Dr.

Saadi Saleh Mohammed Barwari

120241
 LO 1 ¥
Q Circulatory system: includes 2 subsystems
Blood+Lymphatic vascular systems
① ②
1.Blood vascular system“cardiovascular system,CVS” ; is a
closed system of tubes. Through which the blood circulates

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with the aid of an in-line muscular pump. * Is in
The blood vascular system distribute nutritive materials,
oxygen, and hormones to all parts of the body and
removes the cellular products of metabolism.
2. Lymphatic vascular system.
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comprises another set of vessels,in which lymph (excess
tissue fluid,cellular debris and lymphocytes)moves in only one
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direction(toward the junction of the lymph vessels with large

veins, internal jugular and subclavian veins)in the neck.
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1. The cardiovascular system.
It has four types of components:
-The heart a single muscular organ, but it act as a double
pump.
away from the heart
- The arteries,which carry blood from the heart to the tissue.
-The veins which return blood from the tissues to the heart.
-The capillaries which intervene between the arteries and
vein, allowing an exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste
products between the blood and other tissue.
Capillaries
Why is the heart known as a double pump?
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…. Because each half pumps a round a different )
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circulation system. The right side pumps oxygen-poor
blood blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps
oxygen-rich blood blood around the body.
LO 1 Vessels of the blood circulatory system
•The heart is the principal organ of the blood circulatory system,

I.E
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pumping blood throughout the body & providing the force by

which nutrients leave the capillaries & enter tissues.function
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• Large elastic arteries (larger than 10 mm) leavefnthe heart
and branch to form muscular arteries (typically ranges from 0.1
mm to 10 mm). These arteries branch further and enter organs,
where they branch much further to form arterioles.
•These arterioles branch into the smallest vessels, the
capillaries, the site of exchange between blood and
surrounding tissue. Capillaries then merge to form venules,
which merge further← into small and then medium sized veins.
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•These veins leave organs, form larger veins which eventually
bring blood back to the heart.
function
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LO 2 of both
•Walls Walls of &arteries,
arteries veins veins & capillaries
have a tunica intima ,tunica Thick
media, & tunica externa (or snavw
adventitia), which correspond
roughly to the heart’s
endocardium, myocardium and
epicardium.
•An artery has a thicker tunica
media& relatively narrow
lumen. A vein has a larger
lumen & its tunica externa is the
thickest layer. The tunica intima
of veins is often folded to form
valves.
•Capillaries have only an *
endothelium, with no 89 uamua Eplitnia
subendothelial layer or other simple
tunics.
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LO 2Histological Structur of Blood Vessels
1.The tunica intima or interna has one layer
of endothelial cells bordering the lumen, supported
by a thin subendothelial layer of loose connective
tissue. Capillaries consist solely of endothelium. In
arteries, the intima is separated from t.media by a
fenestrated layer of elastin, the internal elastic
lamina. é
2.The tunica media consists chiefly of
concentric layers of helically arranged smooth
muscle cells Interposed among the smooth muscle
cells are variable amounts of elastic fibers and
reticular fibers. Arteries generally have a thicker
media (more muscles & elastic fibers) than do
veins or lymphatic vessels. → c. T
3.The tunica adventitia consists principally of
type I collagen and elastic fibers that anchor the
vessel in the surrounding tissue. In veins, the
adventitia is the thickest layer, it may contain
longitudinal smooth muscle ( in large vein). In all
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Arteries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Different arteries contain
varying amounts of elastic fibres and smooth muscle fibres in their
walls
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LO 2 Large Elastic Arteries has elastic newborn
1.The elastic arteries are termed
conducting arteries because conduct
blood to smaller branches of vascular system,
include the aorta and its large branches.

2. The intima is thicker than the

corresponding tunic of a muscular artery. It
consists of endothelial cells polygonal in shape ,
subendothelial layer and a distinct internal
elastic which is difficult to discern. Endoth-
elial cells of all vessels larger than capillaries cells.
3.The tunica media consists of abundant
elastic fibers as a series of concentrically
arranged, perforated elastic laminae that
increase in number with age. (there are
about 40 in the newborn, 70 in the adult).
Between the elastic laminae are smooth
muscle cells,reticular fibers,proteoglycans,
and glycoproteins.
4.The tunica adventitia is a thin coat , it is not highly organized,contains elastic and
type-I collagen fibers (fibroelastic connective tissue containing vasa vasorum
, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibres) and external elastic lamina that may be hard
to distinguish.
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Large Elastic
Arteries
CS of small arteries. A: The elastic lamina is not stained and is seen as a pallid lamina of
scalloped appearance just below the endothelium (arrowhead). B: A small artery with a
distinctly stained internal elastic lamina (arrowhead).
Diagram comparing the structure of a muscular artery (left) and
accompanying vein (right). Note that the tunica intima and the
tunica media are highly developed in the artery but not in the
LO 2 Arterioles
1.Are generally less than 0.1 mm
2.The tunica intima consist only of typical
endothelium. Often lacks subendothelial con
–nective tissue &internal elastic lamina.
A thin fenestrated internal elastic lamina
(membrane) is absent in small and terminal
arterioles but present in larger arterioles

3.The T. media is generally

composed of one to five circularly
arranged smooth muscle cells.
4. The tunica adventitia usually is
thinner than the media and
merges into the surrounding con.t.
No external elastic membrane is present.
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LO 2 Metarterioles
Arteries that supply blood to capillary beds are called metarterioles. They
differ from arterioles in that the smooth muscle layer is not continuous
Rather, the individual muscle cells are spaced apart and each encircles the
endothelium of a capillary arising from the metarteriole.
This is a precapillary sphincter. Each smooth muscle cell is believed to
function as a sphincter, upon contraction, controlling blood flow into the
capillary bed.
Tunica adventitia is indistinguishable.

