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Foundation and Anchor
Design Guide for
Metal Building Systems
ISBN: 978-0-07-176634-0
MHID: 0-07-176634-0
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vii
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2.4.3 Settlement in Silts and Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.4 Differential Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.5 Some Criteria for Tolerable Differential
Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5 Determination of Allowable Bearing Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.1 Why Not Simply Use the Code Tables? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.2 Special Provisions for Seismic Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.5.3 What Constitutes a Foundation Failure? . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.6 Shallow vs. Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Foundations for Metal Building Systems: The Main Issues . . . . . . . 37
3.1 The Differences between Foundations for
Conventional Buildings and Metal Building Systems . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.1 Light Weight Means Large Net Uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.2 Large Lateral Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1.3 Factors of Safety and One-Third Stress
Increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.4 In Some Circumstances, Uncertainty of
Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2 Estimating Column Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.1 Methods of Estimating Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.2 How Accurate Are the Estimates? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3 Effects of Column Fixity on Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.1 Is There a Cost Advantage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.2 Feasibility of Fixed-Base Columns in MBS . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.3 Communication Breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4 General Procedure for Foundation Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4.1 Assign Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4.2 Collect Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4.3 Research Relevant Code Provisions and
Determine Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4.4 Determine Controlling Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4.5 Choose Shallow or Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4.6 Establish Minimum Foundation Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4.7 Design the Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.5 Reliability, Versatility, and Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5.2 Some Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.6 Column Pedestals (Piers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.6.1 The Area Inviting Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.6.2 Two Methods of Supporting Steel Columns in
Shallow Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.6.3 Establishing Sizes of Column Pedestals (Piers) . . . . . . 54
3.6.4 Minimum Reinforcement of Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
.
4 Design of Isolated Column Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.1 The Basics of Footing Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.1.1 Basic Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.1.2 Construction Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.1.3 Seismic Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.1.4 Reinforced-Concrete Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.1.5 Plain-Concrete and Other Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.1.6 Nominal vs. Factored Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2 The Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2.1 General Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2.2 Using ASD Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2.3 Using Load Combinations for
Strength Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2.4 What Is Included in the Dead Load? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2.5 Designing for Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.2.6 Designing for Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2.7 Minimum Footing Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.8 Distribution of Reinforcement in
Rectangular Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.9 Designing for Uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2.10 Reinforcement at Top of Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Foundation Walls and Wall Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.1 The Basics of Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.1.1 Foundation Options for Support of
Exterior Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.1.2 Design and Construction Requirements for
Foundation Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.1.3 Construction of Wall Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.1.4 Design of Wall Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6 Tie Rods, Hairpins, and Slab Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.1 Tie Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.1.1 The Main Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.1.2 Some Basic Tie-Rod Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.1.3 A Reliable Tie-Rod Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.1.4 Development of Tie Rods by Standard Hooks . . . . . . . 95
6.1.5 Design of Tie Rods Considering
Elastic Elongation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.1.6 Post-Tensioned Tie Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.1.7 Tie-Rod Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.1.8 Which Tie-Rod Design Is Best? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2 Hairpins and Slab Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.2.1 Hairpins: The Essence of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.2.2 Hairpins in Slabs on Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
.
6.2.3 Hairpins: The Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.2.4 Development of Straight Bars in Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.2.5 Slab Ties (Dowels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.2.6 Using Foundation Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7 Moment-Resisting Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.1 The Basic Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.1.1 A Close Relative: Cantilevered
Retaining Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2 Active, Passive, and At-Rest Soil Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.1 The Nature of Active, Passive, and At-Rest
Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.2 How to Compute Active, Passive, and At-Rest
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.2.3 Typical Values of Active, Passive, and At-Rest
Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.3 Lateral Sliding Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.3.1 The Nature of Lateral Sliding Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.3.2 Combining Lateral Sliding Resistance and
Passive Pressure Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.4 Factors of Safety against Overturning and Sliding . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.4.1 No Explicit Factors of Safety in IBC
Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.4.2 Explicit Factors of Safety for Retaining Walls . . . . . . . . 121
7.4.3 How to Increase Lateral Sliding Resistance . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.5 The Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.5.1 Design Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.5.2 Design Using Combined Stresses
Acting on Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.5.3 The Pressure Wedge Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.5.4 General Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.5.5 Moment-Resisting Foundations in Combination
with Slab Dowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8 Slab with Haunch, Trench Footings, and Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.1 Slab with Haunch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.1.1 General Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.1.2 The Role of Girt Inset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.1.3 Resisting the Column Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.2 Trench Footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.3 Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.3.1 Common Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.3.2 The Basics of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
8.3.3 Typical Construction in Cold Climates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8.3.4 Using Anchor Bolts in Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
.
