INSTALLATION OF POWER NETWORK

SUBSTATION

BY

OLALEKAN NURUDEEN BOLAJI

ND/21/EEE/PT/162

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (IOT),
KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC, ILORIN.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING.

JULY, 2023.
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project work and installation was carried

out by OLALEKAN NURUDEEN BOLAJI Matriculation with

matriculation number ND/21/EEE/PT/162 in the department of

Electrical Electronic Engineering. Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin. In

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of National Diploma (ND) in

Electrical/Electronic Engineering.

ENGR. KAREM J. J DATE

Project Supervisor

ENGR. JIMOH A. A DATE

Project Coordinator

ENGR. SAAD G. DATE

Departmental Part-Time Coordinator

EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR DATE

ii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty Allah for his infinitive mercy on

me and for making me see the end of this program, Ordinary National
Diploma (OND) and for his divine wisdom, knowledge and
understanding throughout the academic sessions.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise and thanks to my inestimable Almighty Allah, the most
beneficial, merciful, nourished and the sustainer for his guidance over my
lives throughout this research work in this great institution.

I also appreciate the effort of my amiable supervisor Engineer J. J

Kareem for his supervision and correction made during the project work.
May Almighty Allah bless you and your home (Amin).

My gratitude goes to my H.O.D Engr. Mustapha T.A for his

immense contribution to the improvement of the great department.

Finally, I express my profound gratitude to all Lecturers in

electrical/Electronics engineering department in Kwara state polytechnic,
Ilorin. May Almighty Allah bless you all (Amin). More grease to your
elbow.

My special appreciation goes to my parents for their support. I love

you.

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 ABSTRACT

The installation of typical power system network was designed and

implemented with 415/11KV transformer to transform the voltage from
415/11KV for the purpose of transmission to distribution station of
11/415V. Necessary protection to the transformer against hazard to
human was provided the entire project has been thoroughly constructed
and implemented with suitable rated transformer for generation,
transmission and distribution simulator.
This project is constructed to meet the need of students of
Electrical/Electronic engineering department which will serve as
practical illustration for the students of the department, as required by
National Board for Technical Education (NBTE).

v
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Content vi
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction 1
1.1 Limitation 7
1.2 Motivation 7
1.3 Aim 8
1.4 Objectives 8
1.5 Scope Of The Project 8
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 Literature Review 9
2.1 Electricity Generation 10
2.2 Wind Turbine 14
2.3.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine 14
2.3.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine 17
2.4 Subtypes Of The Vertical Axis Design Include
2.4.1 Darrieus Wind Turbine 19
2.4.2 Giromill 20

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 2.4.3 Savonius Wind Turbine 20
2.4.4 Parallel 21
2.5. Advantages Of Wind Power 21
2.5.1 Disadvantages Of Wind Power 21
CHAPTER THREE:
3.0 Design Methodology 23
3.1 Location 23
3.2 Topography 24
3.3 Measurement 24
3.4 Digging 25
3.5 Supports (Poles) 25
3.6 Materials Used For Installation 26
3.6.1 Conductors 26
3.6.2 Copper 26
3.6.3 Aluminuim 27
3.7. Monitoring Equipment 27
3.7.1 Ammeters 27
3.7.2 Voltmeters 28
3.7.3 Led (Light Emitting Diode) 28
3.7.4 Frequency Meter 28
3.7.5 Change Over Switch 28
3.8 Material Used For Protection 28
3.8.1 Circuit Breaker 30
3.8.2 Lightening Arrester 30

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3.8.3 Insulators 30
3.8.4 Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCB) 31
3.8.5 D-Fuse 32
3.9 Construction Of Wind Power Plant 33
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Basic Operation Of Wind Turbine 35
4.1 Result 36
4.2 Bill of engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME) for the
construction of generation, transmission and distribution simulator,
institute of technology, Kwara State Polytechnic.
chapter five:
5.0 Conclusion 46
5.1 Recommendation And Suggestion 47
References

