if the economy's PPF is PPF 1.
b. inefficient if the economy's PPF is PPF2.
c. attainable if the economy's PPF is PPF 2.
d. all of the above
88. Refer to Exhibit 2-7. For which of the following is the statement “In order to get more military goods,
we have to forfeit some civilian goods” true? a. a movement from A to C
b. a movement from B to D
c. a movement from F to D
d. a movement from B to A

89. The economy can produce 15X and 15Y, 10X and 20Y, 5X and 25Y, or OX and 30Y. It follows that
the production possibility frontier (PPF) is a. a downward-sloping straight line.
b. an upward-sloping straight line.
c. a downward-sloping convex curve.
d. a downward-sloping concave curve.

Application
90. If the economy is on the production possibilities frontier (PPF), the economy is a. productive
inefficient.
b. operating with no unemployed resources.
c. productive efficient.
d. b and c

91. Points inside (below) the production possibilities frontier (PPF) are
a. unattainable.
b. attainable, but productive inefficient.
c. preferable to points that lie on the PPF.
d. attainable and productive efficient.
92. The economy can produce 15X and 15Y, 10X and 20Y, 5X and 25Y, or 0X and 30Y. It follows that
opportunity cost of 1X is Y. a. 4.0
b. 5.0
c. 2.5
d. 1.0

93. If an economy can produce a maximum of 100 units of good X and the opportunity cost of 1X is
always 5Y, then what is the maximum number of units of good Y the economy can produce? a. 250
b. 100
c. 20
d. 500
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging

94. If an economy can produce a maximum of 10 units of good X and the opportunity cost of 1X is always
2Y, then what is the maximum units of good Y the economy can produce? a. 5
b. 200
c. 20
d. 500

95. An economy can produce either of these two combinations of goods X and Y: 1,000X and 0Y or 400Y
and 0X. Furthermore, the opportunity cost between the two goods is always constant. Which of the
following combinations of the two goods, X and Y, is it possible for the economy to produce? a. 700X,
280Y
b. 600X, 250Y
c. 400X, 150Y
d. 100X, 600Y
e. 300X, 280Y

Application
96. If there is always a 4-for-1 tradeoff between producing good X and good Y, it follows that the
opportunity cost of X (in terms of Y) and the PPF for these two goods is
.
a. decreases at low levels of X; a straight line
b. rises at high levels of Y; bowed-outward
c. decreases at high levels of X; bowed-outward
d. is always the same; a straight line

97. The economy is currently on its production possibilities frontier (PPF). A politician says that it is
possible to get more of everything---more infrastructure, more schools, more national defense, more
spending on social programs, and so on. The politician is a. correct if he is assuming a rightward-
shifting PPF.
b. incorrect if he is assuming a rightward-shifting PPF.
c. incorrect if he is assuming a PPF that does not change.
d. correct if he is assuming a PPF that does not change.
e. a and c

98. The law of increasing opportunity costs states that as

a. less of a good is produced, the higher the opportunity costs of producing that good. b.
more of a good is produced, the lower the opportunity costs of producing that good. c.
more of a good is produced, the higher the opportunity costs of producing that good.
d. more of a good is produced, the opportunity cost of producing the good remains the same. e. a and
b
Comprehension
99. Currently an economy is producing (at a point on its production possibilities frontier) 100 units of good
X and the opportunity cost of producing 1X is 3Y. If good X is produced at increasing opportunity
costs, then when the economy produces 120 units of good X (on the same PPF) the opportunity cost of
producing 1Y (not 1X) could be a. 1/4X.
b. 1/3X.
c. 1/2X.
d. 1X.

Application
100. What is the reason for the law of increasing opportunity costs?
a. There is no reason: it is just one of the laws of economics.
b. Resources have varying abilities and those with lower opportunity costs of producing a good will
be used to produce it before resources with higher opportunity costs produce it.
c. The price of a good rises as more of it is demanded.
d. As more of a good is produced, the taxes applied to the production of the good rise. e. c and d

Comprehension
101. If a production possibilities frontier (PPF) is concave outward, it follows that

a. opportunity costs are constant between two goods.
b. the opportunity cost (of producing the good on the horizontal axis) rises as more of the good
is produced.
c. the opportunity cost (of producing the good on the horizontal axis) falls as more of the good is
produced.
d. the opportunity cost (of producing the good on the horizontal axis) first rises and then falls as more
of the good is produced.

102. If the law of increasing opportunity costs is operable, and currently the opportunity cost of producing
the 101st unit of good X is 5Y, then the opportunity cost of producing the 201st unit of good is X is
most likely to be
a. less than 5Y.
b. more than 1/5Y but less than 5Y.
c. more than 5Y
d. less than 1/5Y but more than zero.

