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CHAPTER
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Score
IN FLOWERING PLANTS
TOPICWISE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.1 FLOWER - A FASCINATING ORGAN OF (a) If both A and R are true and R is correct explanation
of A.
ANGIOSPERMS
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
1. Flower is a explanation of A.
(a) Modified male plant only (c) If A is true, but R is false
(b) Modified female plant only
(d) If A is false, but R is true
(c) Modified reproductive shoot
(d) Vegetative shoot system
1.2 PRE-FERTILISATION: STRUCTURES
2. Identify P-V in the given figure and select the correct
option. AND EVENTS
5. Identify the correct statement from the following.
I. Pollen tube enters through synergid cells.
II. The synergids have special cellular thickenings at
the chalazal tip called filiform apparatus.
III. Synergids aid in guiding pollen tubes into the
synergid.
(a) I and II (b) Only I
(c) I and III (d) I, II and III
(a) P-Petal, Q-Sepal, R-Filament, S-Anther, T-Style,
U-Stigma, V-Ovary 6. Insect pollinated flowers are
(b) P-Petal, Q-Sepal, R-Anther, S-Filament, T-Stigma, (a) Nectar producing (b) Colourful
U-Style, V-Ovary (c) Fragrance producing (d) All of these
(c) P-Sepal, Q-Petal, R-Anther, S-Filament, T-Stigma, 7. Embryo sac is also known as
U-Style, V-Ovary
(a) Micro-gametophyte (b) Mega-gametophyte
(d) P-Ovary, Q-Petal, R-Anther, S-Filament, T-Stigma,
U-Style, V-Sepal (c) Microsporangium (d) Megasporangium

3. Match the following columns. 8. Which one of the following is resistant to enzyme action?
(a) Cork (b) Wood fibre
Column-I Column- II (c) Pollen exine (d) Leaf cuticle
(A) Calyx (1) Stamen 9. Pollination by insect is
(a) Entomophily (b) Chiropterophily
(B) Corolla (2) Petal
(c) Anemophily (d) Zoophily
(C) Androecium (3) Sepal
10. Microsporogenesis is
(D) Gynoecium (4) Carpel (a) Formation of microspores
A B C D (b) Formation of female gametes
(a) 3 2 1 4 (c) Formation of tapetum (d) All of the above
(b) 1 2 3 4 11. Filiform apparatus is a characteristic feature of
(c) 2 1 4 3 (a) Antipodals (b) Synergid
(d) 3 4 1 2
(c) Zygote (d) Suspensor
4. Statement 1: Flowers are the structures related to sexual
12. 60% of the angiosperms shed their pollens at the
reproduction in flowering plants.
Statement 2: Various embryological processes of plants (a) 2-celled stage (b) 3-celled stage
occur in a flower. (c) 4-celled stage (d) 1-celled stage
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13. Continued self-pollination results in 26. Stalk with which ovules are attached to the placenta is
(a) Inbreeding depression called
(b) Out breeding depression (a) Funicle (b) Raphe (c) Hilum (d) Chalaza
(c) Hybrid vigour 27. Emasculation is not required in
(d) Better result in offspring (a) Unisexual flower (b) Bisexual flower
14. Chances of pollination in air and water are increased by (c) Dioecious flower (d) Both (a) and (c)
increasing number of pollens. This statement is 28. Majority of pollen grains are shed at
(a) True (b) False (a) 1-celled stage (b) 2- celled stage
(c) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b) (c) 2,3- celled stage (d) 5- celled stage
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
29. If root of flowering plant has 24 chromosomes, then its
15. Find out the odd one. gamete has how many chromosomes?
(a) Micropyle (b) Embryo sac (a) 24 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) 8
(c) Nucellus (d) Pollen grain 30. Egg apparatus of angiosperms consist of
16. Pollens are be stored at which temperature (a) One synergid and two egg cells
(a) -196°C (b) 196°C (c) 10°C (d) 0°C (b) Two synergids and one egg cell
17. In nature, cleistogamous flowers are (c) One central cell, two synergids and three antipodal
(a) Self-pollinated (b) insect-pollinated cells
(c) Wind-pollinated (d) Bird-pollinated (d) One egg cell, two polar nuclei and three antipodal
cells
18. Wind pollinated flower have long well exposed stigma.
This statement is 31. At maturity, an angiosperm embryo sac is .......... nucleate
(a) True and .......... celled.
(b) False (a) 4 ,2 (b) 8, 7 (c) 4, 4 (d) 8, 4
(c) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b) 32. Water pollinated plant is
(d) Neither (a) nor (b) (a) Vallisneria (b) Hydrilla
19. Chalazal pole is present (c) Zostera (d) All of these
(a) Opposite to micropyle 33. Two nuclei with one cell are found in
(b) At the origin of integuments (a) Antipodal cell (b) Chalazal cell
(c) Opposite to nucellus (c) Central cell (d) Synergid cell
(d) Near the embryo sac 34. Meiotic cell division takes place during
20. Approximate diameter of pollen grain is (a) Gametogenesis (b) Embryogenesis
(a) 25-50 m (b) 50-75 m (c) Organogenesis (d) Parthenogenesis
(c) 75-100 m (d) 25-35 m 35. Identify the type of flower A and B
21. Microsporangia develops into
(a) Pollens (b) Microgametes
(c) Megagametes (d) Pollen sacs
22. Polar nuclei are located in
(a) Embryo sac (b) Thalamus
(c) Pollen tube (d) Ovule
23. Which of the following event characterise the process of
pollination?
(a) Maturation of ova
(b) Maturing of anther (a) A-Cleistogamous; B-Chasmogamous
(c) Transfer of pollen to stigma (b) A-Homogamous; B-Heterogamous
(d) Formation of pollen (c) A-Chasmogamous; B-Cleistogamous
24. Type of pollination in Commelina is (d) A-Heterogamous; B-Homogamous
(a) Autogamy (b) Geitonogamy 36. Characteristics of wind pollinated pollens is, they are
(c) Xenogamy (d) None of the above (a) Non-sticky (b) Light
25. Identify A and B in diagram given below: (c) Exposed stamens (d) All of these
37. Pollens have two prominent walls which are … A … and …
B …. Here A and B refers to?
(a) A-Intine B-Protein coat
(b) A-Exine B-Intine
(c) A-Sporopollenin B-Intine
(d) A-Sporopollenin B-Exine
38. A typical angiosperm anther is
(a) A-Stamen; B-Pistil (b) A-Filament; B-Anther (a) Bilobed (b) Dithecous
(c) A-Anther; B-Filament (d) A-Pistil, B-Stamen (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Monothecous
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39. Intine is made up of (a) Epidermis, middle layer, endothecium
(a) Cellulose (b) Pectin (b) Epidermis, mesocarp, endocarp
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Protein (c) Epidermis, endothecium, middle layer
40. Synergid’s filiform apparatus (d) Epidermis, endocarp, mesocarp
(a) Guide the pollen tube 50. Identify the type of ovary in diagram.
(b) Guide the style for development
(c) Present near the micropylar end
(d) Both (a) and (c)
41. In chasmogamy, pollination takes place in
(a) Open flower (b) Closed flower
(a) Multicarpellary apocarpous
(c) Large flower (d) Geitonogamy flower
(b) Multicarpellary syncarpous
42. ‘Cells in the micropylar region are called antipodal cell’.
(c) Multicarpellary pistillate
(a) True (b) False
(d) Monocarpellary apocarpous
(c) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b)
51. In the given diagram of pistil in which part fertilization
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
takes place
43. In which of the following plants both autogamy and
geitonogamy is prevented?
(a) Papaya (b) Maize
(c) Castor (d) Both (b) and (c)
44. Which one of the following is not a correct explanation of
cross-pollination?
(a) The pollen grains are transferred from one flower to
another flower situated on the same plant
(b) The pollen grains are transferred from one flower to
another flower, of another plant the same species
(c) The pollen grains of male flower are transferred to (a) D (b) C (c) B (d) A
the stigma of the female flower 52. Identify A to E in the following diagram.
(d) The pollen grains of the flower are transferred to
the stigma of the same flower
45. Unisexuality of flowers prevents
(a) Autogamy, but not geitonogamy
(b) Geitonogamy and xenogamy
(c) Geitonogamy, but not xenogamy
(a) A -Epidermis, B - Endodermis, C - Connective
(d) Autogamy and Geitonogamy
tissues, D - Sporogenous tissue, E - Middle layer,
46. Pollens outer layer is called …A… . This is made up of …B… . F - Tapetum
This is absent on the …C… . Fill in the blanks A, B and C (b) A - Endodermis, B - Connective tissues,
(a) A-Intine, B-organic compound, C-micropyle C - Epidermis, D - Tapetum, E- Sporogenous
(b) A-exine, B-sporopollenin, C-germ pore tissue, F- Middle layer
(c) A-exine, B-intine, C-micropyle (c) A - Tapetum, B - Middle layer, C - Sporogenous
(d) A-micropyle, B-intine, C-exine tissue, D - Connective tissues, E - Endodermis,
47. An interesting modification of flower shape for insect F - Epidermis
pollination occurs in some orchids in which a male (d) A - Connective tissues, B - Epidermis,
insect mistakes the pattern on the orchid flower for the C - Endothecium, D - Sporogenous tissue,
female of his species and tries to copulate with it, E - Tapetum, F- Middle layer
thereby pollinating the flower. This phenomenon is 53. Xenogamy or cross-pollination is performed by
called I. Abiotic agencies
(a) Pseudo parthenocarpy (b) Mimicry II. Biotic agencies
(c) Pseudo pollination (d) Pseudocopulation III. Insects only
48. Self-incompatibility is a device for Select the correct option for the given question
I. Ensuring cross-pollination (a) I and III (b) II and III (c) Only III (d) I and II
II. Preventing self-pollination 54. Which one of the following statements is not true?
III. Ensuring self-fertilisation (a) Pollen grains are released from anthers at 2-celled
IV. Preventing inbreeding state
Choose the correct statements from those given above (b) Sporogenous cell directly behaves as the
(a) I, II and III (b) I, II and IV megaspore mother cell
(c) I, III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV (c) Megaspore divides twice to form an eight nucleate
49. First three layers of microsporangium which does the embryo sac
function of protection are (d) Egg and synergids always lie near the micropylar
end of ovule
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55. This diagram given below depicts (b) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is True; Statement
2 is not correct explanation for Statement 1
(c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False
(d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True
64. Statement 1: Pollen grain of angiosperm is considered
as a male gametophyte.
Statement 2: Pollen grain contains stigma, style and
ovary.
(a) Wind pollinated plant (a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement
(b) Well exposed stamen 2 is correct explanation for Statement 1
(c) Compact inflorescence (b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement
(d) All of these 2 is not correct explanation for Statement 1
(c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False
56. Mature male gametophyte is derived from a ‘pollen
mother cell’ by (d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True
(a) Three meiotic divisions 65. Identify the labelling of given diagrams.
(b) One meiotic, two mitotic division
(c) Single mitotic division
(d) Two mitotic divisions
57. Long silky hairs on cob of maize are
(a) Anthers (b) Style
(c) Stigma (d) Both (b) and (c)
58. The movement of pollen tube is called
(a) Chemotropism (b) Thermotaxis
(c) Thermonastic (d) Hydrotropism (a) A-MMC, B-Megaspore dyad, C-Nucellus, D-Nucleus
59. Filiform apparatus is (b) A- Nucellus, B- Megaspore dyad, C- Nucellus,
(a) Special cellular thickening at antipodal cell D-MMC
(b) Special cellular thickening at micropylar end (c) A- Nucellus, B-MMC, C- Nucellus, D- Megaspore
(c) Special cellular thickening at chalazal end dyad
(d) Special cellular thickening at nuclear end (d) A-MMC, B- Nucellus, C- Megaspore dyad, D-
60. If there are four cells in an anther, what will be the Nucleus
number of pollen grains? 66. Which of the following statements about sporopollenin
(a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 16 is false?
61. Identify the type of pistil and the plant in which it is (a) Exine is made up of sporopollenin
found. (b) Sporopollenin is one of the resistant organic
materials
(c) Exine has apertures called germ pores where
sporopollenin is present
(d) Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures
and strong acids
67. Diagram showing entry of pollen tube to the embryo
sac. Identify A to G in the diagram