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Energy is vital for all living being on earth. Modern energy life style has further

increased the importance, since a faster life means faster communication, faster

transportation and faster manufacturing processes. All these leads to increase in

energy required for modern system. Electrical energy is the most popular form of

energy, whether we required it in useable form ( heating appliances) and

mechanical form or for lightening purposes(illumination system).[1]

Electrical power generation, transmission and distribution are the three stages of

delivering electricity power network to the consumers at residential, commercial

and industrial areas. The supply of adequate and stable electricity to consumers is

the back bone of socioeconomic development of any nation. While inadequate and

unstable supply of electricity to consumers in any nation would definitely leads the

nation backward in term of socioeconomic growth. Like any other economic sector

in Nigeria the power sector has its peculiar problems, infact the sectors has

multidimensional problems.[2]

1
During the past two decades, the increase in electrical energy demands has

presented high requirement from power industry and high industrial demands,

transmission facilities are being excessively used. This provides the needs for

2
building new electricity generating plants and development of transmission line.

The solution is costly to implement and it involves long time construction. Apart

from implementation and long construction, the interconnection of this

transmission line and generating plants will also increase the complexity of the

system operation and control. [3]

Electric power system is undergoing change as a result of constant power demand

increase, thus stretching it beyond their stability and thermal limit. This drastically

affects the power quality delivered.

Power system suffers greatly from voltage instability especially due to excessive

consumption or injection of reactive power by system elements and the consumers

load.

The voltage instability caused by the variation due to reactive power requirement

of the system elements and the consumers load either result in excessive high or

low voltage which may cause damage to the system and the consumer ’s loads are

design to operate within the voltage range.

The system voltage goes high if there is excessive injection of reactive power by

the system element or consumer load but goes low if there is excessive

consumption of reactive power by the system element or the consumers load.

3
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution

system. Substations transform voltage from high to low or the reverse or perform

any of the several other important functions. Between the generating station and

the consumer, the electrical power network may flow through several substations

at different voltage levels. A substation may include transformer to change voltage

level between high transmission voltage level and low distribution voltage, or as

the interconnection of two different transmission voltage.[1]

An electrical substation is an assembly of electrical apparatus which transform

electrical energy [AC] form one voltage level to another. Substations are vital link

in any power system delivering electric power from the generating station to the

consumers end.

Electricity is often generated at a power station by electromechanically generator.

A power station is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Most

power stations contain one or more generators, a rotating and stator part of

machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power. The relative

between a magnetic field and a conductor create an electrical current. The energy

source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most powers station in the

4
world burn fossil fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas to generate electricity.

Others used nuclear power but there is an increasing use of cleaner renewable

5
sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric. The power generating station is

determined by rating of the station, the generation power is about 11kv or 16kv.[1]

Transmission system should be flexible to respond to generation and load patterns.

Solving the problem of increase in power demands is either by building of

generating and transmission facilities which is not very economically or

environmentally friendly.[4]

The electric transmission system is used in combination with power plant,

distribution system and substations to form what is known as the electrical grids.

The grid is designed to meet all society ’s electricity needs and what gets the

electrical power from its beginning to its end user. Since power plants are most

often located outside of densely populated area, the transmission system must be

fairly large.

Electricity is been transmitted through a long distance with the help of power lines

or transmission line. The electricity is in the form of alternating current (AC) and

begins at step-up transformer and typically span distance of 500 kilometers or less.

Distribution grid refers to the final stage of the electrical grid in which electricity is

distribution to homes, industry are other end use products. Distribution is the

process of reducing power to safe customer usable levels, and

6
delivery the electric power from the grid.[5]The power level is reduced by step-

down transformers, which lower the voltage of the electricity from dangerous level

(over 1kv) to safer level (100 – 400v). Distribution stations are either built within

buildings or outdoors, but always in an enclosed area. The design of these stations

depends on economic, environmental, legal and social factors. [4]

1.1 LIMITATION

There is no flow of electricity due to the fact that generation of electricity depend

on the availability of wind

The different gradients around the turbine blades can suck birds into the blades

part, potentially killing the wild life

1.2 MOTIVATION

The motive of the project is to certify National Board for Technical Education

(NBTE) Demands in electrical engineering study.