103. If the law of increasing opportunity costs is operable, and currently the opportunity cost of producing
the 1,000th unit of good X is 0.5Y, then the opportunity cost of producing the 2,001st unit of good is X
is most likely to be
a. less than 0.5Y.
b. more than 0.5Y but less than 2Y.
c. more than 0.5Y
d. less than 0.5Y but more than zero.

Application
104. Which scenario below most accurately describes the process by which a technological change can
affect employment patterns across industries?
a. A technological advance makes it possible to produce more of good X with less labor. As a result,
labor is released from producing good X. Some of this labor ends up producing goods Y and Z.
b. A technological advance makes it possible to produce less of good X with less labor. As a result,
labor is released from producing good X. Some of this labor ends up producing good Y.
c. A technological advance makes it possible to produce more of good X with more labor. As a
result, more labor is needed to produce good X. There is less labor available to produce goods Y
and Z.
d. A technological advance makes it possible to produce more of good X with less labor. As a result,
labor becomes more important to the production of good X. More labor ends up producing good
X.

105. The economy was at point A producing 100X and 200Y. It moved to point B where it produces 200X
and 300Y. It follows that
a. point A may have been a point below the economy's PPF, while point B may lie on the PPF.
b. the economy's PPF could have shifted outward and point A was a point on the economy's old PPF.
c. the economy has moved from one point on its PPF to another point on the same PPF. d. a or b
e. a or c

106. If an economy is operating on its production possibilities frontier (PPF), are there any unemployed
resources in the economy?
a. Yes, because if there weren't any unemployed resources the economy would be producing beyond
its PPF.
b. No, because if there were any unemployed resources the economy would be producing below its
PPF.
c. It depends on whether the economy's PPF is a concave (downward-sloping) curve or a straight
line.
d. Yes, because there are always some natural resources that are unemployed.
e. The answer is "yes," but not for any of the reasons specified in answers a through d.

Application
107. Productive efficiency implies

a. the possibility of gains in one area without losses in another.
b. that more output has been produced.
c. the impossibility of gains in one area without losses in another.
d. that prices are stable.
e. c and d

KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge
108. An economy can produce the following combinations of goods: 50X and 0Y, 40X and 10Y, 30X and
20Y, 20X and 30Y, 10X and 40Y, and 0X and 50Y. The production possibilities frontier (PPF) for the
economy is
a. concave downward because the opportunity cost of producing the 10th unit of Y is greater than the
opportunity cost of producing the first unit of Y.
b. a straight (downward-sloping) line because the opportunity cost of producing the two goods is
constant.
c. concave downward because the opportunity cost of producing the 40th unit of Y is less than the
opportunity cost of producing the 10th unit of Y.
d. a straight (downward-sloping) line because the opportunity cost of producing the 10th unit
of X is greater than the opportunity cost of producing the 40th unit of X.
e. a straight (downward-sloping) line because the opportunity cost of producing the 30th unit of Y is
greater than the opportunity cost of producing the 30th unit of X.

109. Which of the following is not true about production possibilities frontiers?
a. moving from one point to another on a PPF incurs a tradeoff
b. economic growth is shown by shifting the PPF outward
c. unemployment of resources is shown by shifting the PPF inward
d. a PPF can shift inward or outward

110. Country X has a high unemployment rate. It follows that country X is operating
a. beyond its production possibilities frontier (PPF).
b. on its PPF.
c. inside (below) its PPF.
d. at a productive efficient point.
e. b and d

Comprehension
111. Country 1 produces two goods, A and B. Country 2 produces the same two goods. Currently, country 1
produces 100A and 200B and country 2 produces 300A and 700B. Which of the following statements
is true?
a. If country 1 is on its production possibilities frontier, then country 2 must be on its PPF, too.
b. The PPF for country 1 is necessarily closer to the origin (or further to the left) than the PPF for
country 2.
c. If country 1 is productive inefficient, then so is country 2.
d. Country 2 is operating on its PPF, but country 1 is clearly not operating on its PPF. e. none of the
above
Application
112. If Sean can bake bread at a lower opportunity cost than Jason, and Jason can produce paintings at a
lower opportunity cost than Sean, it follows that
a. Sean has a comparative advantage in paintings and Jason has a comparative advantage in baking
bread.
b. Both Sean and Jason have a comparative advantage in baking bread.
c. Both Sean and Jason have a comparative disadvantage in producing paintings.
d. Sean has a comparative advantage in baking bread and Jason has a comparative advantage in
producing paintings.
e. There is not enough information to answer the question.

113. Carlos can produce the following combinations of X and Y: 10X and 10Y, 5X and 15Y, and 0X and
20Y. The opportunity cost of one unit of X for Carlos is a. 1 unit of Y.
b. 2 units of Y.
c. 1/2 unit of Y.
d. 1/4 unit of Y.