9 Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.2 Deep Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.2.1 The Basics of Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.2.2 Resisting Uplift and Lateral Column Reactions
with Deep Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
9.3 Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
9.3.1 The Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
9.3.2 The Minimum Number of Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
9.3.3 Using Structural Slab in Combination with
Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
9.3.4 Resisting Uplift with Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
9.3.5 Resisting Lateral Column Reactions with Piles . . . . . . 181
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
10 Anchors in Metal Building Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
10.1 General Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
10.1.1 Terminology and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
10.1.2 The Minimum Number of Anchor Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
10.2 Anchor Bolts: Construction and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
10.2.1 Typical Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
10.2.2 Field Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
10.2.3 Placement Tolerances vs. Oversized Holes in
Column Base Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
10.2.4 Using Anchor Bolts for Column Leveling . . . . . . . . . . . 190
10.2.5 Should Anchor Bolts Be Used to Transfer
Horizontal Column Reactions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
10.3 Design of Anchor Bolts: General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
10.3.1 Provisions of the International Building Code . . . . . . . 193
10.3.2 ACI 318-08 Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
10.4 Design of Anchor Bolts for Tension per ACI 318-08
Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
10.4.1 Tensile Strength of Anchor Bolt vs. Tensile
Strength of Concrete for a Single Anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
10.4.2 Tensile Strength of an Anchor Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
10.4.3 Tensile Strength of Steel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
10.4.4 Pullout Strength of Anchor in Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
10.4.5 Concrete Side-Face Blowout Strength of
Headed Anchors in Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
10.4.6 Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchors in Tension . . . . . 202
10.4.7 Using Anchor Reinforcement for Tension . . . . . . . . . . . 207
10.5 Design of Anchors for Shear per ACI 318-08 Appendix D . . . . . 214
10.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
10.5.2 Steel Strength of Anchors in Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
10.5.3 Concrete Breakout Strength in Shear: General . . . . . . . 216
10.5.4 Basic Concrete Breakout Strength in Shear Vb . . . . . . . . 220
10.5.5 Concrete Breakout Strength in Shear for
Anchors Close to Edge on Three or More Sides . . . . . . 221
.
10.5.6 Concrete Breakout Strength in Shear:
Modification Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
10.5.7 Using Anchor Reinforcement for Concrete
Breakout Strength in Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
10.5.8 Using a Combination of Edge Reinforcement and
Anchor Reinforcement for Concrete Breakout
Strength in Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
10.5.9 Concrete Pryout Strength in Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
10.5.10 Combined Tension and Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10.5.11 Minimum Edge Distances and Spacing of Anchors . . . . 228
10.5.12 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
11 Concrete Embedments in Metal Building Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
11.1 The Role of Concrete Embedments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
11.1.1 Prior Practices vs. Today’s Code Requirements . . . . . . 235
11.1.2 Two Options for Resisting High Horizontal
Column Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
11.1.3 Transfer of Uplift Forces to Foundations:
No Alternative to Anchor Bolts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
11.2 Using Anchor Bolts to Transfer Horizontal Column
Reactions to Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
11.2.1 Some Problems with Shear Resistance of
Anchor Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
11.2.2 Possible Solutions to Enable Resistance of Anchor
Bolts to Horizontal Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
11.2.3 Design of Anchor Bolts for Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
11.3 Concrete Embedments for the Transfer of Horizontal
Column Reactions to Foundations: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
11.4 Shear Lugs and the Newman Lug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
11.4.1 Construction of Shear Lugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
11.4.2 Minimum Anchor Bolt Spacing and Column Sizes
Used with Shear Lugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
11.4.3 Design of Shear Lugs: General Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 247
11.4.4 Determination of Bearing Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
11.4.5 Determination of Concrete Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . 249
11.4.6 The Newman Lug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
11.5 Recessed Column Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
11.5.1 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
11.5.2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
11.6 Other Embedments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
11.6.1 Cap Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
11.6.2 Embedded Plate with Welded-On Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
A Frame Reaction Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
T
he design of foundations for metal building systems, also known as pre-engineered
metal buildings, is a subject of much controversy and misunderstanding. The
primary reason: Reliable foundations for these structures might be more difficult
to design and more expensive to construct than the foundations for conventional
buildings.