Precapillary Sphincters
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Precapillary sphincters allow the arterioles
and metarterioles to serve as flow regulators
for the capillary beds.
Lymphatic capillaries drain away excess
extracellular fluid, returning it to the blood
at the junctions of the internal jugular and
subclavian
. veins
 function Capillaries
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1.permit different levels of metabolic

exchange between blood and
surrounding tissues.
2.They are composed of a single layer
of endothelial cells with basement
membrane, connect the arterial
and venous sides of circulation,
Two or three cells, ocasionally only one,
line the circumference of capillary at any
level of section

3. The average diameter of capillaries

varies from 5 to10 µm and their
-
individual length is usually not more
than 50 µm. The total length
nearly 96,000 km (60,000 miles).
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Capillaries xind
and
4.The total diameter of the Glow glow
,
:* on
capillaries is approximately 800
times larger than that of the
aorta.
As

5.The velocity of blood in the

aorta averages 320 mm/s, but
in capillaries blood flows only
about 0.3 mm/s. Because of
their thin walls and slow blood
flow, capillaries are a favorable
place for the exchange of water,
solutes, and macromolecules
between blood and tissues
LO 2 Types of Capillaries @

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Continuous
Fenestrated
-
③

Discontinuous
LO 2 Variation in the structure of the capillary wall form the
basis of a classification of capillaries into three types:
1- Continuous( Type 1) Capillaries: Found in muscle , lung, the CNS and
skin. The cytoplasm of endothelial cell is thick and contains numerous
small vesicles (pinocytotic vesicles)which involved in the transport of fluid
across the capillary wall. The endothelial cells held together by simple
interdigitated junctions. In most regions there is a narrow gap between
opposed cell membranes which contains some electro-dense material, but
in certain regions, the opposed cell membranes fuse to form tight junctions.
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LO 2-Fenestrated (Type II) Capillaries : Found in the intestinal
2 mucosa, many endocrine glands, the renal glomeruli, and the
pancreas, the cytoplasm of endothelial cells is perforated by
pores closed by a thin diaphragm except in capillaries of renal
glomeruli.The endothelial cells are separated by gap junctions.

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LO 2 3- Sinusoidal capillaries are fenestrated capillaries that
have larger openings and have irregular tortous wall, the
basal lamina is incomplete . Primarily located in the bone
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marrow,
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lymph
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nodes and-
adrenal
- gland.
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and are
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present in
the
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liver and spleen where greater movement of cells and
materials is necessary.

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pericytes
1.Are cells of
&
mesenchymal origin with
long cytoplasmic
processes partly
surrounding the
endothelial layer at
various locations along
capillaries and
postcapillary venules.

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2.These cells' primary
have contractile function.
3. After tissue injuries,
pericytes proliferate and
differentiate to form new
blood vessels
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Microcirculation
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Types of microcirculation
formed by small blood
vessels ( arterioles,
capillaries, and venules.)
(1) The usual sequence of
arteriole –> metarteriole
–> capillary –> venule .
arts
(2) An arteriovenous
anastomosis. wit:
(3) An arterial portal system,
as is present in -0
the kidney
glomerulus.
(4) A venous portal system,
as is present in the0 liver.

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ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSES:
•These direct connection between arteries and veins
regulate blood flow by smooth muscle contraction.
•When they are open,more blood passes directly from
arteries to vein.
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•Complex anastomoses between arterioles and
venules, called glomera, occur mainly in the
finger pads,nail beds and ears. A
•Arteriovenus anastomoses permit efficient
managementtore
of blood distribution during stress
, heavy exertion and temperature changes.
•They also help to regulate blood pressure and other
physiologic process, such as erection and menstruation.
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PORTAL VESSELS:
•Portal vessels carry blood from one capillary (sinusoidal)bed to another
without first returning it to the heart.
•Example include:
- the hepatic portal vein between the intestine and the liver,
- the hypophyseal portal veins in the pituitary and the efferent artioles
of the renal cortex.
 veins
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Vasa vasorum
Walls of the larger
vessels, as the aorta,
contain in the tunica
adventitia a supply of
microvasculature to
bring O2 and .

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nutrients to local

,
cells too far from the
lumen to be
nourished by blood
there. These
arterioles (A),
capillaries and
venules (V)
constitute the vasa
vasorum (vessels of
vessels). desire / of despot
The vasa vasorum are more prevalent in the
walls of veins than arteries. Why?

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‫األوعية الدموية أكثر انتشاًرا في‬
‫ ملاذا ا؟‬.‫جدران األوردة من الشرايني‬

Veins have more cells that cannot be supplied with oxygen

and nutrients by diffusion because venous blood contains
less oxygen and nutrients than arterial blood.