114. Keisha can produce the following combinations of X and Y: 100X and 20Y, 50X and 30Y, or 0X and
40Y. The opportunity cost of one unit of Y for Keisha is a. 5 units of X.
b. 0.2 units of X.
c. 3 units of X.
d. 1/2 unit of X.

115. Michael can produce the following combinations of X and Y: 10X and 10Y, 5X and 15Y, and 0X and
20Y. Vernon can produce the following combinations of X and Y: 100X and 20Y, 50X and 30Y, or 0X
and 40Y. It follows that
a. Michael has the comparative advantage in producing X and Vernon has the comparative advantage
in producing Y.
b. Michael has the comparative advantage in producing Y and Vernon has the comparative advantage
in producing X.
c. Neither Michael nor Vernon has a comparative advantage in producing X.
d. Neither Michael nor Vernon has a comparative advantage in producing Y.
e. There is not enough information to answer the question.

Application
116. A person has a comparative advantage in the production of a good when they can produce the product
at a(n) opportunity cost compared to another person. a. higher
b. increasing
c. lower
d. equal

Knowledge
117. Between 1910 and today, the number of farmers in the United States dramatically as a
result of in farming in the twentieth century. a. dropped; technological
improvements
b. rose; technological improvements
c. dropped; technological declines
d. rose; technological declines

Knowledge
118. Suppose Andrea is taking just two courses and is at a point on her PPF of grades for those two courses.
Now this PPF shifts inward and Andrea moves to a point on the new PPF. Then it is impossible for a.
both of her grades to fall.
b. both of her grades to rise.
c. one of her grades to rise and the other grade to fall.
d. one of her grades to fall while the other grade stays constant.
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CHAPTER XXI
THE RIGHT WHALE AND BOWHEAD
Whaling began more than a thousand years ago in the Bay of Biscay,
on the coast of Spain. The Basques, who were the first hunters, soon
learned that a certain kind of whale, among the hundreds which
came into the bay, yielded finer baleen and a greater amount of oil
than any other and therefore it was said to be the “right whale to
kill.”
In later years other species were gradually recognized, but the
name “right whale” clung to the animal which was first hunted and
thus it is known today. The scientific name, Eubalæna glacialis,
bestowed upon it in 1789 by the Abbé Bonnaterre, is hardly
appropriate, for the whale is not a lover of cold and does not go into
the icy waters of the far north or south.
As years went by and right whales began to decrease in numbers,
the hunters wandered afar and discovered in the waters about Davis
Strait and Greenland another whale which was only a larger edition
of the first and which eventually became known as the Greenland
right whale, or bowhead; its smaller relative was then distinguished
from it as the North Atlantic right whale.
A model of a right whale in the American Museum of Natural
History. Prepared by Mr. James L. Clark under the direction of the
author, from studies made at Amagansett, L. I.
The bowhead is appropriately named because the fore part of the

head is arched in almost a half-circle to make room for the enormous
baleen which hangs in the mouth. This sometimes reaches a length of
fourteen feet, and is so exceedingly fine and elastic that until recent
years it often sold for $4 or $5 per pound.
A small (calf) right whale on the beach at Amagansett, L. I. Note
that no dorsal fin is present in this species.
Since an average sized bowhead yields 2,000 pounds[15] of baleen,