And yet the building owners and contractors, who tend to perceive metal building
systems as inexpensive structures, are rarely aware of the foundation challenges. Their
main efforts are usually directed to getting the best price on the steel superstructure; the
foundations are an afterthought. As a result, these owners and contractors are sometimes
alarmed by the cost of their metal building foundations and might even question the
competency of the foundation designers. After a few such experiences, the engineers
who design these foundations might start to question their own design methods and
settle for the cheapest solutions.
What makes the foundations for metal building systems difficult to design? The
design complexities stem from two main issues. First, the most popular types of the
primary frames used in metal building systems tend to exert significant horizontal
column reactions on the foundations. While some conventional building foundations
also resist lateral forces generated by wind and seismic loading, those forces are
generally smaller than the typical frame reactions in metal buildings. Second, metal
building systems are extremely lightweight, which means that their supports are
routinely subjected to a net uplift loading caused by wind. It follows that metal building
foundations are usually designed to resist a combination of lateral and vertical (either
downward or uplift) forces. When the primary frame columns are fixed at the bottom,
rather than pinned, still more complications arise for the foundation design.
These unique challenges and complexities might not be familiar to the engineers
accustomed to designing foundations for conventional buildings. Unfortunately,
little authoritative design guidance exists on the subject, which undoubtedly adds
to the controversy. At present, only one chapter in the author’s book Metal Building
Systems: Design and Specifications, 2d ed. (McGraw-Hill, 2004), provides some guidance
about this area of design. In the past, some metal building manufacturers used to
publish their own brochures dealing with the subject, but no longer do so, perhaps
because the manufacturer’s scope of work normally excludes the building foundations.
The lack of clear design procedures naturally results in uneven design solutions.
Some foundation designs for metal buildings have been overly complicated. But more
xiii
.
commonly in the author’s experience, they have been barely adequate for the imposed
loads (or not adequate at all).
This book is intended to fill the knowledge void by exploring the complexities
of designing foundations for metal building systems and providing clear design
procedures for various foundation types. The book covers the most common foundation
systems used for metal buildings and illustrates their design through step-by-step
examples. It describes a variety of possible solutions, ranging from the most reliable
(and often the most expensive) to the less reliable (and typically less expensive)
approaches.
The book is intended to serve as a desk reference source for structural engineers,
both inside and outside the manufacturers’ offices, and for other design and construction
professionals, such as architects, facility managers, building officials, and technically
inclined contractors. It will help these professionals in the selection of the most
appropriate and cost-effective system for their projects and in developing realistic cost
expectations.
.
Chapter
Introduction to
Metal Building
Systems
1.1 Two Main Classes of Metal Building Systems
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to metal building systems (MBS)
and to explain how they work. These structures, also known as pre-engineered metal
buildings and sometimes abbreviated as PEMBs, are both designed and manufactured
by their suppliers. In this book the terms metal building systems, metal buildings, pre-
engineered buildings, and pre-engineered metal buildings are used interchangeably.