(a) Monocarpellary syncarpous; Commelina

(b) Monocarpellary apocarpous; Oxalis
(c) Multicarpellary syncarpous; Papaver
(d) Multicarpellary apocarpous; Michelia.
62. Function of micropyle is (a) A-Synergid, B-Filiform apparatus, C-Male gamete,
(a) Helps in germination D-Plasma membrane, E-Central cell, F-Egg
nucleus, G-Vegetative nucleus
(b) Entry of pollen tube
(b) A- Filiform apparatus, B- Central cell, C- Egg
(c) Both (a) and (b)
nucleus, D- Vegetative nucleus, E- Male gamete,
(d) Helps in endosperm formation
F- Synergid, G- Plasma membrane
63. Statement 1: Megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis (c) A- Plasma membrane, B- Synergid , C- Filiform
to produce four megaspores. apparatus, D- Male gamete, E- Vegetative
Statement 2: Megaspore mother cell and megaspore nucleus, F- Central cell, G-Egg nucleus
both are haploid.
(d) A- Central cell, B- Egg nucleus, C- Vegetative
(a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is True; Statement nucleus, D- Male gamete, E- Synergid, F-Plasma
2 is correct explanation for Statement 1 membrane
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68. Which of the following indicates correct names of A, B, C (c) It brings about opening of the pollen tube.
and D regions of the given diagram? (d) None of the above.
72. Study the following statements and choose the correct
option.
I. Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen grains.
II. Hilum represents the junction between ovule and
funicle.
III. In aquatic plants such as water hyacinth and water
lily, pollination is by water.
(a) A– Male gamete, B – Antipodals, C – Egg cell, D –
Pollen tube IV. The primary endosperm nucleus is triploid.
(b) A –synergids, B – Secondary nucleus, C – Egg (a) I and II are correct but III and IV are incorrect
apparatus, D – Integuments (b) I, II and IV are correct but III is incorrect
(c) A – Antipodals, B – Male gametes, C – Zygote, D – (c) II, III and IV are correct but I is incorrect
Micropyle (d) I and IV are correct but II and III are incorrect
(d) A – Secondary nucleus, B – Synergids, C – Egg cell, 73. Study the following table and choose the correct
D – Integuments option.
69. Identify the structures marked A to F in the given
diagram. Column-I Column- II

(A) Funiculus (1) Hilum

(B) Scar of ovule (2) Tegmen

(C) Zygote (3) Testa

(D) Inner integument (4) Stalk of seed

(5) Embryo
(a) A-Asymmetric nucleus, B-Nucleus, C-Generative A B C D
cell, D-Vegetative cell, E-Pollen, F-Pollen tetrad (a) 4 1 5 2
(b) A- Pollen tetrad, B- Pollen, C-Generative cell, (b) 3 4 1 5
D-Vegetative cell, E-Asymmetric spindle, F-Nucleus (c) 5 1 2 4
(c) A-Pollen tetrad, B-Vacuole, C-Nucleus, (d) 4 5 3 2
D-Asymmetric spindle, E-Vegetative cell,
F-Generative cell
1.3 DOUBLE FERTILISATION
(d) A-Vacuole, B-Nucleus, C-Pollen tetrad,
D-Vegetative cell, E-Asymmetric spindle, F- 74. The endosperm in angiosperm develops from
Generative cell (a) Zygote
70. Identify A to D in the following diagram. (b) Secondary nucleus
(c) Chalazal polar nucleus
(d) Micropylar polar nucleus
75. Double fertilization is fusion of
(a) Two eggs
(b) Two eggs and polar nuclei
(c) One male gamete with egg and other with synergid
(d) One male gamete with egg and other with
secondary nucleus
76. Fertilization of egg takes place inside
(a) Anther (b) Stigma
(a) A-Filament, B-Pollen sac, C-Pollen grain, D-Line of (c) Pollen tube (d) Embryo sac
dehiscence 77. Sexual reproduction leads to
(b) A-Filament, B-Pollen sac, C-Line of dehiscence, (a) Genetic recombination
D-Pollen grain (b) Polyploidy
(c) A-Filament, B- Line of dehiscence, C- Pollen grains, (c) Aneuploidy
D-Pollen sac
(d) euploidy
(d) A-Filament, B- Line of dehiscence, C- Pollen sac,
D-Pollen grains 78. Which one of the following would not lead to formation
of clones?
71. What does the filiform apparatus do at the entrance into
ovule? (a) Double fertilization
(a) It helps in the entry of pollen tube into a synergid. (b) Apomixis
(b) It prevents entry of more than one pollen tube into (c) Vegetative reproduction
the embryo sac. (d) Tissue culture
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79. PEC (Primary Endosperm Cell) is formed (d) A - Zygote, B - Synergid, C - Primary endospermal
(a) After triple fusion cell, D - Primary endospermal nucleus, E -
(b) Before triple fusion Degenerating antipodal cell
(c) At the time of syngamy 87. In an angiosperm, male plant is diploid and female
(d) Always persisted plant is tetraploid then endosperm will be
80. Which of the following is incorrect in angiosperm? (a) Haploid (b) Triploid
(a) Pollen grain - Haploid (b) Megaspore - Diploid (c) Tetraploid (d) Pentaploid
(c) Synergid - Haploid (d) Endosperm - Triploid
1.4 POST-FERTILISATION: STRUCTURES
81. Which of the following is not true for double fertilization?
(a) Discovered by Nawaschin AND EVENTS
(b) Male gamete and secondary nucleus fused to form 88. Scutellum is
endosperm nucleus (a) Cotyledon in dicots
(c) endosperm nucleus is diploid (b) Cotyledon in gymnosperm
(d) endosperm nucleus nutrition to embryo (c) Monocot root
82. An angiospermic leaf carries 16 chromosomes. The (d) Cotyledon in grass family
number of chromosomes in its endosperm will be 89. Ovule integument gets transformed into
(a) 16 (b) 24 (c) 12 (d) 8 (a) Seed (b) Fruit wall
83. Identify A,B,C and D. (c) Seed coat (d) Cotyledons
Egg cell Male gametes Polar cell Male gametes 90. Aleurone layer is found in
(a) Dicotyledons (b) Monocotyledons
A (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
Process Process C
91. In which of the following seeds, endosperm is present in
3n D the liquid form?
2n B
(a) Maize (b) Castor
(a) A -Syngamy, B - Embryo, C - Triple fusion, D - (c) Castor (d) Coconut
Endosperm
92. Dicot embryo consists of
(b) A - Endosperm, B - Syngamy, C - Embryo, D - Triple
(a) Radicle and plumule
fusion
(b) Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and sometimes
(c) A - Endosperm, B - Triple fusion, C - Syngamy, D -
endosperm
Embryo
(c) Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and tegmen
(d) A - Endosperm, B - Triple fusion, C - Embryo, D -
Syngamy (d) Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and tegmen and
testa
84. Syngamy and triple fusion is called …A… . The central cell
becomes …B… develops into …C… and zygote develops 93. Parthenogenesis is a type of
into …D…A, B, C, D in the above statement are (a) Sexual reproduction (b) Asexual reproduction
(a) A - Fusion, B - haploid, C - diploid cell, D - embryo (c) budding (d) Regeneration
(b) A - double fertilization, B - PEN, C - endosperm, D - 94. Coleorhiza is present at the
embryo (a) Lower end of embryonal axis in monocot
(c) A - embryo, B - endosperm, C - PEN, D - diploid cell (b) Lower end of embryonal axis in dicots
(d) A - PEN, B - endosperm, C - syngamy, D - fertilisation (c) Lower end of embryonal axis in potato family
85. There are total __________ nuclei involved in double (d) Upper end of embryonal axis in monocot
fertilization in angiosperms. 95. Perisperm is found in
(a) two (b) three (c) four (d) five (a) Black pepper (b) apple
86. In the given embryo sac identify A to E. (c) Beet (d) Both (a) and (c)
96. Which is most crucial for seed storage?
(a) Dehydration and dormancy
(b) Endosperm and water
(c) Least amount of development
(d) Endosperm in large quantity
97. Perisperm is
(a) Remnants of nucellus
(b) Remnants of embryo
(c) Remnants of endosperm
(a) A - Degeneration antipodal cell, B - Primary (d) None of these
endosperm nucleus, C - Primary endosperm cell, D
98. Thalamus contributes in the fruit formation in
- Synergid cell, E - Zygote
(a) Apple (b) Strawberry
(b) A - Synergid cell, B - Antipodal cell, C - Zygote, D -
(c) Cashew (d) All of these
Endosperm cell, E - Chalazal cell
(c) A - Degenerating Synergids, B - Zygote, C - Primary 99. Endospermic seeds are seen in
endosperm cell, D - Primary endosperm nucleus, E (a) Castor (b) maize
- Degenerating antipodal cell (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
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100. Non-endospermic seeds are seen in (b) A- Radicle, B- Root cap, C- Plumule, D- Hypocotyl,
(a) Groundnut (b) Pea E- Cotyledons
(c) Beans (d) All of these (c) A- Hypocotyl, B- Cotyledons, C- Plumule, D-
101. Identify A to E in the following diagram Radicle, E- Root cap
(d) A- Plumule, B- Cotyledons, C- Hypocotyl, D-
Radicle, E- Root cap
108. If stem has [2n = 10] number of chromosomes, then find
out the following:
A – number of chromosomes in endosperm
B – number of chromosomes in egg cell
C – number of chromosomes in polar nuclei
(a) 15, 15, 20 (b) 10, 15, 20 (c) 15, 5, 10 (d) 10, 5, 15