a single animal was thus worth $8,000 or $10,000, and if a ship took
two or three whales each season a profitable voyage was insured.
Although the baleen of the smaller right whale is of excellent quality,
it seldom exceeds nine feet in length and consequently this species is
not so valuable as its Arctic relative.
15. A large whale sometimes yields 3000 pounds.
Whalebone is used principally in corsets, dress stays, whips, and
other articles where strength and elasticity are required, but a few
years ago several substitutes, such as “featherbone,” “near-bone,”
etc., were perfected; since some of these proved fully as good as, and
were very much cheaper than, baleen, it was no longer profitable to
outfit expensive vessels and Arctic whaling abruptly ended.
Both the bowhead and right whale live upon minute crustaceans,
called “brit,” which are strained out by means of the mat of bristles
on the inner side of the baleen plates; when the mouth is closed the
whalebone folds back on both sides of the tongue, but straightens out
again as the great lower jaw is dropped.
On the extreme end of the snout the right whale always has an oval
roughened area, some two feet in length, called the “bonnet.” This
growth is produced by whale lice (Cyamus) and barnacles
(Coronula), and although it is never absent in this species it is not
found on the bowhead. Neither of these whales has a dorsal fin or
folds on the ventral surface of the body, because their heads are so
proportionately large that it is not necessary to increase the throat
and mouth capacity by any external modifications.
The right whale is found only in temperate waters and does not go
into the far north or south. It is frequently taken by the shore whalers
on the coasts of Japan, Australia, and South America, and is much
less timid than the bowhead; it is also much quicker in its
movements and is consequently a more dangerous whale to attack
for the men who hunt in small boats with a hand harpoon and lance.
The bowhead, on the contrary, is exceedingly difficult to approach
and very slow in its movements. It is exclusively a whale of the
northern hemisphere, found only in the waters of the Arctic Ocean,
Greenland, Hudson’s Bay, and the Bering and Okhotsk Seas.
The finest bowhead grounds of today are those north of Bering
Strait; as the ice breaks in the spring the whales follow the coast
eastward, past Point Barrow, Alaska, as far as Banks Land. In the fall
they again pass Point Barrow, going westward toward Wrangle
Island, off the Siberian Coast.
Until Arctic whaling ceased, the ships used to leave San Francisco
or Seattle in time to arrive at Point Barrow when the ice had broken
sufficiently to allow them to smash their way through, and then
cruise about under sail or tie up to the floe-ice where they could
watch for whales from the masthead. The bowheads have such acute
hearing and are so very timid that if the vessels use steam the
propellers would be heard at a long distance and a whale would
never be seen.
As soon as a whale is sighted, two or three small boats are lowered
and each endeavors to be the first to reach the animal. The
bowhead’s blowholes are situated on the summit of a prominent
bunch and immediately behind them is a deep concavity over the
base of the skull, and the “neck.” When the whale lies at the surface
only the blowholes and back show above water, and the attacking
boat, coming from behind, endeavors to sail directly over the
submerged neck. As the boat crosses the whale, the harpooner
thrusts a hand bomb-iron into the body; the bomb explodes and
plows its way into the backbone, often killing the animal almost
instantly.
Stripping the blubber from the large right whale at Amagansett.

This specimen was fifty-four feet long and the largest that has yet
been scientifically recorded.
The most difficult part of the work is to approach so noiselessly

that the boat can cross the neck and place the bomb harpoon
properly. If the whale is not killed at once it will usually run at
considerable speed and, perhaps, dive under an ice-floe, in which
case, if the boat does not carry sufficient line, the rope must be cut or
certain destruction follows.
As far back as tradition goes, the Eskimos of northern Alaska have
been a race of mighty hunters and whalemen. At the largest villages,
near every cape and headland, the passing of the dark days of winter
marked the preparations for the great “devil dance,” the invariable
prelude to the spring whale hunt. About April 1, all the able-bodied
men of the village would build across the ice to the water a road over
which they might haul their boats and sleds. Their gear, consisting of
a few fathoms of walrus-hide line fitted with sealskin bladders and
tied to a short flint-headed spear, was primitive enough, but
effective.
On the appearance of a bowhead all the boats took up a position in
some comfortable nook along the edge of the ice-floe. When the
whale came near a boat, the head man, whose place was usually in
the stern, turned the canoe head-on toward the ice and sang the
great death song, handed down from some famous whale-killing
ancestor. This consumed fifteen or twenty minutes and then the
harpooner thrust his flint-headed spear into the whale, doing little
except frighten it nearly to death.
As it passed the next canoe the same performance, without the
song, was repeated, continuing until the number of skin pokes made
it impossible for the whale to dive. Then the natives paddled up to
finish the animal with their flint-headed killing lances.
When the whale was dead a slip, or runway, had to be cut to the
edge of the water and the carcass secured by walrus-hide lines passed
round a rude windlass constructed of a rounded cake of ice and a
piece of driftwood. Then the huge body could be hoisted up, or, if the
edge of the ice was too rough, cut in while rolling over and over in the
water. The meat, blubber, “black skin,” and bone were equally
divided and sent ashore on sleds, where they could be dressed and
prepared for the winter.
The Amagansett whale covered with ice after the blubber had been
stripped off the carcass.
The advent of the white man to engage in beach, or floe, whaling