To build a power generation, transmission and distribution simulator for practical

and also to widen the knowledge of electrical electronics engineering students on

how all the substations operates.

7
1.3 AIM

The aim of this project is “installation of typical power system network ”.

1.4 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are as follows

To serve as a final year project for HND program.

To do something feasible and useful to the department, institute and polytechnic in

general.

To serve as a practical point to the student in the department.

To meet requirement by NBTE against accreditation.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The project was about design and installation of wind power generating station

within the institute of engineering (IOT). The project worked includes the distance

history of generation, transmission and distribution wind power. It is also used to

give detailed information of types of wind turbine and the stages in which they do

operate.

8
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The engineering knowledge required maintaining, repairing and operating

industrial power generation, transmission and distribution system has increased

manifold since electricity was first use in industrial plant to light a few lamps and

run a line shaft motor. The existing power requirement of modern production

equipment of modern production equipment necessities the induction of

reinforcement in power system designed as to voltage aped, service continuity and

flexibility. Since the introduction of load power center, power distribution practice

have been almost completely revolutionized.[5]

Nineteenth century is perhaps the most momentous in the history of modern man.

It leads to monumental invention and with them the enormous studies in the

growth and development of electrical technology. Thomas Alva Edison perfected

the electric light bulb in 1879, and as a technical genius created the power concept

in about 1880.[6]

In 1884, frank J. Sprague, George Westen house and William Starley, unlike

Edison believed in the alternative current concept and developed the commercially

practical transformer between 1885 and 1886. Nude tesla conceived the idea of the

three phrase induction motor which became the work house of industrial work

9
independently of their America peers, developed and build the first D.C

transmission line 1882(24V D.C, 59km) and three phase A.C transmission line

(25KV, 179km) in 1891. They all planned and worked tirelessly on behalf of

humanity to supply power through wire to all who needed it. For over a century,

human kind has depended on electricity to the extent that he cannot do without it.

Mr. Gordo chap a former general manager of the Tennessee valley (authority

U.S.A) once said “if you can do it by placing a limit on its electric power”. [7]

2.1 ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of

primary energy. For electric utilities in the electric power industry, it is the first

stage in the delivery of electricity to end users, the other stages being transmission,

distribution, energy storage and recovery, using pumped-storage methods.

A characteristic of electricity is that it is not a primary energy freely present in

nature in remarkable amounts and it must be produced. Production is carried out in

power plants. Electricity is most often generated at a power station by

electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by

combustion or nuclear fission, also by other means such as the kinetic energy of

10
flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaic and

geothermal.

Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia

until 1600, when the English scientist William Gibert made a careful study of

electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity

produced by rubbing amber[8].

Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray

and C.F du in the 17th and 18th century.[9]

Later in June 1752 Benjamin Franklins performed his kite experiment to prove that

lightening was electrical, he flew a kite during a thunder storm. He tied a metal key

unto the string and was suspended, electricity from the storm clouds flowed down

the string, which was wet and received an electric shock. Franklin was extremely

lucky not to have been seriously hurt during his experiment, but he was excited to

have proved his idea [10].

One of the first major breakthroughs in electricity occurred in 1831, when British

scientist Michael Faraday discovered the basic principles of electricity generation

[11].
He observed that he could create or “induce” electric current by moving

magnets inside coil of copper wire. The discovery of electromagnetic induction

revolutionized how we use energy. Infact, Faradays process is used in

11
modern power production, although todays power plant produce much stronger

currents on much larger scale than Faradays hand-held device.[12]

Michael Faraday, His method, still used today is for electricity to be generated by

the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of magnet.