(a) A-Style, B-Stigma, C-Ovules, D-Thalamus, E-Ovary

(b) A- Ovary, B- Thalamus, C- Ovules, D- Style, E-
1.5 APOMIXIS AND POLYEMBRYONY
Stigma 109. Identify the way in which apomictic seeds develop.
(c) A- Thalamus, B- Style, C- Stigma, D- Ovary, E- (a) Formation of diploid egg cell without reduction
Ovules
division and their development into embryo
(d) A- Stigma, B- Style, C- Ovules, D- Ovary, E-
Thalamus (b) Formation of haploid cell without reduction division
and their development into embryo
102. For a gene if AA = male plant, BB = female plant. Find out
the genotype of endosperm and embryo (c) Division of nucellar cells surrounding the embryo
(a) AAB, BBA (b) AAB, AB (c) ABB, AB (d) BBA, AAB sac and their development into embryos
(d) Both (a) and (c)
103. Non-albuminous seed
(a) Has no reserve food 110. Nucellar polyembryony is reported in species of
(b) Also called ex-albuminous (a) Gossypium (b) Triticum
(c) Has thin cotyledons (c) Brassica (d) Citrus
(d) All of these
111. Apomixis is the development of
104. The cylindrical portion below the cotyledons is …A… that
(a) Seeds with fertilization
terminates to …B… and tip called …C… A, B and C here
refers to (b) Seeds without fertilization
(a) A-radicle, B-hypocotyl, C-root cap (c) Seed from vegetative cells
(b) A- root cap, B- radicle, C- hypocotyl (d) Seeds from reproductive cells
(c) A- hypocotyl, B-root cap, C-radicle 112. The process in which haploid embryo is formed from
(d) A- hypocotyl, B-radicle , C-root cap haploid egg without fertilization is called
105. Seed germination requires (a) Apospory
I. Light II. Suitable temperature (b) Apomixis
III. Moisture IV. Oxygen
(c) Apogamy
Select correct option
(d) Vegetative reproduction
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
(c) I, III and IV (d) II, IV and I 113. Ovules contain many embryos in
106. Statement 1: Some fruits are seedless or contain non- (a) Citrus (b) Orange
viable seeds. (c) Both a and b (d) None of these
Statement 2: They are produced without fertilisation. 114. Apomixis is seen in
(a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement
(a) Asteraceae (b) Grasses
2 is correct explanation for Statement 1
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement
2 is not correct explanation for Statement 1 115. Statement 1: Some species of Asteraceae and grasses
(c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False have evolved a special mechanism to produce seeds
(d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True without fertilisation called apomixis.
107. Identify the A to E in following diagram. Statement 2: Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction
that mimics sexual reproduction.
(a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement
2 is correct explanation for Statement 1
(b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement
2 is not correct explanation for Statement 1
(c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False
(d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is also false
(a) A-Cotyledons, B-Hypocotyl, C-Plumule, D-Root
cap, E-Radicle
 350 Biology Sexual Reproduction
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t.meanandmanio0I
EXAM DRILL Class't

1. A typical flower has ______ different kinds of whorl. 10. Ovules are attached to a parenchymatous cushion
(a) two (b) three (c) four (d) five called
2. Anther is typically (a) nucellus nutrition (b) obturator
Bilobed ditherous
(a) tetrasporangiate (b) bisporangiate (c) conducting tissue (d) placenta
(c) trisporangiate (d) monosporangiate 11. The point at which funiculus touches the ovule is
3. The functions of tapetum is to (a) chalaza (b) hilum m
(a) produce polar bodies. binucleate (c) raphe (d) endothelium
(b) produce pollen grains. 12. Egg apparatus consists of
(c) provide nourishment to the developing pollen (a) egg cell and antipodal cells.
grains. (b) egg cell and central cell.
(d) store and protect pollen grains. (c) egg cell and two synergids. Micropylar end
4. Microsporogenesis occurs (d) egg cell and one synergid.
PMC Microspore
(a) on margins of leaves. 13. The most common type of ovule is .................
(b) inside the ovule. (a) orthotropous (b) hemitropous
(c) inside the anther. (c) anatropous (d) campylotropous

f
(d) in essential floral organs. 14. Filiform apparatus is found in
5. Exine of pollen grain is formed of intinct (a) synergids (b) anther wall
(a) callose (b) pecto-cellulose (c) secondary nucleus (d) egg cell
(c) ligno-cellulose (d) sporopollenin 15. In a seed of maize, scutellum is considered as cotyledon
6. What is the main function of filiform apparatus present because it
GoodQuestion
at the micropylar part of the ovule? (a) protects the embryo.
(a) It prevents the entry of more than one pollen tube (b) contains food for the embryo. Endosperm
into the embryo sac. (c) absorbs food materials and supplies them to the
(b) It helps in the entry of pollen tube into an antipodal embryo.
cotyledon
cell. (d) converts itself into a monocot leaf.
(c) It helps the pollen tube to enter the ovule through 16. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
chalazal end. of another flower of the same plant is called
(d) It guides the entry of pollen tube into a synergid cel (a) geitonogamy (b) xenogamy
7. Identified A, B, C and D in the given figure of false fruit of (c) autogamy (d) cleistogamy
apple.
falsefruit 17. Cleistogamous flowers are
detopent
MIseed thalamus (a) wind pollinated (b) self-pollinated
(c) cross-pollinated (d) insect pollinated
18. Both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers are
present in
oxalis Viola CommelinaS
(a) Helianthus (b) Commelina
(c) Rosa (d) Gossypium
Endocarp
Mesocarp 19. If a diploid female plant and a tetraploid male plant are
(a) A – Mesocarp; B – Endocarp; C – Seed; D – crossed, the ploidy of endosperm shall be
Thalamus (a) tetraploid (b) triploid
(b) A – Seed; B – Thalamus; C – Mesocarp; D –Endocarp (c) diploid (d) pentaploid
(c) A – Thalamus; B – Seed; C – Endocarp; D – 20. Vegetative fertilization involves fusion of
Mesocarp (a) two polar nuclei EndospermicDevelopment
(d) A – Mesocarp; B – Endocarp; C – Seed; D – (b) a male gamete and a synergid
Thalamus
(c) a male gamete and antipodal cell
8. Multinucleate condition is present in (d) nucleus of a male gamete and polar nuclei
(a) quiescent centre (b) maize
21. During double fertilization in plants, one sperm fuse with
(c) meristematic tissue
Freenuclearendosperm the egg cell and the other sperm fuses with
(d) liquid endosperm of coconut (a) synergids cell (b) polar nuclei
9. How many pollen grains will be formed after meiotic (c) antipodal cell (d) nucellar cell
division in ten microspore mother cells?
22. Endosperm is generally
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 40 (d) 80
(a) diploid (b) triploid (c) haploid (d) polyploid

afgote
1 4
PMC Microspore
 female gamete n

Femaleplant 2n
Tetraploid male plant 4h

Male gamete 2n
rmendorm
 Sexual
Cell CycleReproduction in Flowering Plants
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351
23. For artificial hybridization experiment in bisexual flower,
which of the following sequences is correct?
(a) Bagging Emasculation Cross-pollination É p.ru
Rebagging
(b) Emasculation Bagging Cross-pollination Gencell
Rebagging (a) A - Germ pore, B - Generative cell, C - Intine, D -
(c) Cross-pollination Bagging Emasculation Exine, E - Vegetative cell
Rebagging (b) A - Germ pore, B - Generative cell, C - Exine, D -
(d) Self-pollination Bagging Emasculation Intine, E - Vegetative cell
Rebagging (c) A - Intine, B - Exine, C - Germ pore, D - Generative
24. Scutellum is present in the embryo of Monocot cell, E - Vegetative cell
(a) pea (b) Ranunculus (d) A - Exine, B - intine, C - Vegetative cell, D - Germ
dit pore, E - Generative cell
(c) Triticum (d) None of these
25. Choose the correct option 33. Which of the following statement is incorrect about
nucellus emasculation?
(a) Perisperm is a degenerate part of synergids.
Anther
(a) During emasculation process, stigma is removed.
(b) Liquid nucellus is a the milky water of green
(b) Emasculated flowers are bagged in order to
coconut. Free nuclearendosperm prevent contamination with unwanted pollen.
(c) Perisperm is a degenerate part of secondary
(c) Emasculation is the removal of stamens before the
nucleus.
maturation of selected bisexual flowers.
(d) Perisperm represents the remnant of nucellus.
(d) It is one of the steps for artificial hybridization.
26. False fruits (thalamus also contributes to fruit formation)
34. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
are found in
(a) When pollen is shed at two-celled stage, double
(a) apple and pear (b) strawberry
fertilization does not take place.
(c) cashew (d) All of these
(b) Vegetative cell is larger than generative cell.
27. Seeds are adaptively important because (c) Pollen grains in some plants remain viable for
(a) they maintain dormancy. months.
(b) they protect young plants during vulnerable (d) Intine is made up of cellulose and pectin.
stages.
35. Which of the following statement about sporopollenin is
(c) they store food for young plants and facilitate incorrect?
dispersal. (a) Exine is made up of sporopollenin.
(d) All of the above (b) Sporopollenin is one of the resistant organic
28. The seed in which endosperm is used by embryo is materials.
called __________ seed. (c) Exine has apertures called germ pores where
(a) single (b) albuminous sporopollenin is present. Absent
(c) endospermic (d) non-endospermic (d) Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures
29. Apomixis is the Production and strong acids.
ofsudw.hntfummiition
(a) development of plants in darkness. 36. Which one of the following events takes place after
(b) development of plants without fusion of gametes. double fertilization?
(c) inability to perceive stimulus for flowering. (a) The pollen grain germinates on the stigma.
(d) effect of low temperature on plant growth. (b) The pollen tubes enter the embryo sac.
(c) Two male gametes are discharged into the embryo
30. Choose the correct statement.
sac.
(a) When the pollen grain is mature it contains two
(d) The PEN (Primary Endosperm Nucleus) develops
cells I cell
(b)
Ivigcell gen
The generative cell is bigger.
into endosperm.
37. Which one of the following statement is correct?
(c) The generative cell has abundant food reserve.
(a) Sporogenous tissue is haploid. diploid
(d) The vegetative cell is small.
31. Which of the following statement is correct for the pollen
(b) Endothecium produces the microspores. pm
(c) Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen.
tube?
(d) Hard outer layer of pollen is called intine.Exine
(a) It shows chemotactic movement.
chemisfftiated 38. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(b) It shows only tip growth.
(a) Geitonogamy involves the pollen and stigma of
(c) It is composed of three non-cellular zones.
flowers of different plants.
(d) It shows radial cytoplasmic streaming. sameplant Diffflowers
(b) Cleistogamous flowers are always autogamous.
32. In the given figure of pollen grain tetrad, identify the (c) Xenogamy occurs only by wind pollination.
parts marked as A, B, C, D and E. (d) Chasmogamous flowers do not open at all.
open
 352 Biology Sexual Reproduction
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39. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about 44. The given figure shows a diagrammatic view of a typical
self-incompatibility? anatropous ovule, in which some parts are typical
(i) It is a device to prevent inbreeding. anatropous ovule, in which some parts are marked as A,
B, C, & D. Identify the correct labelling of A, B, C & D from
(ii) It provides a biochemical block to self-fertilization.