was a momentous event for the natives of northern Alaska and was
the beginning of the end of their age-old methods. The first attempts
made at Point Barrow in 1884 were without result, but two years
later, under the Pacific Steam Whaling Company, a successful
footing was gained and the Eskimos began to adopt the white man’s
guns, bombs, and other gear.
The changes introduced by the white man were profound and the
Eskimo of today has almost completely adopted his methods and
materials; even the native boat—the only practical one for floe
whaling—has been modified; the ancient superstitions are gone and
the Eskimos have acquired a taste for the luxuries of civilization.
Trading stations have been established at various points along the
Arctic coast. Point Barrow boasts of an extensive native village
besides several white residents, and further to the eastward the
whalers often wintered at Herschel Island, increasing the profits of
the voyage by trade in furs.
But bowhead whaling is almost a thing of the past. The present low
price of baleen for either white man or Eskimo, and the closed
season on fur have sealed the fate of the Arctic whaler.
The hunt for right whales still goes on but has been robbed of
much of its picturesqueness, for the shore whalers soon learned that
the animals could be shot with the harpoon-gun from their little
steamers. But since the baleen has fallen in price they are not of very
much greater value than the large fin whales; in Japan a humpback is
really more appreciated because its flesh is much better for eating
than that of any other species.
Right whales are often taken on the coast of Long Island, N. Y.,
and even now, at Amagansett, a whale-boat is kept in readiness to be
launched whenever a spout is seen. In February, 1907, a crew under
the leadership of Captain Josh Edwards killed a large right whale, the
skeleton and baleen of which were secured for the Museum at an
expense of $3,200.
“We had to stand in freezing water while cutting away at the huge
mass of flesh which encased the bones.”
Captain Josh, as he was known to all the country near and far, was
a genial old man, radiating good nature—a typical whaler of the old
school. Although seventy-six years had whitened his hair, when the
cry of “Ah! Blow-o-o-o!” had sounded through the village, he forgot
his age and was in the first boat to leave the beach on the five-mile
chase. And it was his arm, still strong under the weight of years,
which sent the keen-edged lance at the first thrust straight into the
lungs of the whale.
Mr. James L. Clark, formerly of the Museum, and myself, as soon
as word of the whale was received, hastened to Amagansett, where
we had two weeks of the hardest sort of work to secure the skeleton.
The carcass was beached just at the edge of low tide, where surf
was continually breaking over it, and we had to stand in freezing
water while cutting away at the huge mass of flesh which encased the
bones.
The temperature was +12°, and, to add to our difficulties, on the
second day a terrific storm almost buried the carcass in sand so that
it was necessary to build a breakwater of flesh against the surf, and
laboriously dig out the skeleton bone by bone.
The Amagansett whale was an old female, fifty-four feet long, and
proved to be the largest specimen which had then been recorded. On
the same day that it was captured, a smaller thirty-eight-foot whale,
evidently the calf of the first, was killed at Wainscott, Long Island.
This skeleton was also secured, and was eventually sent to London,
while the Amagansett whale with its baleen remains in the Museum
to be mounted in the Hall of Water Mammals. Just a year later
another right whale, a twenty-eight-foot calf, was killed at
Amagansett, but its carcass was lost in a storm.
The baleen of a right whale. This specimen had whalebone eight
feet long.
As yet it is impossible to say with authority just how many species

of right whales exist. Some years ago Lieutenant Maury, after
studying the daily logs of hundreds of whaling vessels, prepared a
chart which appears to show that the animals do not cross the belt of
tropical water at the Equator, and that the right whales of the
northern and southern hemispheres are thus definitely separated.
Acting upon the supposition that since there could be no
communication between them these whales must certainly have
become differentiated enough to form distinct species, each has been
given a scientific name.
In the light of present knowledge, however, this apparent
separation cannot be considered sufficient ground for dividing the
right whales into northern and southern species, unless a critical
comparison of their external and internal anatomy reveals constant
differences.
CHAPTER XXII
THE BOTTLENOSE WHALE AND HOW IT IS
HUNTED
There is a strange and interesting family of small-toothed whales

