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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cerebral
1. Introduction
2. Lobes
3. Gyri

Cortex
4. Functional Areas
5. Practice Questions
REVIEW OUTLINE

1.Lobes and Gyri 3. Midline Cortical Structures

Cerebral
● Frontal Lobe ● Cingulate gyrus
○ Precentral gyrus ● Corpus Callosum
○ Superior frontal gyri ○Rostrum, Genu, Body, Splenium
○ Middle frontal gyri ● Cuneus
○ Inferior frontal gyri ● Precuneus

Cortex
○ Broca’s area:
■Pars opercularis, Pars triangularis, Pars
orbitalis
● Parietal Lobe 4. Functional Areas
○ Postcentral gyrus ● Frontal lobe areas
○ Superior parietal lobule ○ Primary motor area
○ Inferior parietal lobule ○ Premotor area
■Supramarginal gyri ○ Supplementary motor area
■Angular gyri ○ Frontal eye field
● Temporal Lobe ○ Broca’s area
○ Superior temporal gyri ○ Prefrontal cortex
○ Middle temporal gyri ● Parietal Lobe areas

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○ Inferior temporal gyri
○ Transverse temporal gyri
○ Primary somatosensory cortex
○ Somatosensory association area
○ Parahippocampal gyrus ○ Wernicke’s area/ Verbal association area
○ Fusiform gyrus ● Temporal lobe areas
○ Uncus ○ Auditory cortex
● Occipital Lobe ○ Auditory association cortex
○ Superior occipital gyrus ○ Wernicke's area
○ Middle occipital gyrus ○ Fusiform face area
○ Inferior occipital gyrus ● Occipital lobe areas
● Insular Lobe ○ Visual cortex
○ Anterior lobe (short gyri of insula) ○ Visual association cortex
○ Posterior lobe (long gyri of insula) ● Insular lobe areas
○ Gustatory cortex

2. Fissure and Sulci

● Median longitudinal fissure
● Lateral fissure/ sulcus
● Transverse fissure
● Central sulcus
● Parieto-occipital sulcus
○Preoccipital notch
● Intraparietal sulcus
● Calcarine sulcus
 AfraTafreeh.com
Case study: Phineas Gage Bootcamp.com

Phineas P. Gage (1823-1860) was an american railroad

construction foreman in the 1900’s. One day while blasting rock to
clear the way to lay new railbed, he had an accident that would
forever change his life. He became distracted by other foremen
while packing explosive powder into the rock, and accidented
scraped the surround rock, creating a spark and igniting the
explosive powder. This sent the 1.25 inch, 13lb rod that he was
holding, through the left side of his face, in an upward direction,
exiting through his frontal bone.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1425_Phineas_Gage.jpg
 Case study: Phineas Gage Bootcamp.com

This destroyed a large portion of his brain but, luckily for Phineas,
he survived the incident. However, is friends and family said “he
was not longer Gage.” His personality and behavior changed to
such a degree that his own family could not even recognize him.
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simulated_Connectivity_Damage_of_Phineas_Gage.png
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Lobes, Gyri, Fissure, and Sulci Bootcamp.com

What is the difference between Lobes vs Gyri?

● Lobes are functional areas/division
● Gyri are ridges within functional areas

What is the difference between Sulci and Fissure?

● Sulci are grooves that increase surface area of the cortex
● Fissures are long narrow splittings on the surface of the brain
 Grey Matter Vs White Matter Bootcamp.com

What is Grey Matter?

● Gets its dark appearance due to neuronal cell bodies.

What is White Matter?

● Gets its white appearance due to myelinated axons.

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_matter_axonal_connectivity.jpg#filelinks
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Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Bootcamp.com

Frontal Lobe
● Movement, speech, personality, decision making, critical
thinking, short-term memory
Parietal Lobe
● Sensation, perception, proprioception and language
Temporal Lobe
● Hear, language, memory
Occipital Lobe
● Vision and perception
Insular Lobe
● Homeostasis, hunger, autonomic control
Fissure and Sulci on the Lateral Surface Bootcamp.com

● Median longitudinal fissure

● Lateral fissure
● Transverse fissure
● Central sulcus
● Intraparietal sulcus
● Preoccipital notch
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Fissure and Sulci on the Medial Surface Bootcamp.com

● Parieto-occipital sulcus
● Calcarine sulcus
 Midline Structures Bootcamp.com

● Cingulate gyrus: emotional and behavioral regulation via

autonomic processes
● Corpus callosum
○ Rostrum, genu, body and splenium
● Cuneus: primary visual processing
● Precuneus: Integration of information related to sensory
environment

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Frontal Lobe Bootcamp.com

● Precentral gyrus
● Superior frontal gyrus
● Middle frontal gyrus
● Inferior frontal gyrus
● Broca’s area
Broca’s Area Bootcamp.com

● Pars opercularis
● Pars triangularis
● Pars orbitalis

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Parietal Lobe Bootcamp.com

● Postcentral gyrus
● Superior parietal lobule
● Inferior parietal lobule
○ Supramarginal gyrus
○ Angular gyrus
Temporal Lobe Bootcamp.com