iffy
the options given below.
(iii) It ensures cross-fertilization.

If
(iv) It is governed by pollen-pistil interaction.
minopyle
(v) It is governed by series of multiple alleles.
(vi) It prevents self-pollen (from the same flower of
other flowers of the same plant) from fertilizing the
ovules by inhibiting pollen germination of pollen imipsac
tube growth in the pistil.
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (i), (iv) and (v) Chalazal end
(c) All of the above (d) None of the above (a) A – Chalazal pole; B – Micropyle; C – Embryo sac;
40. Identify the correct statement w.r.t the given image D –Nucellus
(b) A – Micropyle; B – Chalazal pole; C – Embryo sac;
Endothelin D – Nucellus
(c) A – Micropyle; B – Chalazal pole; C – Nucellus;
Efiddle
layer D – Embryo sac
(d) A – Micropyle; B – Nucellus; C – Embryo sac;
tapetum D – Chalazal pole
(a) The part labelled as B provides nutrition to the 45. Assertion : Insects visit flower to gather honey.nectar
embryo. Reason : Attraction of flowers prevents the insects from
(b) The part labelled as A is epidermis. damaging other parts of the plant.
(c) The part labelled as E is endothecium. (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the
Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(d) All of the above
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but the
41. Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect? Reason is not the correct explanation of the
(i) Endosperm formation starts prior to first division of Assertion.
Sayf zygote.
(ii) Angiospermic endosperm is mostly 3n while
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
gymnospermic one is n. 46. Match the biotic agent of cross pollination given in
(iii) The most common type of endosperm is nuclear. column-I with their feature given in column-II and select
(iv) Coconut has both liquid nuclear (multinucleate) the correct answer using the codes given below.
and cellular endosperm.
(v) Milky water of green tender coconut is liquid female Column-I Column-II
gametophyte. freenuclearendosperm A. Zoophily I. Pollination by birds
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) Only (iii)
B. Ornithophily II. Pollination by insects
(c) Only (v) (d) Only (ii)
42. Which of the following statements are correct for a C Entomophily III Pollination by bats
typical female gametophyte of a flowering plant? D. Chiropterophily IV. Pollination by animals
(i) It is 8-nucleate and 7-celled at maturity.
(a) A – III; B – II; C – I; D – IV

EE
(ii) It is free-nuclear during the development.
(b) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
(iii) It is situated inside the integument but outside the
(c) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
nucellus.
(d) A – IV; B – II; C – I; D – III
(iv) It has an egg apparatus situated at the chalazal
end. 47. Match the parts of gynoecium given in column I with
Micropylar
their definition given in column II. Choose the correct
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
combination from the options given below.
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
43. Assertion: If a pollen mother cell has 42 chromosomes, Column-I Column-II
the pollen has only 21 chromosomes.
A. Funicle I. Mass of cells within ovule with
Reason: Pollens are formed after meiosis in pollen more food
mother cell. 7
B. Hilum II.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the 7 Basal part of ovule
Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion. C. Integument III. One or Two protective layers
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but the of ovule
Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion. D. Chalaza IV. Region where body of ovule
fuses with funicle
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false. E. Nucellus V. Stalk of ovule
 Sexual
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and Cell Division Biology 353
353
(a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV; E – V (a) A – II; B – III; C – V; D – I; E – IV
(b) A – V; B – IV; C – III; D – II; E – I (b) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV; E – V
(c) A – IV; B – II; C – I; D – III; E – V (c) A – II; B – III; C – I; D – IV; E – V
(d) A – I; B – III; C – V; D – II; E – IV (d) A – II; B – IV; C – V; D – I; E – III
48. Match the items given in column-I with their examples 51. Assertion (A): Endosperm is a nutritive tissue and it is
given in column-II and choose the correct option given triploid.
below.
PolarNuchi
Reason (R): Endosperm is formed by fusion of secondary
nucleus to second male gamete. It is used by developing
Column-I Column-II embryo.
(Items) (Examples) (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the
Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
A. Ovary I.a Groundnut, mustard
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but the
B. Ovule II. Guava, orange, mango Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
C. Wall of ovary III. Pericarp (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
D. Fleshy fruits IV. Seed (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

E. Dry fruits V. Fruit 52. Which of the following is a mismatched pair?

(a) Microsporangium - Pollen sac
(a)
(b)
A – V; B – IV; C – III; D – II; E – I
A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV; E – V
(b) Megasporangium – Ovule DO
(c) Microsporophyll – Stamen
(c) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV; E – V (d) Megasporophyll – Filament Carpel
(d) A – V; B – IV; C – I; D – II; E – III 53. Which of the following is a mismatched pair?
49. The given figure shows the L.S. of a monocot embryo. (a) Storage of pollen grains – – 196°C
Choose the correct labelling for A, B, C and D marked in (b) Pollen allergy – Carrot grass
the figure from the options given below. (c) Chasmogamous flowers – Exposed anthers and
scutellum stigmas w
(d) Xenogamy – Self-pollination
coleoptile 54. Identify the correct statement regarding the given
image.

Epiblast Anther

Coleorrhica
(a) A – Coleoptile; B – Scutellum; C – Epiblast;
D – Coleorhiza
(b) A – Scutellum; B – Coleoptile; C – Coleorhiza;
D – Epiblast filament
(c) A – Scutellum; B – Epiblast; C – Coleoptile;
D – Coleorhiza
(d) A – Scutellum; B – Coleoptile; C – Epiblast; (a) The microsporangia develop further and become
D – Coleorhiza the part labelled as C.
(b) The part labelled as A is a trilobed structure.
Filament
50. Match the items given in column-I with those given in
(c) The part labelled as B is the pistil.
column-II and chose the correct option given below.
(d) All of the above
Column-I Column-II 55. Identify A, B, C, D and E structures marked in the given
A. Tapetum I. Irregular shaped nucleus figure of a mature embryo sac.
with abundant food
7 reserve Antipodal

B. Exine II.V Acts as nutritive layer

C. Pollen kit III. Thick, rigid protective

u
D. Vegetative cell IV.
layer

Involve in the formation of

in
7 microspores Synirgid
E. Sporogenous V. Oily and sticky layer, FilliformApp
helping in pollination.
 354 Biology Sexual Reproduction
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A B C D E 59. Assertion : Chasmogamous flowers require pollinating

agents.
(a) Antipodal Central Polar Synergids Acrosome
nuclei
Reason : Cleistogamous flowers do not expose their sex
cells cell
organs.
(b) Antipodal Central Polar Synergids Filiform
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the
cells cell nuclei apparatus
Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Synergids Central Polar Antipodal Filiform (b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but the
cell nuclei cells apparatus
Reason is not the correct explanation of the
(d) Synergids Mega- Polar Synergids Filiform Assertion.
spore nuclei apparatus (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
mother (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
cell
60. The largest cell in an embryo sac is
56. Diagram given below shows the stages in embryogenesis
(a) egg (b) central cell
in a typical dicot plant (Capsella). Identify the structures
A to D respectively (c) synergid (d) antipodal cell
Suspensor 61. Which one of the following is not related to other three?
Revise (a) Archegonium (b) Oogonium
Radihyndon
(c) Ovule (d) Antheridium
male
plumule 62. In a fertilized ovule, n, 2n and 3n conditions occur
respectively in
(a) Suspensor, Radicle, Plumule, Cotyledons
(a) antipodal, egg and endosperm.
(b) Hypophysis, Radicle, Plumule, Cotyledons
Embryo
Sac
(b) egg, zygote and endosperm.
(c) Suspensor, Plumule, Radicle, Cotyledons
(d) Suspensor, Radicle, Plumule, Hypocotyls (c) endosperm, nucellus and egg.