known as the ziphioids, which owes its commercial importance to a
single species, the bottlenose. This whale seldom reaches a greater
length than thirty feet, and takes its name from the bottle-like snout
or beak which, at the extreme tip of the lower jaw, bears two small
pointed teeth almost concealed in the gum.
These whales were never extensively hunted until 1882, when
Captain David Gray went north in the schooner Eclipse and returned
with a cargo of oil which demonstrated the profits of the venture. The
next year he got two hundred bottlenoses and it was not long before
the Norwegians began operations on a large scale. In 1891, from
Norway alone, seventy ships sailed for bottlenoses and killed a total
of three thousand animals. In later years the business declined
because of the scarcity of whales and the difficulties and dangers of
the hunt, for in no branch of modern whaling is there such a large
percentage of fatal accidents.
The bottlenose ships are small schooners of thirty to fifty tons,
carrying several small boats and usually armed with six guns fore
and aft; in addition, each boat has a gun mounted on the very bow.
The guns are much smaller than those of the steam whalers and
shoot harpoons only three feet long, with several strong barbs but
without explosive points. Each iron carries with it twenty or thirty
fathoms of “forerunner,” which leads to the main five-hundred-
fathom line coiled in a tub at the stern of the small boat. As soon as a
whale has been struck, a turn of the rope is thrown about a small
post called the “puller,” to check the speed of the running line. The
small boats carry four sailors each—two at the oars, one to steer, and
one at the gun.
The work in the bitter cold and freezing water, to say nothing of
the ever-present possibility of having one’s head, arm, or leg shorn
clean off by the whizzing rope, robs bottlenose hunting of its
attractiveness, and it is difficult, at present, to find competent men
who will ship even for a short cruise. Therefore these whales have
been but little studied and there is much to learn about their habits
and family life.
Most of our present knowledge is due to the observations of
Captain David Gray and Mr. Axel Ohlin, who in 1891 spent two years
on a bottlenose vessel. According to Mr. Ohlin, when a herd of
whales is sighted, if it will not come within range of the ship, one or
two boats are launched which slip quietly toward the animals.
Generally the whales spout several times at intervals of thirty or forty
seconds and then sound, to remain below sometimes for an hour or
more. The boats lie to where the school has disappeared and when
the whales again rise to the surface are quietly swung about until the
gunner gets a fair shot.
If the harpoon misses, which often happens in a choppy sea, the
gun is again loaded and the line hauled in with the greatest haste.
Instead of being frightened by the report, the whale’s curiosity is
usually aroused, and an opportunity for a second shot is soon given.
When a bottlenose has been hit, the harpooner immediately twists
the line several times around the puller, the steersman makes sure
that the rope is clear, and one of the oarsmen hoists a flag to signal
the other boats or the ship to stand by in case of accident.
The whale usually dives straight downward at tremendous speed
and has been known to take out five hundred fathoms of line in two
minutes. At such times, no matter how carefully the harpoon rope
may have been coiled in the stern, there is great danger that it may
run foul or get entangled. If a knot is formed, the line must be cut
instantly or the boat will be dragged under water. Not infrequently
the line gets looped about the body of one of the sailors and the man
is either killed or loses an arm or leg.
When the bottlenose reappears after the first rush, usually he is
almost exhausted and lies quietly at the surface spouting frequently.
A second boat then tries to get near enough for a shot or to thrust a
hand lance into the whale’s lungs.
Like all cetaceans, just before the bottlenose dies it goes into the
death flurry and plunges back and forth lashing the water into foam
or throwing its body into the air. It is well to keep at a safe distance
during the flurry or a stove boat will result.
When the whale has been killed, the freezing line is hauled in and
the animal towed to the vessel to be cut in. The blubber is stripped
off as the body rolls over, is sliced into thin sections, and thrown into
iron cisterns in the ship’s hold; the carcass is then left to sink.
A full-grown male bottlenose will yield about two tons of oil and
two hundredweight of spermaceti, which is contained in the
“forehead” in the same relative position as the “case” of the sperm
whale. The great masses of fat at the bases of the jawbones are also of
considerable value. An analysis of the bottlenose oil and spermaceti
shows it to be as fine in quality as that of the sperm, and the whales
yield a large amount considering their small size.
The tremendous strength and endurance of the bottlenose are
proverbial and I doubt if many of the extraordinary tales which one
hears in the cabins of the shore whaling vessels are greatly
exaggerated. It seems certain that this whale can, and does, remain
under water longer than any other large cetacean, and its strength
and endurance in proportion to its size are probably surpassed only
by the killer (Orca orca).
Bottlenose whales are said to throw their entire bodies into the air,
their powerful flukes giving such tremendous power to the leap that
they take the water again headfirst instead of falling back helplessly
on their sides.
The animals are gregarious and usually travel in herds of five to
ten individuals; more than ten are rare, but many different schools
may be in sight at the same time, separated from each other by only a
short distance. The old bulls sometimes lead a solitary life, but herds
of young bulls, cows, and calves, led by a bull, are often seen.
The differences of age and sex can easily be determined both by
the color and the shape of the head. The young vary from black to
light brown in the older individuals and females, and old bulls are
often almost yellow, with much white about the head and neck.
The mating period appears to be in April or May and the period of
gestation about twelve months, although there is little definite
information concerning breeding habits. Like all cetaceans, the
young are very large at birth, and Captain Gray writes that from a
female bottlenose twenty-nine feet long he removed a fœtus ten feet
in length by five feet six inches in circumference. A fœtus of slightly
larger size has also been recorded by Guldberg.
The hearing of the bottlenose is very acute and a school of whales