Central power stations become economically practical with the development of

alternating current (AC) power transmission, using power transformers to transmit

power at high voltage and with low power loss.

A common method of generating electricity if from generators with an electro

magnetic, a magnet produced by electricity not the traditional magnet. The

generator converts kinetic (mechanical) energy into electrical energy. The

generator has a series of insulated coils of wire that forms a stationary cylinder.

This cylinder surrounds a rotary electromagnetic shaft. When the electromagnetic

shaft rotates, it induces a small electric current in each section of the wire coil.

Each section of the wire coil becomes a small, separate electric conductor. The

small currents of the individual sections combine to form a large current. This

current is the electricity that moves through power lines.[13]

In 1870, commercial electricity production started with coupling of dynamo to the

hydraulic turbine. The mechanical production of electric power became the second

12
industrial revolution and created inventions using the energy, whose major

contributors were Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla. [14]

13
2.2 WIND TURBINE

Wind turbine like aircraft propeller blades turn in the moving air and power an

electric generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated wind turbine is the

opposite of a fan instead of using electricity to make wind like a fan, wind turbine

uses wind to make electricity. The wind speed turns the blades, which spin a shaft,

which connects to a generator and makes electricity. [15]

2.3 TYPES OF WIND TURBINE

The three primary types: VAWT Savonius, HAWT towered; VAWT Darrieus as

they appear in operation.

Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former

being both older and more common. They can also include blades, or be bladeless,

vertical designs produce less power and are less common.[16]

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups, the horizontal-axis variety, like

the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design

like the eggbeater-style.

2.3.1 HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

Large three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT), with the blades upwind

of the tower produce the overwhelming majority of wind power in the

14
world today. These turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at

the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind direction. Small turbines are

pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor

coupled with a yaw system. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of

the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical

generator.

Most horizontal axis turbines have their rotors upwind of its supporting tower.

Downwind machines have been built, because they don't need an additional

mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind. In high winds, the blades can

also be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind

resistance. Despite these advantages, upwind designs are preferred, because the

change in loading from the wind as each blade passes behind the supporting tower

can cause damage to the turbine. Turbines used in wind farms for commercial

production of electric power are usually three-bladed. These have low torque

ripple, which contributes to good reliability. The blades are usually colored white

for daytime visibility by aircraft and range in length from 20 to 80 meters (66 to

262 Ft.). The size and height of turbines increase year by year. Offshore wind

turbines are built up to 8MW today and have a blade length up to 80 meters (260

15
Ft.). Usual tubular steel towers of multi megawatt turbines have a height of 70 m to

120 m and in extremes up to 160m. [17]

16
Figure1: Horizontal View of Wind Turbine

2.3.2VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged

vertically. One advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to

be pointed into the wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site where the

17
wind direction is highly variable. It is also an advantage when the turbine is

integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable. Also, the generator

and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drive from the rotor

assembly to the ground-based gearbox, improving accessibility for maintenance.

However, these designs produce much less energy averaged over time, which is a

major drawback.[18]

When a turbine is mounted on a rooftop the building generally redirects wind over

the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of a rooftop

mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height it is near the

optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence. While wind

speeds within the built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural

sites,[19] noise may be a concern and an existing structure may not adequately resist

the additional stress.

18
Figure 2: vertical view of wind turbine

2.4 SUBTYPES OF THE VERTICAL AXIS DESIGN INCLUDE:

2.4.1 DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE

"Eggbeater" turbines, or Darrieus turbines, were named after the French inventor,

Georges Darrieus. They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and

cyclical stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability. They also

generally require some external power source, or an additional Savonius rotor to

start turning, because the starting torque is very low. The torque ripple is reduced

19
by using three or more blades which results in greater solidity of the rotor. Solidity

is measured by blade area divided by the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type turbines

are not held up by guy-wires but have an external superstructure connected to the

top bearing.[18=24]

2.4.2 GIROMILL

A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The

cyclo-turbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self-

starting. The advantages of variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide,

relatively flat torque curve; a higher coefficient of performance; more efficient

operation in turbulent winds; and a lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade

bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be used.[18]

2.4.3 SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE

These are drag-type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in

anemometers, Flettner vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some

high-reliability low-efficiency power turbines. They are always self-starting if

there are at least three scoops.