57. The given figure represents the L.S of a flower showing (d) antipodals, synergids and integuments.
growth of pollen tube. Few structures are marked as A, B, 63. Match the items given in column-I with those given in
C, D & E. Identify A, B, C, D and E respectively. column-II and choose the correct option given below.
Stigma Column-I Column-II
style A. Parthenocarpy I. Inactive state
7
chalan
8191 B. Polyembryony II. Meiosis and syngamy
are absent

C. Apomixis III. Occurrence of more

(a) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Stigma, Style, Chalaza than one embryo
(b) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Style, Stigma, Chalaza
D. Dormancy IV. Seedless fruit
(c) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Stigma, Chalaza, Style
x
(d) Antipodal cells, Polar nuclei, Chalaza, Stigma, Style (a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
58. The given diagram shows two plants of the same (b) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
species. Identify the type of pollination indicated as P1, P2
(c) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
and P3.
(d) A – III; B – II; C – I; D – IV
2
64. Seed coat is not thin, membranous in
(a) coconut (b) groundnut
A
(c) gram (d) maize
65. Which of the following floral parts forms pericarp after
g fertilization?
(a) Nucellus (b) Outer integument

P1 P2 P3 (c) Ovary wall (d) Inner integument

66. Product of sexual reproduction generally generates
(a) Allogamy Chasmogamy Cleistogamy
(a) prolonged dormancy.
(b) Autogamy Xenogamy Geitonogamy
(b) new genetic combination leading to variation.
(c) Autogamy Geitonogamy Xenogamy (c) large biomass.
(d) Geitonogamy Allogamy Autogamy (d) longer viability of seeds.
 Sexual
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355
67. Sequence of development during the formation of 75. An advantage of cleistogamy is that
embryo sac is (a) it leads to greater genetic diversity.
(a) Archesporium Megaspore Megaspore mother (b) seed dispersal is more efficient and wide spread.
cell Embryo sac. (c) each visit of pollinator brings hundreds of pollen
(b) Megasporocyte Archesporium Megaspore grains.
Embryo sac. (d) seed set is not dependent upon pollinators.
(c) Megaspore Megaspore mother cell 76. Match the items given in column-I with their examples
Archesporium Embryo sac. given in column-II and identify the correct option.
(d) Archesporium Megaspore mother cell
Megaspore Embryo sac. Column-I Column-II

68. Which of the following processes is necessary for the A. Coleorhiza I.

7 Banana
complete development of male gametophyte? 3alledstage
B. Food storing tissue II. Mango
(a) One meiotic cell division and two mitotic cell
divisions. C. Parthenocarpic fruit III. Maize
(b) One meiotic cell division and one mitotic cell D. Single seeded fruit developing IV. Radicle
division. from monocarpellary superior
(c) Two meiotic cell divisions and one mitotic cell ovary
division.
E. Membranous seed coat V. Endosperm
(d) Two mitotic cell divisions.
69. Megaspores are produced from the megaspore mother (a) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II; E – V
GoodQuestion
cells after (b) A – IV; B – II; C – V; D – I; E – III
(a) meiotic division. (c) A – V; B – I; C – III; D – IV; E – II
(b) mitotic division. (d) A – IV; B – V; C – I; D – II; E – III
(c) formation of a thick wall 77. Point out the odd one from the given options.
(d) differentiation. (a) Nucellus (b) Embryo sac
70. How many meiotic division are required for the formation (c) Micropyle (d) Pollen grain
of 100 functional megaspores? MonosporicDw 78. Which of the following is correct?
(a) 100 (b) 50 (c) 75 (d) 25 (a) Each cell of the sporogenous tissue is capable of
giving rise to a microspore tetrad.
71. The total number of nuclei involved in double fertilization
(b) Each one is a potential pollen or microspore mother
in angiosperms are
cell.
(a) two (b) three (c) four (d) five
(c) The process of formation of microspores from a
72. Unisexuality of flowers prevents pollen mother cell (PMC) through meiosis is called
(a) geitonogamy but not xenogamy. microsporogenesis.
(b) autogamy and geitonogamy. (d) All of the above
(c) autogamy but not geitonogamy. 79. Identify the correct statement.
(d) both geitonogamy and xenogamy. (a) The microspores, as they are formed, are arranged
in a cluster of four cells–the microspore tetrad.
73. Albuminous seeds store their reserve food mainly in
(b) As the anthers mature and dehydrate, the
(a) perisperm (b) endosperm
microspores dissociate from each other and
(c) cotyledons (d) hypocotyl develop into pollen grains.
74. Pollination occurs in (c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) bryophytes and angiosperms. (d) None of the above
(b) pteridophytes and angiosperms. 80. Total number of meiotic divisions required for forming
(c) angiosperms and gymnosperms. 100 zygotes/100 grains of wheat is
(d) angiosperms and fungi. (a) 100 (b) 75 (c) 125 (d) 50

Scan the QR Fundabox

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detailed
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solution
ANSWER KEY 100pollen
25Meiotic
embryoSac
100
100Meiotic

TOPICWISE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b)
 356 Biology Sexual Reproduction
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31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (c) 64. (c) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (d)
71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (d) 76. (d) 77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (b)
81. (c) 82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (b) 85. (d) 86. (c) 87. (d) 88. (d) 89. (c) 90. (b)
91. (d) 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (a) 97. (a) 98. (d) 99. (c) 100. (d)
101. (d) 102. (c) 103. (d) 104. (d) 105. (b) 106. (a) 107. (d) 108. (c) 109. (d) 110. (d)
111. (b) 112. (b) 113. (c) 114. (c) 115. (b)

EXAM DRILL
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (b)
61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (a)
71. (d) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (d) 79. (c) 80. (c)

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HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
TOPICWISE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. (c) : Flower is a modified shoot as it develops in the axils
of bracts like axillary shoots.
2. (c) : In the given structure of flower, the parts labelled
as P, Q, R, S, T, U and V are sepal, petal, anther, filament,
stigma, style and ovary respectively.
3. (a) : Androecium: Male reproductive part of the flower is
called androecium. Its individual part is called stamen.
Stamen is further divided into anther and filament.
Gynoecium: It is the female reproductive part, also
called pistil. The individual gynoecium is called carpel,
which is further divided into (i) stigma, (ii) style and (iii)
ovary. Corolla is a whorl of petals. Calyx is a whorl of
sepals.
4. (a) : The structures related to sexual reproduction
in flowering plants are flowers. This is because
embryological processes during sexual reproduction
occur in ovary, which is a part of a flower.
5. (c) : The synergids have special cellular thickenings at
the micropylar tip called filiform apparatus, which play
an important role in guiding the pollen tubes into the
synergid.
6. (d) : Majority of insect pollinated flower are large,
colourful, fragrant and rich in nectar in order to attract
the insects for pollination.
7. (b) : The mega-gametophyte or female gametophyte
also called embryo sac, is mostly a 7-celled structure.
8. (c) : Pollen grain has a prominent two-layered wall.
The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of
sporopollenin which is one of the most resistant organic
materials known.
9. (a) : Pollination is a process of transfer of pollen grains
from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or
of different flower. Pollination by insect is termed as
entomophily.
10. (a) : The process of formation of microspore from
pollen mother cell is called microsporogenesis. The
microspores are formed and arranged in a group of four
cells called microspore tetrad.
11. (b) : The synergid cells of ovule have special cellular
thickenings at the micropylar tip called filiform
apparatus, which play an important role in guiding the
pollen tubes into the synergid.
12. (a) : 60% of angiosperms shed their pollens at two celled
stage and in rest 40% the pollens are shed at three
celled stage which is formed by division in generative
cell mitotically.
13. (a) : Majority of flowering plants produce hermaphrodite
flowers and pollen grains are likely to come in contact
with the stigma of the same flower. Continued self-
pollination result in inbreeding depression.
14. (a) : True. Pollen grains coming in contact with the
stigma is a chance factor in both wind and water
pollination. To compensate for these uncertainties and
associated loss of pollen grains, the flowers produce
enormous amount of pollen when compared to the
number of ovules available for pollination.
15. (d) : Pollen grain is a part of male reproductive organ
of angiospermic plant while embryo sac, micropyle and
nucellus are the parts of female reproductive organ.
16. (a) : Pollen grain stored at which is the temperature of
liquid nitrogen. In that temperature the sperm can also
be stored.
 Sexual
Cell CycleReproduction in Flowering Plants
and Cell Division
17. (a) : Cleistogamous flowers, remain closed so that only
self-pollination occurs. Examples include Commelina,
Viola, Oxalis.
18. (a) : True, in wind pollination the stigma is large and
open for more chances of pollination as there is no
biotic agency for pollination.
19. (a) : Integuments encircle the nucellus except at the
tip where a small opening called the micropyle is
organised. Opposite the micropylar end, is the chalaza,
representing the basal part of the ovule.
20. (a) : Pollen grains are generally spherical measuring
about its 25-50 micrometer in diameter.
21. (d) : Microsporangium is a structure in the plant’s male
reproductive organ where the development of pollen
takes place. After undergoing development, it become
pollen sacs.
22. (a) : Six of the eight nuclei of embryo sac are surrounded
by cell walls and organised into cells; the remaining two
nuclei, called polar nuclei are situated below the egg
apparatus in the large central cell.
23. (c) : Transfer of pollen grains to the stigma is called
pollination.
24. (a) : In such flowers, the anthers and stigma lie close to
each other and self-pollination occurs.
25. (c) : In the given image, the parts labelled as A and B are
anther and filament.
26. (a) : The ovule is a small structure attached to the
placenta by means of a stalk called funicle
27. (d) : Emasculation refers to the process of removal of
anthers from the bisexual flowers.
28. (b) : In some species, the generative cell divides into
two male gametes prior to the dehiscence of anther
and release of the pollen grains. Thus, at the time of
pollination, pollen grain is either 2-celled (tube cell
+ generative cell) or 3-celled (tube cell + two male
gametes).
29. (b) : The root cell of flowering plant is diploid (2=24),
while the gamete is haploid, therefore, the number of
chromosomes will be 12 in the gamete.
30. (b) : There is a characteristic distribution of the cells
within the embryo sac. Three cells are grouped together
at the micropylar end and constitute the egg apparatus.
The egg apparatus, in turn, consists of two synergids
and one egg cell.
31. (b) : The egg apparatus, in turn, consists of two
synergids and one egg cell. The synergids have special
cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip called filiform
apparatus, which play an important role in guiding the
pollen tubes into the synergid.
32. (d) : Some examples of water pollinated plants are
Vallisneria and Hydrilla, which grow in fresh water and
several marine sea-grasses such as Zostera.
33. (c) : Central cell.
Six out of the eight nuclei of embryo sac are surrounded
by cell walls and organized into cells (egg cells and
antipodal cells) and remaining two nuclei called polar
nuclei are situated below the egg apparatus in large
central cell. Thus, a typical angiospermic embryo sac at
maturity is 8-nucleate and 7-celled.
Biology 357
357
34. (a) : Meiosis is a type of cell division in which the
chromosomes number becomes half. This type of
division takes place only during gametogenesis,
because gametes have haploid or half chromosomes
than parents.
35. (c) : In the given image, parts labelled as A is
chasmogamous flower in which flowers are similar to
flowers of other species with exposed anthers and stigma.
B is Cleistogamous flower which do not open at all.
36. (d) : Pollination by wind is more common amongst
abiotic pollinations. Wind pollination also requires that
the pollen grains are light and non-sticky so that they
can be transported in wind currents. They often possess
well-exposed stamens (so that the pollens are easily
dispersed into wind currents) and large often-feathery
stigma to easily trap air-borne pollen grains.
37. (b) : Pollens have two prominent walls which are exine
and intine.
38. (c) : A typical angiosperm anther is bilobed with each
lobe having two theca, i.e., they are dithecous.
39. (c) : The inner wall of the pollen grain is called the intine.
It is a thin and continuous layer made up of cellulose
and pectin.
40. (d) : Both (a) and (c).
41. (a) : Chasmogamy is the type of auto-fertilisation (self-
fertilisation).
42. (b) : In the embryo sac the cells, which are present
at the Chalazal end are called antipodal cells. At the
micropylar end the synergid and egg cells are present.
43. (a) : Both autogamy and geiotonogamy are prevented
in papaya because papaya is a dioecious plant which
means male and female flowers are on separate plants.
Therefore, it involves cross pollination.
44. (d) : Cross pollination is the transfer of pollen grains
of a male flower to the stigma of female flower, which
occurs either on the same plant (monoecious) or on the
different plant (dioecious).
45. (a) : Unisexuality of flowers prevents autogamy (self-
pollination) but not geitonogamy (pollination between
separate male and female flowers on the same plant).
46. (b) : The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of
sporopollenin which is one of the most resistant organic
materials known. Pollen grain exine has prominent
apertures called germ pores where sporopollenin is
absent.
47. (d) : Pseudocopulation describes behaviours similar
to copulation that serves a reproductive function for
one or more or both the participants but not involve
actual sexual union between the individuals. It is most
generally applied to a pollinator attempting to copulate
with a flower. Orchids commonly achieve reproduction
in this manner.
48. (b) : I, II, III and IV are correct.
49. (c) : Epidermis, middle layer and endothecium are
the outer protective layers of microsporangium.
But sometime endothecium does the function of
nourishment.
50. (b) : The given image is depicting multicarpellary,
syncarpous pistil of Papaver.
 358 Biology Sexual Reproduction
noisiviDin llFlowering
eC dna elcPlants
yC lleC
853
When there is more than one pistil fused together than 65. (c) : The given image is depicting a large megaspore
the pistil is called multicarpellary syncarpous pistil. mother cell, a dyad and a tetrad.
51. (b) : Fertilization is the process in which the fusion of A- Nucellus, B-MMC, C-Nucellus, D-Megaspore dyad
male and female gametes takes place. This process 66. (c) : Exine is chiefly made up of sporopollenin. Exine is
takes place in the ovary. discontinuous or ruptured only by germ pores at some
places (where sporopollenin absent), these are called
pores, through which pollen tubes come out during
germination on stigma.
67. (c) :