will detect the sound of a ship’s propeller at a long distance, but
instead of being frightened, the animals often surround the ship or
boats and exhibit the greatest curiosity; nor will they leave until they
have thoroughly examined the strange object.
A herd will never leave a wounded comrade while it is still alive,
but swim away as soon as it is dead. The hunters often take
advantage of this loyalty, after they are fast to a bottlenose, by
harpooning a second before the first is killed. The whales crowd
about the wounded ones, coming in the most mysterious manner
from all parts of the compass, and sometimes ten or fifteen can be
taken before the school is lost.
The bottlenose appears to feed exclusively upon a bluish-white
cuttlefish about six inches long, for nothing else has been taken from
their stomachs as far as I have been able to learn. Like the orca and
sperm whale, when a bottlenose is killed it almost always ejects large
quantities of cuttlefish from its mouth. Judging by the length of time
the animals remain under water and their heavy spouts when
reappearing, they must have to go to a great depth to find their food.
The two minute teeth at the tip of the lower jaw can be of no
assistance whatever in feeding and will undoubtedly eventually
disappear altogether.
The bottlenose is common in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans,
and although rare on the Finmark coast are numerous about
Spitzbergen, Iceland, Nova Zembla, East and West Greenland, Davis
Straits, and Labrador. Near the Faroe Islands and Iceland they have
been most relentlessly persecuted and hundreds of whales are taken
annually.
Specimens have never been recorded from the Pacific, but
Captains H. G. Melsom and Fred Olsen assured me that they had
seen bottlenoses along the northern coast of Japan not far from
Aikawa. Whalemen of their experience who have hunted the animals
in the Atlantic could hardly be mistaken, and I feel certain that
before long specimens will be taken in Pacific waters.
Whether or not they will prove to be specifically identical with the
Atlantic bottlenose it is, of course, impossible to say. So far as
present information extends there appears to be but a single species,
the Hyperoödon rostratum, described by Müller in 1776. Because of
the great changes which age and sex produce in color and in the
shape of the head, numerous names have been given to individuals
which have all proved to be specifically identical with the common
form, H. rostratum.
Although the bottlenose is the only commercially important
member of the family Ziphiidæ, and is consequently the best known,
the other species of this strange group are not less interesting. All the
ziphioids are characterized by the tail which has no notch in the
center and by the one or two pairs of teeth in the lower jaw, near or
at the end, which sometimes develop in a most unusual way.
In one species, Layard’s whale (Mesoplodon layardi), the two flat,
strap-like teeth in the lower jaw grow upward to a height of eight or
ten inches and sometimes bend over the long pointed snout,
preventing the animal from opening its mouth more than an inch or
two. How the whale feeds when the jaws are thus locked is a mystery.
In one species, Mesoplodon grayi, besides the pair of functional
teeth near the end of the lower jaw, a row of small teeth are present
on either side, entirely embedded in the gum of the upper jaw. These
never appear on the surface, even in the oldest animals, and are
similar to the teeth concealed in the upper jaw of the sperm whale. In
ancient times they were undoubtedly all well developed, but as the
food of the whales changed, and the teeth became of less and less
importance, they gradually began to disappear.
The front portion of the skull of all the ziphioid whales is produced
in the form of a long cylinder of bone which, although open in the
middle in young specimens, gradually fills up by ossification of the
central cartilage and eventually becomes of almost flinty hardness.
Because of the extreme solidity of this portion of the skull it
fossilizes very perfectly. When digging for the fortifications about the
city of Antwerp hundreds of these bones and teeth were found, and
many have been taken from the “Red Crag” deposits in England.
Ziphioid whales are evidently an ancient group which was once
very widely distributed. They are found today in the greatest
numbers in the seas about New Zealand and Australia, but single
specimens are continually appearing unexpectedly in almost every
part of the world.
Recently a specimen was washed ashore on the coast of New
Jersey and the skeleton sent to me for identification. I was surprised
to find that it represented a species, Mesoplodon densirostris, which
before had been recorded only near New Zealand.
When in Japan in 1910 I saw a photograph of a whale which was
said to occur at certain times of the year only in Tokyo Bay, and when
a skeleton was finally secured for the American Museum of Natural
History, the whale was found to represent an exceedingly rare
species, Berardius bairdi, which had been taken only in Alaskan
waters.
Thus, it is evident that at the present time we know almost nothing
about the distribution of these strange whales. Every year or two new
species are being discovered and there is evidence to show that the
family, as it now exists, is the last survivor of a once numerous
group.
CHAPTER XXIII
HUNTING WHITE WHALES IN THE ST.
LAWRENCE RIVER
The porpoises and dolphins which form the family Delphinidse are in
all essential respects toothed whales.[16]
16. A glance at the classification in the Appendix will explain their relationship
to other cetaceans.
The name “porpoise” is usually applied to the round-headed
members of the family, while “dolphin” distinguishes those which
have pointed snouts or beaks.
The fish (Coryphæna), properly called dolphin, which passes
through brilliant changes of color when dying, is often confused with
the cetacean because of its name, although, of course, they are not
related in the remotest degree. Because of this confusion I seldom
use the name dolphin but speak of all members of the group as
porpoises.
There are so many species of porpoises that it would not be
possible in a book of this character to describe them all; therefore, as
with the whales, only those of commercial importance will be
considered. Most of the members of this family are small, only the
killer whale (see Chapter XVIII) and the blackfish exceeding twenty
feet in length.
The white whale, or white porpoise. The skin of this species
furnishes much of the “porpoise hide” leather of commerce.
The white porpoise, or white whale as it is more usually called, is