20
Twisted Savonius is a modified savonius, with long helical scoops to provide

smooth torque. This is often used as a rooftop windturbine and has even been

adapted for ships.

2.4.4 PARALLEL

The parallel turbine is similar to the cross flow fan or centrifugal fan. It uses the

ground effect. Vertical axis turbines of this type have been tried for many years: a

unit producing 10 kW was built by Israeli wind pioneer Bruce Brill in the 1980s.[15]

2.5. ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER

Reduction of climate change effects and other environmental pollution

Diversification of energy supply, eliminating fuels

Provision of energy security and prevention of conflict over natural resources

Reduction of poverty through improved energy access

Provision of hedge against price volatility of fossils fuels

2.5.1 DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER

Acoustic noise emission

Visual impact on landscape

The output is intermittent and unpredictable

21
It causes electromagnetic interference with radio, television, and
Telecommunications

22
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

The design methodology of this project involves the following

3.1 LOCATION

Location is the starting point when sitting a substation, suitable and sufficient land

should be available for any particular type of substation before it is sited. Actually

about 1 to 112 meter would be required for each substation depending on the site

and design use for a standard substation. The land should be adequate for

installation and future expansion.

As for a wind generating station the following facts must be look out for
Available open space for wind power generating station

Accessibility for construction,monitoring and maintenance including

power transmission and distribution.
Check for potential site constraints

Competing land uses

Permission for the wind plant or its transmission line

Availability of possible location for a wind monitoring station

23
3.2 TOPOGRAPHY

It is one of the major tasks in wind power generating station design. This involves

the study of the surface shape and features of the earth and other observables.

Topology takes place immediately after location, the surveying of the level surface

land is essential. Wind resources are expressed in terms of the wind power density

and wind speed in locality. Wind power density is a useful way to evaluate the

wind resources available at a potential site. The wind power density, measured in

watt per square meter, indicates how much energy is available at the site for

conversion by a wind turbine. Wind contains energy that can be converted to

electricity using wind turbine and the amount of electricity that wind turbine

produce depends upon the amount of energy in the wind passing through the area

swept by the wind turbine blades in a unit of time.

3.3 MEASUREMENT

Measurement is an essential aspect of science and technology. It provides accurate

result and put necessary protection in place. The standard distance from one pole to

the other is 50m. 70m was used in this project for the full length measurement

which is later divided into two half that is 35m distance between the poles.

24
3.4 DIGGIING

Man power was also implore here as the use of jigger, bar and shovel were used.

The hole was dug of about 6 feet deep with the standard of hole support is about 5-

7 feet .the hole was dug twine at both ends of the land and another hole at the

center of the measured land.

3.5 SUPPORTS (Poles)

Electrical cable is routed overhead on utility poles as an inexpensive way to keep it

insulated from the ground and out of the way of the people and vehicles. Utility

poles can be made of wool metal, concrete or composite like fiberglass. They are

used for two different types of power between substation and distribution lines

which distribute lower voltage power to consumers.

A smaller length of pole (28ft) to the standard pole length which is (33ft) was used.

The reason of this is due to the project in the institute premises. From this 28ft, 6ft

was in depth to the ground, with the use of crane to install it. And more also five(5)

poles were used in this project where two poles (side by side) were mounted at

primary side of distribution (33kv), and two poles (side by side) at the secondary

side of the distribution .one pole was mounted in-between these for purpose .