52. (d) : A- Connective tissues, B- Epidermis, C-Endothecium, 68. (a) : A – Male gamete; B- Antipodal cells; C – Egg cell;
D-Sporogenous tissue, E- Tapetum, F- Middle layer.
D-Pollen tube.
53. (d) : Xenogamy or cross-pollination is performed by
69. (c) :
both abiotic agencies such as wind as well as biotic
agencies such as insects.
54. (c) : Megaspore mother cell is developed inside
the nucellus and by a meiotic division, it forms four
megaspores. Out of these, generally three degenerate
and remaining one is called functional megaspore. It
undergoes mitosis three times without cytoplasmic
division to form an eight nucleate embryo sac.
55. (a) : Diagram is showing compact inflorescence and
well exposed stamens. These are the characters of wind
pollinated plant.
56. (b) : Meiosis produces pollen grain. Its cell divides
mitotically to form generative nucleus and tube cell. The
generative nucleus undergoes another mitosis to form
two male gametes.
57. (d) : Long silky hairs on cob maize are the stigma and
style of the maize plant. 70. (d) :
58. (a) : The movement of pollen tube towards embryo
sac is chemotropism as it occurs in response to certain
chemical substances like auxin and carbohydrates.
59. (c) : Filiform apparatus is the special thickening of
synergid cells for guiding the pollen tube and male
gametes, so that the fusion takes place property.
60. (d) : Four daughter cells are formed from single cell
in meiosis. As a result of microsporogenesis (meiotic
division) in four microspore mother cells, 16 pollen grains
will be produced.
61. (d) : The given image is depicting a multicarpellary,
apocarpous gynoecium of Michelia.
62. (c) : Micropyle is the small aperture through, which the
water goes inside at the time of germination. The pollen
tube enters the ovule through the micropyle during
fertilization.
63. (c) : Statement A is right but R is not a right option.
Because megaspore mother cell is diploid and A typical stamen
megaspore is haploid. 71. (a) : Filiform apparatus is defined as the prolongation
64. (c) : Pollen grain does not contain the stigma, style and of the synergids beyond the summit of the embryo
ovary. It is female gametophyte (gynoecium) which sac. The function of the filiform apparatus is that it
contain stigma style and ovary. helps in leading the pollen tubes in the synergids.
 Sexual
Cell CycleReproduction in Flowering Plants
and Cell Division Biology 359
359
This is an important process during fertilization in the 85. (d) : The total number of nuclei involved in double
angiosperms. fertilization in angiosperms are five.
72. (b) : In majority of aquatic plants such as water hyacinth 86. (c) : The correct option is C. A - degenerating synergids,
and water lily, the flower emerges above the level of B - zygote, C - primary endosperm cell, D - primary
water and are pollinated by insects or wind as in most endosperm nucleus, E - degenerating antipodal cells.
of the land plants.
87. (d) : Female plant – Tetraploid in nature
73. (a) Male plant – Diploid
So, endosperm would be tetraploid + haploid =
Structure before seed Structure after seed
formation formation pentaploid
88. (d) : Embryos of monocotyledons possess only one
Funiculus Stalk of seed cotyledon. In the grass family the cotyledon is called
scutellum that is situated toward the one side (lateral)
Scar of ovule Hilum of the embryonal axis. At its lower end, the embryonal
axis has the radical and root cap enclosed in an
Zygote Embryo
undifferentiated sheath called coleorhiza.
Inner integument Tegmen 89. (c) : Integument is a protective envelope covering the
ovule. After the process of fertilization, the integuments
74. (b) : In angiosperms, endosperm is a triploid (3) nutritive
get transformed to form the seed coat. If there are two
tissue, which develops form secondary nucleus.
integuments the condition is known as bitegmic. In such
75. (d) : 1. Generative Fertilization: Fusion of one male a case the seed will have two seed coats. The ovule
gamete with the egg producing diploid zygote or forms the seed and the ovary forms fruit.
oospore.
90. (b) : Aleurone layer is the layer surrounds the
2. Vegetative Fertilization: Fusion of nucleus of second endosperm. It is made up of protein. It is found only in
male gamete with the diploid secondary (fused) monocotyledons.
nucleus or the triple fusion, fusion of one male polar
nuclei forming endosperm (3). 91. (d) : Milky water of tender coconut is called liquid
endosperm.
76. (d) : Fertilization of egg takes place inside embryo sac
because egg is the part of embryo sac. 92. (b) : Dicot embryo has radicle, plumule, cotyledons and
sometimes endosperm.
77. (a) : Sexual reproduction includes syngamy and
meiosis. Syngamy is the nuclear fusion of male 93. (b) : Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction
and female gamete. The meiosis is reduction of because it involves an unfertilized egg cell only.
chromosome number to haploid during meiosis. Genetic 94. (a) : Lower end of embryonal axis in monocot.
recombination occurred as a result of crossing over.
95. (d) : Sometimes the nucellus does not completely
78. (a) : Clone is an individual obtaining from single parent consumed so it persists. It is found in many plants like
through apomixis, vegetative reproduction and tissue black pepper and beet. This nucellus is called perisperm.
culture. The process of fusion of two male gametes in
96. (a) : In dehydration there is less amount of water. In
a single embryo sac is called double fertilization. It is
less amount of water, the seed’s enzyme can’t work so
found in sexual reproduction of angiosperms only and
there is no germination. Dormancy is the time period in
discovered by Nawaschin (1898).
which seed can’t grow due to development of embryo
79. (a) : Primary endosperm cell formed by fusion of male or lacking of other necessary condition for growing.
and polar nuclei, a process called triple fusion.
97. (a) : Remnants of nucellus.
80. (b) : In angiosperm, a single diploid Megaspore Mother
Sometimes the nucellus does not completely consumed
Cell (MMC) matures within an ovule. Through first
so it persists. It is found in many plants like black pepper
meiosis, it gives rise to a dyad cell and then second
meiosis takes place which forms four megaspores and beet. This nucellus is called perisperm.
(haploid). In most plants, only one of these megaspores, 98. (d) : In most of the plants the fruit develops from the
survives, the rest are absorbed by the ovule. ovary (true fruits) and other floral part degenerate
81. (c) : Second male gamete fused with diploid secondary and fall off. However, in a few species such as apple,
nucleus to form the triploid primary endosperm nucleus, strawberry, cashew, etc., the thalamus also contributes
which develops into endosperm. The endosperm to fruit formation such fruits are called false fruit.
provides nutrition to the developing embryo. 99. (c) : Endosperm may either be completely consumed
82. (b) : A somatic cell ( cell of leaf) contains diploid number by the developing embryo ( pea, ground nut, beans)
of chromosomes. In angiosperms, the endosperm is before seed maturation or it may persist in mature seed
formed by triple fusion, fusion of two polar nuclei and ( castor and maize) and may be used up during seed
second male gamete. Therefore, it is triploid (3n). Hence, germination. The first condition is called endospermic,
the chromosome number in endosperm will be =24. while second condition is called non-endospermic.
83. (a) : A-Syngamy, B-Embryo, C-Triple fusion, 100. (d) : Endosperm may either be completely consumed
D-Endosperm by the developing embryo ( pea, ground nut, beans)
before seed maturation or it may persist in mature seed
84. (b) : A-double fertilization, B-PEN, C-Endosperm,
D-Embryo ( castor and coconut) and may be used up during seed
 360 Biology
063
germination. The first condition is called endospermic,
while second condition is called non-endospermic.
101. (d) : A-Stigma - Landing ground for pollen grains
B-Style - Passage for pollen tube
C-Ovary - Embryos sac/fruit
D-Ovules – Formation of seed
E-Thalamus – Receptacle for ovary
102. (c) : Endosperm Genotype: Endosperm is formed by
fusion of male gamete and polar nuclei so, the genotype
of endosperm is ABB.
Embryo Genotype: Embryo is formed by fusion gametes
of male and female. So, the embryo genotype is AB.
103. (d) : Non-albuminous seeds are also called ex-
albuminous. In them reserve food consumed by embryo
so their cotyledons are very thin.
104. (d) : A- Hypocotyl, B- Radicle , C- Root cap
The cylindrical portion below the level of cotyledons is
hypocotyl that terminates at its lower end in the radicle
or root tip and the root tip is covered with a root cap.
105. (b) : Conditions necessary for germination: Water,
air and suitable temperature are necessary for seed
germination. During the germination the light is not
needed. But later stage of development light plays a
greater role in making food.
106. (a) : Parthenogenetic fruits are seedless because there
is no fertilization.
107. (d) :
108. (c) : A-15 (triploid)
B-5 (haploid)
C-10 (diploid)
109. (d) : There are several ways of development of apomictic
seeds. In some species, the diploid egg cell is formed
without reduction division and develops into the embryo
without fertilisation. More often, as in many Citrus and
Mango varieties some of the nucellar cells surrounding
the embryo sac start dividing, protrude into the embryo
sac and develop into the embryos.
110. (d) : Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is
referred as polyembryony. In many Citrus and mango
varieties, some of the nucellar cells surrounding the
embryo sac start dividing, protrude into the embryo sac
and develop into the embryos. In such species, each
ovule contains many embryos (nucellar polyembryony).
111. (b) : Seeds without fertilisation
112. (b) : Apomixis is a reproductive process in plants that
Sexual Reproduction
noisiviDin llFlowering
eC dna elcPlants
yC lleC
superficially resembles normal sexual reproduction
but in which there is no fusion of gametes. In some
apomictic flowering plants, there is no fertilization by
pollen and the embryos develop simply by division of a
diploid cell of the ovule.
113. (c) : In citrus, mango plants some of the nucellar cell
surrounding the embryo sac starts dividing, protrude
into embryo sac and develop into many embryos. In
such species each ovule contains many embryos.
Occurrence of more than one embryo is referred to as
