Contents

List of Figures xv

List of Tables xix

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Operational Research 3
1.2 Mathematical Programming 3
1.2.1 General Linear Programming Problem 3
1.2.2 General Nonlinear Programming Problem 4
1.3 Multiple Criteria Decision-Making 5
1.4 Vehicle Routing Problem 6
1.4.1 VRP with Split Delivery 8
1.4.2 A Basic CVRP Model 8
1.4.3 Genetic Algorithm 9
1.5 Fuzzy Set Theory 12
1.5.1 Fuzzy VRP 13
1.5.2 Fuzzy Simulation 13
1.5.3 Hybrid GA using Fuzzy Simulation 16
1.6 Text Analytics 17
1.7 Research Gaps and Motivation 18
1.8 Outline of the Thesis 20

2 Multiobjective Fuzzy Green Vehicle Routing Problem with Demands Split

into Bags 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Novelty and Research Contribution 24
2.3 Mathematical Model 26
2.3.1 Notation 27
2.3.2 Model 28
2.4 Solution Methodology 30
2.4.1 Chromosome Encoding 30

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2.4.2 Hashing for Distinct Solutions 31

2.4.3 Penalty 32
2.4.4 Rule-Based Fuzzy Ranking 33
2.4.5 Later Steps of the GA 35
2.4.6 Solution Steps of Fuzzy Hybridized GA 35
2.5 Experimental Studies 36
2.5.1 Comparison with Alternate Chromosome Representation 37
2.5.2 Parameter Tuning 39
2.5.3 Instances 41
2.6 Comparative Analysis 43
2.7 Discussion 44
2.8 Concluding Remarks 45

3 Integrated Fuzzy Multiple Depot Green Vehicle Routing Problem with Split
Delivery and Vehicle Selection 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Novelty and Research Contribution 47
3.3 Mathematical Model 50
3.3.1 Notation 50
3.3.2 Model 51
3.4 Solution Methodology 52
3.5 Experimental Studies 55
3.5.1 Vehicle Selection 55
3.5.2 Hybrid GA using Fuzzy Simulation (Instances) 57
3.6 Comparative Analysis 65
3.7 Concluding Remarks 71

4 Fuzzy Vehicle Routing Problem with Driver Selection and Simultaneous Pick-
Up and Drop in Shared Transportation 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Novelty and Research Contribution 74
4.3 Mathematical Model 77
4.3.1 Notation 79
4.3.2 Model M1 79
4.3.3 Model M2 80
4.4 Solution Methodology 81

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4.4.1 Sentiment Analysis 82

4.4.2 GA (Encoding) 82
4.4.3 Credibility Measure 83
4.4.4 Fuzzy Simulation using Credibility Measure 84
4.4.5 Hybrid GA in Credibilistic Environment 86
4.4.6 Hybrid GA using Fuzzy Ratings 86
4.5 Experimental Studies 87
4.5.1 Sentiment Analysis using NLP 87
4.5.2 Hybrid GA using Fuzzy Simulation (Parameter Setting) 89
4.5.3 Sensitivity Analysis for Penalty Constant (𝑀) 90
4.5.4 Hybrid GA using Fuzzy Simulation (Numeric Ratings) 95
4.5.5 Hybrid GA using Fuzzy Simulation (Fuzzy Ratings) 99
4.6 Comparative Analysis 100
4.7 Concluding Remarks 103

5 Multiobjective Fuzzy Vehicle Routing Problem for Delivery of Essential

Goods using Twitter Data 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Novelty and Research Contribution 106
5.3 Methodology 110
5.3.1 Extraction of Goals and Goal Weights 111
5.3.2 Integrating Goals with the Multiobjective VRP 115
5.4 NLP Case Study 117
5.4.1 Issue Extraction using NLP 117
5.4.2 Redefining the Goals for the Multiobjective VRP 119
5.5 Mathematical Model 121
5.5.1 Notation 121
5.5.2 Model 122
5.6 Experimental Studies and Comparative Analysis 124
5.6.1 Determining Level 1 Preferences 124
5.6.2 Determining Weights of Goals 124
5.6.3 Solution Approach 125
5.6.4 Numerical Study 127
5.7 Managerial Insights 132
5.8 Concluding Remarks 132

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6 Integrating Driver Well-Being and the Fuzzy Vehicle Routing Problem: A

Topic Modeling Based Approach 135
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Novelty and Research Contribution 136
6.3 Methodology 138
6.3.1 Topic Modeling 138
6.3.2 Interpreting Topics as Remedial Measures 140
6.4 NLP Case Study 142
6.4.1 Topic Modeling – Extraction of Topics 142
6.4.2 Topic Interpretation 145
6.4.3 Integrating with FVRP 145
6.5 Mathematical Model 146
6.5.1 Notation 146
6.5.2 Model 147
6.6 Experimental Studies and Comparative Analysis 149
6.6.1 Solution Approach 149
6.6.2 Solutions to Numerical Experiments 150
6.6.3 Results and Discussion 151
6.6.4 Comparative Analysis 157
6.7 Managerial Insights 157
6.8 Concluding Remarks 158

7 Conclusion and Scope for Future Research 159

7.1 Conclusion 159
7.2 Scope for Future Research 160

Appendix A 161

Bibliography 169

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