25
3.6 MATERIALS USED FOR INSTALLATION

Conductors

Ammeter

Voltmeter

Manual change over switch

Light emitting diode(LED)

Frequency meter

3.6.1 CONDUCTORS

Conductors are used to offer a low resistance to the flow of current. A conductor

for everyday use must be of low electrical resistance, mechanical stress and

flexible. Conductors for overhead line are in strand form. The major types of

conductors used in this project are highlighted below;

1. Copper

2. Aluminum

3.6.2 COPPER

It has a high electrical conductivity, considerably tensile strength, does not corrode

in normal atmosphere hence it’s widely used. Furthermore, it has greater

26
mechanical strength, lower resistivity that is 1.78 and also much easier to join. It is

used to connect the output of the generator to the input of the step up transformer.

3.6.3 ALUMINUIM

This has a density of about 1/3 than of copper and also cheaper than copper. The

conductivity of aluminum is about 0.6 times of that of copper. It has lower tensile

strength easier to machine, has smaller weight for similar resistance, current

carrying capacity. It has greater current density because of its large heat radiating

surface. This is used to transport voltage from the transmission station to the

distribution station.

3.7. MONITORING EQUIPMENT

3.7.1 AMMETERS

An ammeter (from Ampere meter) is used to measure the current in a circuit.

The ammeters are connected in series.

27
3.7.2 VOLTMETERS

A voltmeter is used for measuring the electrical potential difference between the

two points in an electric circuit. The voltmeters are connected in parallel.

3.7.3 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

It is used as an indicator for the three phase line. This is place on both side of the

generation and transmission part on the control board to indicate that each phase

carrying current are working perfectly while ON and if any of the phase is faulty

the indicator will signal it by tripping OFF. In our project a bulb is been used to

represent the LED on the control board.

28
3.7.4 FREQUENCY METER

Is a general purpose instrument that displays the frequency of a periodic of

electrical signal to an accuracy of three decimal places. It counts the number events

occurring within the oscillation during a given interval of time. It can also be used

to determine or monitor the frequency of the power generation and transmission.

3.7.5 CHANGE OVER SWITCH

This is used to switch from on transmission line to another which is called

NATIONAL GRID.

3.8 MATERIAL USED FOR PROTECTION

 CIRCUIT BREAKER
 LIGHTINING ARRESTER

 INSULATORS

 EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER(ELCB)

 D-FUSE

29
3.8.1 CIRCUIT BREAKER

This is used as an isolator or to break the supply when there is fault in the electrical

system. It was used to protect the generator from the external faults.

3.8.2 LIGHTENING ARRESTER

This is used on electric power system to protect the insulations and conductors of

the system from the damaging effects of lightening.

The purpose of the lightening arrester in this project is to limit the rise in voltage

when communication or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning

strike. Lightening produces extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines which

can damage the transfer. The lightening arrester takes charge of this and grinds it.

3.8.3 INSULATORS

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow

freely, and therefore make it possible to product an electric current under the

influence of an electric field. The most important is air. A variety of solid, liquid

and gaseous insulators is also used in this project that is the pin insulators.

Pin insulators is the earliest developed overhead insulator, but still popularly used

in power network up to 33kv systems. It can be one part, two parts or three

30
parts depending upon application voltage. In 11kv system, we generally use part

type insulator where whole pin insulator in one piece of properly shaped porcelain

or glass. The live conductor is attached to the top of the pin insulator is at a

potential and bottom of the insulator fixed to supporting structure of the earth

potential.

The insulator has to withstand the potential stresses between the conductor and the

earth, the shortest distance between conductor and the earth, surrounding the

insulator body, along which electrical discharge may take place through air, is

known as flashover distance. It is a single stag.

DISK INSULATOR SHACKLE INSULATOR PIN INSULATOR

3.8.4 EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS (ELCB)

31
An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is used in the electrical installations with

high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal

enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage

is detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual current

circuit breakers which instead detect leakage current directly.