polyembryony.
114. (c) : Although seeds. In general, are the product of
fertilization, a few flower plants such as some species
of Asteraceae and grasses, have evolved special
mechanism to produced seed without fertilization
called apomixis.
115. (b) : Seeds, in general are the products of fertilisation, a
few flowering plants such as some species of Asteraceae
and grasses, have evolved a special mechanism, to
produce seeds without fertilisation, called apomixis.
Thus, apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that
mimics sexual reproduction.
EXAM DRILL
1. (c) : A typical flower has four different kind of whorl.
These are calyx (green leafy sepals) corolla (bright
colored petals), and androecium (male reproduction
organ) and gynoecium (female reproduction organ).
2. (a) : Typically, angiospermic anther is bilobed which is
connected by connective and dithecous i.e., each lobe
has two theca. The bilobed structure of the anther is
tetrasporangiate (four sporangia).
3. (c) : The tapetum is a layer of nutritive cells found
within the sporangium, particularly within the anther, of
flowering plants. Its main function is to provide nutrition
to the developing microspore mother cells and pollen
grains.
4. (c) : Microsporogenesis is the process of formation of
microspores or pollen grains, from a pollen mother cell
through meiosis is micro sporogenesis.
5. (d) : Exine is composed of sporopollenin which is resistant
to physical and biological decomposition. It protects the
pollens from environmental extremes.
6. (d) : Synergids show of filiform apparatus attached to
the upper wall. It is known to attract and guide the pollen
tube. Each of the synergies has a vacuole at its lower end
and the nucleus at its upper end.
7. (c) : False fruit are those fruits in which addition to ovary
other floral parts (like thalamus) also contribute for its
development is called false fruits. Examples– apple,
pear, strawberry and cashew nut. In the given figure
of false fruit (apple), the structure marked as A, B, C
and D are respectively thalamus, seed, endocarp and
mesocarp.
8. (d) : Depending upon the mode of its formation,
angiospermic endosperm is of three types nuclear,
cellular and helobial. Multinucleate condition is present
in liquid endosperm of coconut. Multinucleate condition
is also known as nuclear type of endosperm.
 Sexual
Cell CycleReproduction in Flowering Plants
and Cell Division
9. (c) : Each microspore mother cell yields 4 pollen grains
in a single meiosis. Thus it provides 40 pollen grains as
a result of 10 meiotic divisions in microspore mother cell
10. (d) : Placenta is the surface of the carpel to which the
ovules (potential seeds) are attached. The placenta is
usually located in a region corresponding somewhat
to the margins of a leaf but is actually submarginal in
position.
11. (b) : The point at which funiculus touches the ovule
is called hilum. Thus, hilum represents the junction
between the ovule and funiculus.
12. (c) : Egg apparatus consists of two synergids and one
egg cell lying at the micropylar end.
13. (c) : In Anatropous ovule, the body of the ovule is
completely turned at 180° angle, due to unilateral
growth of funiculus, so it is also called inverted ovule. The
chalaza and micropyle lie in straight line. The hilum and
micropyle lie side by side very close to each other. This
type of ovule is found in 80% families of angiosperms
but not in Capsella.
14. (a) : Synergids bear prominent structure called ‘filiform’
apparatus which are finger like projections. This
apparatus is present in upper part of each synergid. This
apparatus is useful for the absorption and transportation
of materials from the nucellus to the embryo sac.
15. (c) : The scutellum can also be referred in equivalence
to thin cotyledon in monocots. It is very thin with high
surface area, and serves to absorb nutrients from the
endosperm during germination.
16. (a) : Autogamy and geitonogamy are types of self -
pollination. Geitonogamy is the fertilization of a flower by
pollen from another flower on the same (or a genetically
identical) plant. It occurs between bisexual flowers or
unisexual flowers of the same plant. While autogamy is
a kind of pollination in which the pollen from the anthers
of a flower are transferred to the stigma of the same
flower.
17. (b) : In some plants, bisexual flowers are formed which
never open throughout the life. Such flowers are called
cleistogamous flowers such as Commelina, Viola. So
only self-pollination takes place in these plants. Self-
pollination is a rule in cleistogamous flowers.
18. (b) : Commelina produces two types of flowers:
chasmogamous flowers, which open completely having
exposed anthers and stigma, and cleistogamous
flowers, which never open.
19. (a) : A diploid female plant and a tetraploid male
plant are crossed. The ploidy of endosperm shall be
tetraploid. Diploid female plant will have 2 polar nuclei
(each haploid) with which one male gamete from
tetraploid male plant (male gamete of tetraploid plant
will be diploid) fuses, making endosperm, so endosperm
will be tetraploid.
20. (d) : The first of these fusions called generative fertilization
or syngamy which leads to the formation of a zygote
and the second known as vegetative fertilization which
leads to the formation of a triploid primary endosperm
nucleus. Vegetative fertilization involves fusion of
nucleus of a male gamete and polar nuclei.
21. (b) : During double fertilization in plants one sperm
fuses with the egg cell and the other sperm fuses with
two polar nuclei of the central cell to produce triploid
primary endosperms cell (3n).
Biology 361
361
22. (b) : One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg, forming a
zygote, while the other sperm nucleus usually fuses with
the two polar nuclei at the centre of the embryo sac,
forming a primary endosperm cell (its nucleus is often
called the triple fusion nucleus). These are typically
triploid (containing three sets of chromosomes).
23. (b) : Emasculation bagging cross-pollination
rebagging
24. (c) : A nature embryo in monocotyledons has a single
cotyledon called ‘scutellum’, e.g. Triticum.
25. (d) : Perisperm refers to the remnants of the nucellus left
after the fertilization of seed.
26. (d) : False fruits are those in which addition to ovary
other floral parts also contribute for its development is
called false fruits, examples - apple, pear, strawberry
and cashew.
27. (d) : Seeds can remain dormant for many years
and germinate on return of favourable conditions.
Reproductive process is not dependent on water.
Seeds have sufficient food reserves to initiate embryo
development and seedling development till the
photosynthesis process is initiated. Hard seed coat also
protects the embryo from environment extremes. Since
seeds are the product of sexual reproduction it promotes
diversity. Seeds have better adaptive strategies for
dispersal to new habitats & help the species to colonise
in other areas.
28. (d) : Seeds which do not have an endosperm at maturity,
are called non-endospermic or Ex–albuminous seeds.
The endospermic tissues are absorbed during the
development of embryo. The absorbed food materials
from the endosperm are stored in cotyledons that is
why they become so large and fleshy, e.g., Capsella and
all dicotyledons. But Castor seed is endospermic.
29. (b) : Apomixis is the production of seeds without
fertilization. The term apomixis was given by winker
(1908). There are several ways of development of
apomictic seeds. In some species the diploid egg cell
is formed without reduction division & develops into
the embryo without fertilization. In some species the
nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing,
protrude into the embryo sac & develop into embryos.
Some apomictic plants are citrus, cactaceae, grasses,
parthenium, etc.
30. (a) : When the pollen grain is mature it contains
two cells, the vegetative cell and generate cell. The
vegetative cell is bigger, has abundant food reserve and
has large irregularly shaped nucleus.
31. (a) : The movement of pollen tube towards embryo sac
though style is chemotactic as it secretes pectinase and
other hydrolytic enzymes to create a passage for its
entry into style.
32. (d) : Pollen grains represent the male gametophyte. The
outer part of the pollen is exine, which is composed of
a complex polysaccharide, sporopollenin. Inner part is
intine. The cell contains vegetative cell which develop
into the pollen tube and germ pore and generative cell
(degenerative) are also present.
33. (a) : Emasculation is removal of anthers from the flower
bud before the anther dehisces in bisexual flowers.
34. (a) : In over 60 per cent of angiosperms, pollen grains are
shed at cell 2-celled stage. In the remaining species the
generative cell divides mitotically to give rise to the two
male gametes before pollen grains are shed (3-celled
stage.)
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263
35. (c) : Exine has apertures which are called germ pores.
These are the areas where sporopollenin is absent.
36. (d) : Double fertilization forms a diploid zygote nucleus
and a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
After that, the two products of double fertilization i.e.,
zygote and PEN, develop into embryo and endosperm
respectively.
37. (c) : Sporogenous tissue is always diploid, endothecium
is second layer of anther wall and perform the function
of protection and help in dehiscence of anther to release
the pollen. Hard outer layer of pollen is called exine but
tapetum always nourishes the developing pollen. Cells
of the tapetum possess dense cytoplasm and generally
have more than one nucleus (polypoid).
38. (b) : The correct statement about pollination is
“Cleistogamous flowers are always autogamous”.
39. (c) : All the statements are correct about self -
incompatibility.
40. (a) : In the given figure of TS of anther, the structure
marked as A, B, C, D and E are respectively sporogenous
tissue, tapetum, epidermis, middle layer and
endothecium.
41. (c) : The coconut water from tender coconut is nothing
but free nuclear endosperm (made up of thousands of
nuclei) and the surrounding white kernel is the cellular
endosperm. Female gametophyte is embryo sac.
42. (c) : Female gametophyte contains the egg cell and
central cell that become fertilized and give rise to the
embryo and endosperm of the seed, respectively.
Female gametophyte development begins early in ovule