Metal buildings are extremely popular in the United States. Many, if not most,
low-rise nonresidential buildings there contain pre-engineered structures. Reasons for
the popularity of these systems include their cost-effectiveness, speed of construction,
single-source responsibility for the superstructure, ease of maintenance, and the ability
to span long distances without intermediate supports.
Metal building systems can be found in all types of buildings. Approximately
one-third of them are used in commercial applications, such as office buildings, retail
stores, and garages. Another one-third include manufacturing uses, such as factories,
production plants, and material recycling facilities (see Fig. 1.1). The rest are used in
community buildings (schools, churches, municipal), agricultural, and storage occu-
pancies (Newman, 2004).
The two main classes of metal building systems are frame-and-purlin and Quonset
hut–type buildings. Both are described in this chapter, but our main focus is on the
former. From the foundation designers’ point of view, there is a fundamental difference
between the two classes of metal buildings.
.
Figure 1.1 Metal building system used in an industrial facility.
The primary frames carry secondary roof members called purlins and secondary
wall members called girts. At the intersection of the roof and wall panels typically exists
the third type of secondary member, known by the names of eave girt, eave purlin, or eave
strut. The various names reflect the versatile nature of this important element that can
wear three hats: a girt, a purlin, and an axially loaded structural member. Axial loading
comes into play when the strut resists lateral forces as part of the cross-bracing assem-
bly in the wall.
The secondary members support metal panels or other roof and wall cladding. In
pre-engineered buildings, endwalls are at the ends of the building parallel to the pri-
mary frames, while sidewalls are perpendicular to the frames. The typical components
of the frame-and-purlin system are shown in Fig. 1.2.
Roof system
Roof purlin
Eave strut
Endwall frame
Rigid frame
Bracing
Eave
height Clear
span
Girt
Rigid frame Frame
column width
Bay spacing
.
The Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA) is the trade group that
includes most major manufacturers of pre-engineered metal buildings. Metal Building
System Manual (MBMA, 2006) provides a wealth of information related to the design,
fabrication, and procurement of frame-and-purlin pre-engineered metal buildings.
Each frame consists of a rafter and at least two columns. The joint between an exterior
column and the rafter is called the knee. A clear span is the distance between the
inside faces of the frame columns. Each of the primary frame types has an optimum
range of clear spans. The clear span can be measured between the frame knees, as
shown in Fig. 1.2, but it can also be measured between the inside faces of the col-
umns at the base.
A similar term, frame width, refers to the distance between the outside faces of the
wall girts, a plane that is called the sidewall structural line. Looking at Fig. 1.2, please also
note that for a single-story building the clear height is the distance between the floor and
the lowest point of the frame at the roof level. Also, the eave height is the distance
between the bottom of the column base plate and the top of the eave strut.
The rafter is usually spliced, with the dimensions of the individual segments fine-
tuned for the applied bending moments and shears at those locations. The variability
of the frame cross-section tends to complicate the analysis but saves metal by improv-
ing the framing efficiency. The splices are typically made at the peak, at the knees, and
at the intermediate locations determined by the manufacturer’s preferences.
Certain types of frames, such as a single-span rigid frame, can resist lateral (wind
and seismic) forces acting in the direction parallel to the frames. Others require separate
vertical and horizontal lateral-force-resisting elements in addition to the frames, as
discussed in Sec. 1.3.
Bildende Kunst
Allgemeines:
Ästhetik. Von Professor Dr. R . H a m a n n . (Bd. 345.)
*Einführung in die Geschichte der Ästhetik. Von Dr. H . N o h l .
(Bd. 602.)
*Das Wesen der deutsch. bildend. Kunst. V. Geh. Rat Prof. Dr. H .
T h o d e . (Bd. 585.)
Bau und Leben der bildenden Kunst. Von Direktor Prof. Dr. T h .
V o l b e h r . 2. Aufl. Mit 44 Abbildungen. (Bd. 68.)
Kunstpflege in Haus und Heimat. Von Superintendent R .