3.8.5 D-FUSE

Diazed fuse looks like a small bottle sharp, made of porcelain, with a contact cap at

a smaller end and disc at the other. They are used for domestic main voltages. They

fit into a round socket and held in place by porcelain cover, which is screwed into a

round Edison screw. Different current rating have different caps and size. This

ensures that a higher rated fuse cannot fit into a smaller rated socket (vice-versa is

possibly safe).

32
3.9 CONSTRUCTION OF WIND POWER PLANT

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE LAYOUT

The connection were carried out using 4mm2 Aluminum wire for the connection

but on a normal connection 35mm2Aluminum wire is been used

A three phase line with an Earth coming from the generator carrying 415V is

connected to the ELCB and then pass to the circuit breaker and from the circuit

breaker, it was connected to the Ammeters, Voltmeters and the Frequency meter

(for regulation, rectification and control), later pass to the primary side of the

33
transformer then is been fed to the secondary side of the transformer (to step-up

for transmission from 415V to 11KV).

From the secondary part of the transformer to the changeover and then

connected to the transmission part of the control board (for regulation,

rectification and control) and they pass through the feeder pillar to the J&P Fuse

for transmission. After a long transmission process it is now fed on a step-down

transformer to step it down from 11KV to 415V for distribution to the

consumers.

34
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 BASIC OPERATION OF WIND TURBINE

Wind turbine utilizes the available environmental wind to generate

electricity.When the wind strikes the rotor blades, the blades start rotating. The

rotor is directly connected to a high speed gearbox. Gearbox converts the rotor

rotation into high speed which rotates the electrical generator. An exciter is needed

to give the required excitation the coil so that it can generate required voltage. The

exciter current is controlled by a turbine controller which senses the wind speed on

that it calculate the power that we can achieve at that particular wind speed. The

outer voltage of electrical generator is given to a rectifier and rectifier output is

given to line converter unit to stabilize the output AC voltage that is feed to grid by

high voltage transformer.. The generated voltage is then transferred to the

transmission station near the generating station. At the transmission station the

voltage is stepped up substantially to about 11kv using a step up transformer, this is

done to reduce the transmission loses over long distance. The electricity is then

supplied to a secondary transmission station

35
where the voltage is been stepped down from 11kv to 415kv using a step down

transformer and then supplied to a distribution

This project mainly focuses on the generation transmission and distribution

simulation of electricity using wind. The generator supplies three phrase energy

to a step up transformer that feeds a transmission line and later supplied a step

down transformer for distribution purpose.

4.1 RESULT

The result expected from this project is as follows,

For the wind turbine power plant, the expected output voltage of the three phase

generator is 415Volt and a current of 60A

An output voltage of 11KV and output current of 200A was obtained from

a415V/11KV 200A step-up transformer

At the distributing stage, the 11KV is stepped down by a three phase step-down

transformer to 415V

Line Voltage, VL= 240Volt and Phase Voltage, VP=415V

36
4.2 BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

(BEME) FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF GENERATION,

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SIMULATOR, INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC.

MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

(A) H.T NETWORK UNIT QTY UNIT TOTAL

MATERIALS COST COST

33ft concrete poles No 5 23,500 117,500

3/8 Steel sectional No 3 3,500 10,500

11kv pin insulator No 9 900 8,100

Insulator pin on steel cross arm No 12 400 4,800

Tie strap No 6 700 4,200

Nut and bolt(various sizes) Lots Sum 10,400

Anti-climb wire Meters 50 70 3,500

Earthling of angles and terminal Point 8 10,000 80,000

pole

Bolt clamp,j-hook,socket Lots 12 1,500 18,000

tongue,tension clamp

Disk insulator No 6 1,500 9000

Terminating strap No 16 100 1,600

37
100mm aluminum conductor Meters 240 135 32,400

H.T stay complete with wire rod, Lot 7 3,700 25,900

block, insulator

Sub-total #325,900

(B) L.T NETWORK UNIT QTY UNIT TOTAL

MATERIAL COST COST

Shackle insulator 8 120 960

D-iron complete with spindle 8 250 2,000

Lie tap bi-metal 2 300 600

Earthling of angles & terminal 8 8,500 68,000

poles(to include cables and

galvanized rod)