not only the most beautiful but also one of the most important
members of the family, for it is this animal which furnishes much of
the porpoise hide and porpoise oil of commerce.
Like its nearest relative, the narwhal, it is a northern species,
seldom being found where the water is far above the freezing point;
but during the spring the animals come into the St. Lawrence River
by thousands and some remain throughout the summer.
In early June of 1909 I left New York for the little French town of
Tadoussac at the mouth of the Saguenay River to study these
interesting cetaceans and secure skeletons and plaster casts for
exhibition in the Museum.
There are a number of French dwellers along the St. Lawrence
River who live by selling the skins and oil of the Marsouin blanc, and
arrangements were made to hunt with one of them. The day before, I
had driven twenty-five miles from Tadoussac to the porpoise
hunter’s cabin and in the morning, shortly after five o’clock, my
cameras were loaded into one of the canoes and we paddled around
the rocky headland into the little cove where the yawl from which we
were to hunt lay at anchor.
A run of four hours took us across the St. Lawrence and we began
beating up the south shore against a strong head wind. It was slow
work and not until three o’clock in the afternoon did we drop anchor
in a shallow cove at Apple Island, our destination. There is a strong
tide rip about the eastern end of this little point of land, and in it the
whales play back and forth, feeding on the small fish which drift in
with the current. After stowing the sail, one of the canoes with two of
the men put out from the harbor while the three of us who remained
climbed over the rocks to the highest point of the island.
The wind had changed and blew strongly from the southwest,
topping the long swells with white and churning the waves into foam
as they broke along the ragged shore line. Three or four whales could
be seen some distance away and the canoe headed for them, as it
swung around the point, in spite of the rough water. With my glasses,
I watched the little craft bobbing about among the whitecaps, slowly
nearing the specter-like forms which rose every few seconds and
sank, only to appear again a few feet farther on.
When they were about one hundred yards away, the men became
motionless and the boat drifted onward with the wind. The porpoises
paid not the slightest attention to the canoe and went down only a
few feet ahead. As they left the water the man in the bow suddenly
leaned forward and with gun ready waited the reappearance of the
animals. They came up not twenty feet away and hardly had their
snowy heads appeared above the surface when a thin white line of
smoke shot from the gun and the nearest whale threw itself high in
the air, falling back in a cloud of spray. Instantly the canoe leaped
forward, the man in the bow balancing the harpoon, but the whale
straightened out and sank before he could throw the iron. With
disappointed faces the men returned and climbed the rock where we
were sitting.
We watched until six o’clock but no more porpoises appeared, and
I was glad when we reached the boat for the wind cut like a knife as it
drove across the hilltop. The cabin was so small that we could not sit
upright and it was next to impossible to move when we were all there
together; however, it was warm and that was something. After our
dinner of stew, made from potatoes and onions, we packed ourselves
away for the night, each on a narrow board which served as a bunk.
The posterior part of a white whale. The entire animal is snow
white except for a narrow edging of brown on the flukes and
flippers. The young of this species are entirely brown.
Next morning I was awakened by the regular lap, lap, lap of the
water against the bows, and knew that the boat was already under
way. Crawling down from my narrow shelf I wriggled through the
hatchway to the deck above. It was a perfect morning, the sun
already an hour high and a fresh breeze coming from the west. We
were headed down the river for an island four miles distant, about
the lower end of which, with the glass, a large school of whales could
be seen playing back and forth in the tide rips. I stretched out on top
of the cabin drinking in the fresh salt air and enjoying the warm
sunshine which was doubly welcome after the raw wind of the day
before.
As we neared the upper end of the island, I heard a confused
murmur of sounds, and with a question turned to the porpoise
hunter. “Myack,” he said, and I saw that the shore was lined with a
great flock of eider ducks. He threw the tiller over and as we drew in
toward the land one or two stragglers rose and then, with a perfect
roar of wings, the whole flock launched itself into the air. It was a
magnificent sight as the great birds whirled past us, the black and
white plumage of the males flashing in the sunlight. I watched them

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1. Points outside (or beyond) the PPF are

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

2. Which of the following statements is true?

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

7. Points inside (or below) the PPF are

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

10. Which of the following statements is true?

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

11. A PPF can

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

20. An increase in the quantity of resources

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

21. A decrease in the quantity of resources

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

24. The PPF between goods X and Y will be a downward-sloping

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging

26. Economic growth causes the PPF to

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

27. Which of the following statements is false?

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

28. An economy is productive efficient if it produces

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

29. Which of the following statements is true?

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

30. Productive inefficiency implies that

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

31. Productive efficiency implies that

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

33. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. The PPF illustrates

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

36. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. If the economy is at point C, it follows that

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

38. Refer to Exhibit 2-1. Scarcity exists

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate

41. Technological in American agriculture has other types of employment.