B ü r k n e r . 2. Auflage. Mit 29 Abbildungen. (Bd. 77.)
Grundzüge der Perspektive nebst Anwendungen. Von Prof. Dr. K .
D o e h l e m a n n . Mit 91 Fig. u. 11 Abb. (Bd. 510.)
*Projektionslehre. Von Zeichenlehrer A . S c h u d e i s k y . Mit
Abbildungen. (Bd. 564.)
Der Weg zur Zeichenkunst. Von Dr. E . W e b e r . M. 82 Abb. u. 1
Tafel. (Bd. 430.)
Geschichte:
Die Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Stile in d. bildenden Kunst. Von
Dr. E . C o h n - W i e n e r . 2 Bde. 2. Aufl. (Auch in 1 Bd. geb.) Bd. I:
Vom Altertum bis zur Gotik. Mit 66 Abb. (Bd. 317.) Bd. II.: Von d.
Renaissance b. z. Gegenw. M. 31 Abb. (Bd. 318.)
Altertum:
Die Blütezeit der griechischen Kunst im Spiegel der
Reliefsarkophage. Eine Einführung in die griechische Plastik. Von Dr.
H . W a c h t l e r . Mit 8 Tafeln und 32 Abbildungen. (Bd. 272.)
Pompeji, eine hellenistische Stadt in Italien. Von Prof. Dr. F r . v .
D u h n . 2 Aufl. Mit 62 Abbildungen. (Bd. 114.)
Die Kunst des Islam. Von Prof. Dr. P. S c h u b r i n g . (Bd. 593.)
19. Jahrhundert:
Deutsche Baukunst im 19. Jahrhundert. Von Geh. Reg.-Rat Prof.
Dr. A . M a t t h a e i . Mit 35 Abbildungen. (Bd. 453.)
Die deutsche Malerei im 19. Jahrhundert. Von Prof. Dr. R .
H a m a n n . 2 Bände Text. 2 Bände mit 57 ganzseitigen und 200
halbseitigen Abbildungen. (Bd. 448–451, in 2 Doppelbänden zu je M.
2.50, auch in 1 Halbpergamentband zu M. 6.—)
Die Maler des Impressionismus. Von Prof. Dr. B . L á z à r . Mit 32
Abbildungen und 1 farbigen Tafel. (Bd. 395.)
Kunstgewerbe:
Die dekorative Kunst des Altertums. V. Dr. F r . P o u l s e n . M. 112
Abb. (Bd. 454.)
Deutsche Kunst im tägl. Leben bis zum Schlusse d. 18.
Jahrhunderts. Von Prof. Dr. B . H a e n d c k e . Mit 63 Abbildungen.
(Bd. 198.)
Ostasiatische Kunst und ihr Einfluß auf Europa. Von Direktor
Professor Dr. R . G r a u l . Mit 49 Abbildungen. (Bd. 87.)
Geschichte der Gartenkunst. Von Baurat Dr.-Ing. C h r . R a n c k .
Mit 41 Abb. (Bd. 274.)
Die künstlerische Photographie. Von Dr. W . W a r s t a t . Mit 12
Tafeln. (Bd. 410.)
Musik
*Geschichte der Musik. Von Dr. A l f r e d E i n s t e i n . (Bd. 438.)
*Beispielsammlung zur älteren Musikgeschichte. Von Dr. A .
E i n s t e i n . (Bd. 439.)
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Von Prof. Dr. C . K r e b s . 2. Aufl. M. 4
Bildn. (Bd. 92.)
Die Blütezeit der musikalischen Romantik. Von Dr. E . I s t e l . Mit
1 Silhouette. (Bd. 239.)
Das Kunstwerk Richard Wagners. Von Dr. E . I s t e l . Mit 1 Bildnis
Richard Wagners. (Bd. 330.)