● Superior temporal gyrus

● Middle temporal gyrus
● Inferior temporal gyrus
● Transverse temporal gyrus

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Temporal Lobe Bootcamp.com

● Parahippocampal gyrus
● Uncus
● Fusiform gyrus
Occipital Lobe Bootcamp.com

● Superior occipital gyrus

● Middle occipital gyrus
● Inferior occipital gyrus

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Insular Lobe Bootcamp.com

● Short gyri of insula (anterior lobe)

● Long gyri of insula (posterior lobe)
 Frontal Lobe Functional Areas Bootcamp.com

● Primary motor area: motor output

● Premotor area: higher order planning of motor information
● Supplementary motor area: Postural motor map and bilateral
coordination
● Prefrontal cortex: cognition, behavior, personality, decision making,
and impulse control
● Frontal eye field: voluntary eye movement, conjugate gaze, and
saccadic movements
● Broca’s area: speech production AfraTafreeh.com
 AfraTafreeh.com
Parietal Lobe Functional Areas Bootcamp.com

● Primary somatosensory cortex: receives/ processes sensory input

● Sensory association area: complex multisensory processing (ie. weight, temp, texture)
 Cortical Homunculus Bootcamp.com

Sensory Motor
The brain’s interpretation
Homunculus Homunculus
of the body based on the
density of neurons and
cortical surface
associated with that area

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Primary Primary Motor

Somatosensory Cortex
Cortex

https://snappygoat.com/s/?q=bestof%3AVojvodina+okruzi+regioni+sr.png+map+of+districts+and+geographical+regions+in+Vojvodina+-+Serbian+language+version+%3Cbr%3ESerbian+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BF
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 AfraTafreeh.com
Temporal Lobe Functional Areas Bootcamp.com

● Auditory cortex: processing auditory information

● Auditory association area: complex processing of auditory information
● Wernicke’s area: written and spoken language comprehension
● Fusiform face area: facial recognition
 Occipital Lobe Functional Areas Bootcamp.com

● Visual cortex: receives and integrates visual information

● Visual association area: Complex processing about
WHAT you’re looking at and WHERE it is

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Insular Lobe Functional Areas Bootcamp.com

● Gustatory cortex: perception of taste,

specifically sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, and
sourness. Also the intensity of the taste stimulus
 Case study: Phineas Gage Bootcamp.com

The Case of Phineas Gage:

● Left frontal lobe damaged
● Affecting the prefrontal cortex area
● Responsible for cognition, behavior,
personality, decision making, and
impulse control

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1425_Phineas_Gage.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phineas_Gage_injury_-_anterior_view.png
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phineas_Gage_injury_-_lateral_view_(frontal_lobe).png
 AfraTafreeh.com
Practice Questions Bootcamp.com

Identify structure A

What is the primary function of structure B?

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_and_chimp_brain.png
 Practice Questions Bootcamp.com

Identify structure A

What is the primary function of structure B?

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https://www.flickr.com/photos/euskalanato/1971827663
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Summary / Learning Outcomes Bootcamp.com

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Describe the difference between white and grey matter
2. Name and identify the 5 lobes of the cerebral cortex and their functions
3. Name and identify the gyri, sulci and fissures which make up each lobe
4. Identify and describe the brain’s functional areas on a brain image
REVIEW OUTLINE

1.Lobes and Gyri 3. Midline Cortical Structures

Cerebral
● Frontal Lobe ● Cingulate gyrus
○ Precentral gyrus ● Corpus Callosum
○ Superior frontal gyri ○Rostrum, Genu, Body, Splenium
○ Middle frontal gyri ● Cuneus
○ Inferior frontal gyri ● Precuneus

Cortex
○ Broca’s area:
■Pars opercularis, Pars triangularis, Pars
orbitalis
● Parietal Lobe 4. Functional Areas
○ Postcentral gyrus ● Frontal lobe areas
○ Superior parietal lobule ○ Primary motor area
○ Inferior parietal lobule ○ Premotor area
■Supramarginal gyri ○ Supplementary motor area
■Angular gyri ○ Frontal eye field
● Temporal Lobe ○ Broca’s area
○ Superior temporal gyri ○ Prefrontal cortex
○ Middle temporal gyri ● Parietal Lobe areas

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○ Inferior temporal gyri
○ Transverse temporal gyri
○ Primary somatosensory cortex
○ Somatosensory association area
○ Parahippocampal gyrus ○ Wernicke’s area/ Verbal association area
○ Fusiform gyrus ● Temporal lobe areas
○ Uncus ○ Auditory cortex
● Occipital Lobe ○ Auditory association cortex
○ Superior occipital gyrus ○ Wernicke's area
○ Middle occipital gyrus ○ Fusiform face area
○ Inferior occipital gyrus ● Occipital lobe areas
● Insular Lobe ○ Visual cortex
○ Anterior lobe (short gyri of insula) ○ Visual association cortex
○ Posterior lobe (long gyri of insula) ● Insular lobe areas
○ Gustatory cortex

2. Fissure and Sulci

● Median longitudinal fissure
● Lateral fissure/ sulcus
● Transverse fissure
● Central sulcus
● Parieto-occipital sulcus
○Preoccipital notch
● Intraparietal sulcus
● Calcarine sulcus