Nuts and bolt (various sizes) Sum 25,260

T stay complete with wire rod, 2 3,700 7,400

block, insulator bracket thimble

Binding wire 100 60 6,000

Shackle strap 8 120 960

70mm2 aluminum conductor 320 130 41,600

Extension strap 6 125 750

Sub-total 153,530

38
(C) TRANSFORMERUNIT QTY UNIT TOTAL

SUBSTATION MATERIALS COST COST

11kv expulsionj & p fuseNo 1 18,000 18,000

complete

11kv lightning arrestor complete No 1 15,000 15,000

3A fuse element

9ft U-channel No 2 4000 8000

9ft angle-channel No 1 3,500 3,500

Bi –metal line tap No 13 500 6,500

Cable logs, bolts and nuts line tap, Lot Sum 17,040

caloric tap

35mm2 single core cable Meters 100 600 60,000

8ft galvanized earth rod(thick) No 20 1,500 30,000

95mm2 armored cable Meters 30 9,500 28,500

150mm2 armored cable Meters 6 11,500 66,000

4 ways 400A, TP & N feeder Set 1 75,000 75,000

pillar complete with HRC fuse

Fencing of transformer substation Lot Sum 100,000

wit dwarf wall using sound

concrete block 150*225*450mm2

39
with iron gate and floor spread

with ½ inches granite stone

Raychem kit Set 1 10,000 10,000

Transformer plinth made with Lot Sum 70,000

concrete granite chippings

Feeder pillar plinth using sand Lot Sum 15,000

concrete block not less than

50.8cm above normal ground

Earthling ingredient (charcoal, Lot 1 2,000 2,000

salt, cow dung etc.)

SUB-TOTAL #785,240

(D) TEST CERTIFICATION & COMMISIONING (IN TOTAL COST

CASE OF LIVE SUBSTATION)

PHCN logistics 100,000

PHCN headquarters charges 100,000

Power and steel statutory fees 100,000

Sub –total 300,000

40
SUMMARY

ITEMS TOTAL COST

Preliminaries 350,000

High tension materials 325,900

Low tension materials 153,530

Transformer substation 785,240

Test, certification and commissioning 300,000

Overhead charge (15%) 287,200.5

Contingency (2.5%) 47,866.75

ADM AND SUPERVISION 47,866.75

ALLOWANCE (2.5%)

Allowance 13% (include VAT 5%, 248,907.1

WHT 5%, tax 3%

Installation cost 2,546,511

300KVA, 11Kv/415v, VAT inclusive 1,500,000

Carpentry materials 49,250

Total installation cost 4,095,761

41
IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERATING STATION ONGOING

42
INSTALLATION OF CONSUMER SUB STATION

43
IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE

44
COMPLETE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSUMER CUB STATION

45
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, a reliable, easy accessible and visible prototype wind turbine will be

achieved. Necessary apparatus were used. Connection was done to standard and

adequate protection was put in place to avoid hazards. Also a careful work has

been carried out taking into consideration every data no matter how small it may

be and making use of available information judiciously.

The project takes care of necessity of a dead power generator and transformers as it

is been required by the National Board for Technical Education for training the

students of Electrical Electronics Engineering department.

5.1 RECOMMENDATION AND SUGGESTION

In carrying out this work, some difficulties were encountered which has

necessitated the following recommendation and suggestions;

We hereby recommend that future researcher should upgrade from prototype to

real power plant in a suitable location.

Other source of power generation should be implement within the school

premises in order to enhance the scope of learning of students

46
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