Die moderne Oper. Vom Tode Wagners bis zum Weltkrieg (1883–
1914). Von Dr. E . I s t e l . Mit 3 Bildnissen. (Bd. 495.)
Die Grundlagen der Tonkunst. Versuch einer genetischen
Darstellung der allgemeinen Musiklehre. Von Prof. Dr. H . R i e t s c h .
(Bd. 178.)
Musikalische Kompositionsformen. Von S . G . K a l l e n b e r g . 2
Bände. (Bd. 412, 413, auch in 1 Band gebunden.)
Bd. I: Die elementaren Tonverbindungen als Grundlage der
Harmonielehre. Bd. II: Kontrapunktik und Formenlehre.
Das moderne Orchester in seiner Entwicklung. Von Prof. Dr. F r .
V o l b a c h . Mit Partiturbeispielen u. 3 Tafeln. (Bd. 308.)
Die Instrumente des Orchesters. V. Prof. Dr. F r . V o l b a c h . Mit 60
Abb. (Bd. 384.)
Klavier, Orgel, Harmonium. Das Wesen der Tasteninstrumente. Von
Professor Dr. O . B i e . (Bd. 325.)
Schauspielkunst
Das Theater. Schauspielhaus und Schauspielkunst vom griechischen
Altertum bis auf die Gegenwart. Von Dr. C h r . G a e h d e . 2. Aufl. Mit
18 Abb. (Bd. 230.)
*Die griechische Tragödie. V. Prof. Dr. J . G e f f c k e n . Mit 1 Plan u.
Abb. (Bd. 566.)
Die griechische Komödie. Von Prof. Dr. A . K ö r t e . M. Titelb. u. 2
Taf. (Bd. 400.)
Das Drama. Von Dr. B . B u s s e . Mit 3 Abb. 3 Bde. I: Von der Antike
z. franz. Klassizismus. II: Von Versailles bis Weimar. III: Von der
Romantik zur Gegenwart. (Bd. 287/289.)
Das deutsche Drama des 19. Jahrhunderts. In seiner Entwicklung
dargestellt von Prof. Dr. G . W i t k o w s k i . 4. Auflage. Mit 1 Bildnis
Hebbels. (Bd. 51.)
Vo m A l t e r t u m b i s z u r G o t i k
2. Auflage. Mit 66 Abb. (ANuG. Bd. 317.) Geh. M. 1.20, geb. M.
1.50
U n s e r Ve r h ä l t n i s z u d e n b i l d e n d e n
Künsten
Von Geh. Hofrat Prof. Dr. A . S c h m a r s o w . Geh. M. 2.—, geb. M.
2.60
„Diese Vorträge bilden den wertvollsten Beitrag zur Literatur über die
Kunsterziehungsfrage. Schmarsow entwickelt seine Anschauung über das
Verhältnis der Künste zueinander, um zu zeigen, wie jede einzelne einer
besonderen Seite der menschlichen Organisation entspreche, wie darum auch
alle Künste eng miteinander verknüpft sind, da alle von einem Organismus
ausstrahlen.“
(D e u t s c h e L i t e r a t u r z e i t u n g . )
F r. B a u m g a r t e n , F r. P o l a n d , R . Wa g n e r :
P s y c h o l o g i e d e r Vo l k s d i c h t u n g
Von Dr. O t t o B ö c k e l . 2. Aufl. Geheftet M. 7.—, gebunden M. 8.
—
„Es liegt eine Fülle des Schönen und Wahren in dem Böckelschen Werke.
Den Forscher muß die reiche, mit kundiger Hand gewählte und wertvolle
Literatur befriedigen, den Laien muß die klare, schlichte, reine Sprache
erfreuen, das poetische Empfinden mitreißen. Böckels Buch ist eine wertvolle
Bereicherung der Poetik, Literaturkunde und Völkerpsychologie und sei jedem
Freunde des Volkes wärmstens empfohlen.“
(Z e i t s c h r . f . d . ö s t e r r . G y m n a s i e n . )