development with the formation of a diploid megaspore
mother cell that undergoes meiosis.
43. (a) : Pollen mother cells undergo meiosis and produce
pollen grains. The pollen grains have haploid number
of chromosomes.
44. (d) : Anatropous ovule is a completely inverted ovule
turned back 180 degrees on its stalk. It is inverted at an
early stage of growth, so that the micropyle is turned
toward the funicle and the embryonic root is at the
opposite end. In the given figure of anatropous ovule,
the structure marked as A, B, C and D are respectively
micropyle, nucellus, embryo sac and chalazal pole.
45. (d) : Honey bee visit flowers to gather nectar and turn
it into honey. Visiting of insects for nectar helps in
pollination.
46. (c) : A : Zoophily is a form of pollination whereby pollen
is transferred by vertebrates, particularly by humming-
birds and other birds, and bats, but also by monkeys,
marsupials, lemurs, bears, rabbits, deer, rodents, lizards
and other animals. B : Ornithophily is the pollination
of flowering plants by birds. C : Entomophily is the
pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by
insects. Several insects are reported to be responsible
for the pollination (potential or effective) of many plant
species, particularly bees, Lepidoptera (butterflies and
moths), wasps, flies, ants and beetles. D : Chiropterophily
is pollination of plants by bats. Bat pollination is most
common in tropical and desert areas that have many
night-blooming plants.
47. (b) : Funicle is a filamentous stalk attaching a seed
or ovule to the placenta. Hilum is the point at which
funiculus touches the ovule. Thus, hilum represents the
junction between the ovule and funiculus. Integuments
Sexual Reproduction
noisiviDin llFlowering
eC dna elcPlants
yC lleC
are the protective covering or layers present in the
ovule. It encircles the ovule except at the tip where a
small opening called micropyle is organised. Chalaza
is the basal swollen part of the nucellus (opposite the
micropylar end) from where the integuments originate.
Nucellus is the central part of an ovule, containing the
embryo sac.
48. (a) : Fruit is mature or ripened ovary, developed after
fertilization. The ovules after fertilization, develop into
seeds. The wall of the ovary develops into the wall of
fruit called pericarp. In fleshy fruits pericarp is generally
distinguished into three layers epicarp, mesocarp and
endocarp. Mesocarp is fleshy or fibrous. These fruits are
indehiscent. e.g., guava, orange, mango etc. In dry fruits
pericarp is not distinguished into three layers. They may
be dehiscent, indehiscent and splitting e.g., groundnut,
mustard, etc.
49. (d) : In the given figure of monocot embryo, the
structure marked as A, B, C and D are respectively
scutellum, coleoptile, epiblast and coleorhiza.
50. (a) : Tapetum is a layer of nutritive cells found within the
sporangium, particularly within the anther, of flowering
plants. Exine is the decay-resistant outer coating of
a pollen grain or spore. It is made up of sporopollenin
(most resistant organic material known). Pollenkit is a
sticky covering found on the surface of pollen grains. It
is especially common in plants that are pollinated by
insects. Vegetative cells has abundant food reserves
and a large irregular shaped nucleus. Sporogenous
tissue is involved in the formation of microspores.
51. (a) : Male gamete (n) + secondary nucleus (2n) =
primary endosperm nucleus which develops into
endosperm (3n). Endosperm is the reserve food used by
developing embryo.
52. (d) : Male reproductive organ is called androecium
and their unit is called stamen. Stamen is also known
as microsporophyll. A typical stamen differentiates into
three parts- filament, anther and connective tissue.
The anther is bilobed and the lobe encloses 4 pollen
sacs or microsporangia. The integument nucellus or
megasporangium is called ovule. The carpels are
modified leaves and morphologically megasporophylls.
Filament is a part of microsporophyll.
53. (d) : When the pollination takes place in between the
two different flowers of two different plants of the same
species then it is called xenogamy. This is real or true
cross-pollination. Genetically, as well as ecologically, it
is cross-pollination.
54. (d) : In the given figure of typical stamen (a) and three-
dimensional cut section of anther (b), the structure
marked as a, b, c and d are respectively anther, petiole,
pollen sac and megaspore.
55. (b) : In the given figure of mature embryo sac, the
structure marked as A, B, C, D, and E are respectively
antipodal cells, central cells, polar nuclei, synergids and
filiform apparatus.
56. (a) : The given figure shows the stages in embryogenesis
in a typical dicot (Capsella). The structure marked as A, B,
C and D is respectively suspensor, radicle, plumule and
cotyledon.
57. (a) : In the given figure of L.S. of flower, the structure
 Sexual
Cell CycleReproduction in Flowering Plants
and Cell Division
marked as A, B, C, D and E are respectively antipodal cells,
polar nuclei, stigma, style and chalaza.
58. (c) : P1-Autogamy; P2-Geitnogamy; P3-Xenogamy.
59. (b) : The majority of angiosperms bear chasmogamous
flowers, which means the flowers expose their mature
anthers and stigma to the pollinating agents. There is
another group of plants which set seeds without exposing
their sex organs. Such flowers are called cleistogamous
and the phenomenon is cleistogamy.
60. (b) : Central cell is the cell in the venter of the
archegonium whose division produces the egg and
usually also the ventral canal cell (as in cycads). It is the
largest cell the in an embryo sac.
61. (d) : Antheridium is a male structure and the other three
archegonium, oogonium & ovule are female parts. An
antheridium is a haploid male reproductive structure
producing gametes, occurring in ferns, mosses, fungi
and algae. Archegonium is the female, egg-producing
reproductive structure on the gametophytes of non-
flowering land plants. The archegonium is comprised
of an oogonium surrounded by protective layers of
thick-walled pigmented cells. In seed plants, ovule is the
structure that gives rise to female reproductive cells.
62. (b) : In a fertilized ovule n, 2n and 3n conditions occur
respectively in egg, zygote and endosperm.
63. (b) : Parthenocarpy is the development of fruit without
the formation of seeds due to lack of pollination,
fertilization and embryo development. Polyembryony is
the formation of more than one embryo from a single
fertilized ovum or in a single seed. Apomixis is the
development of an embryo without the occurrence of
fertilization. Parthenogenesis is one form of apomixis.
Dormancy is a state of temporary metabolic inactivity
or minimal activity therefore helps an organism to
conserve energy.
64. (a) : The seed coat develops from integuments
originally surrounding the ovule. It is thick and hard
in coconut which protects the embryo from mechanical
injury and from drying out.
65. (c) : Ovary wall forms pericarp after fertilization. Pericarp
is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the
flower and surrounds the seeds. The pericarp is typically
made up of three distinct layers: the epicarp (outermost
layer); the mesocarp (middle layer); and the endocarp
(inner layer surrounding the ovary or the seeds). In a
citrus fruit, the epicarp and mesocarp make up the peel.
66. (b) : Sexual reproduction leads to formation of
new combination and appearance of variations.
Genetic recombination, interaction etc. during sexual
reproduction provides vigour and vitality to the
offspring. They better adapt themselves to changing
environmental conditions and also plays an important
role in evolution.
67. (d) : Sequence of development during the formation of
embryo sac is: Archesporium Megaspore mother cell
Megaspore Embryo sac
68. (a) : Development of male gametophyte is called micro
- gametogenesis. One meiotic division and two mitotic
divisions are necessary for the complete development
of male gametophyte. Male gametophyte when fully
developed is a 3 nucleate structure.
69. (a) : Single megaspore mother cell (MMC) with dense
cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus gets differentiated
from nucellus near the micropylar region. This megaspore
Biology 363
363
mother cell (MMC) undergoes meiosis to form ‘4’ haploid
cells (called megaspores) and the process of formation is
known as megasporogenesis.
70. (a) : Megaspore mother cell (MMC) undergoes meiosis
to form four haploid cells (called megaspores) and the
process of formation is known as megasporogenesis. The
MMC undergoes meiotic division results in the production
of four megaspores 100 functional megaspores are
produced by 100 MMC, since three out of four megaspores
degenerate in each case.
71. (d) : In the cytoplasm of the synergid pollen tube releases
the two male gametes. After reaching ovary the pollen
tube enters the ovule. One of these male gametes fuses
with egg to form diploid zygote (2n) while the other uses
with two polar nucleus of the central cell to produce
triploid primary endosperm cell (PEC) (3n). So, in some
angiosperms these two types of fusion occur in the same
embryo sac. This phenomenon is called double fertilization.
72. (c) : Unisexuality of flowers prevents autogamy but
not geitonogamy because autogamy is the transfer of
pollen grains from anther to stigma of same flower and
geitonogamy is the fertilization of a flower by pollen from
another flower on the same (or a genetically identical)
plant. Therefore, geitonogamy occurs between bisexual
flowers or unisexual flowers of the same plant.
73. (b) : Endosperm is the nutritive tissue which provides
nourishment to the embryo in seed plant. Albuminous
seeds retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely
used up during embryo development (e.g., wheat, maize,
barley, castor, sunflower).
74. (c) : The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma
is called pollination. This process of pollination occurs only
in gymnosperms and angiosperms.
75. (d) : Cleistogamy is a self-fertilization that occurs within
a permanently closed flower. In cleistogamous flower, the
anther and stigma lie close to each other. When anther
dehisces in the flower buds, pollen grains come in contact
with the stigma to effect pollination. Thus, cleistogamous
flowers are invariably autogamous as there is no chance
of cross - pollen landing on the stigma. Cleistogamous
flowers produce assured seed set even in the absence of
pollinators.
76. (d) : Coleorhiza is the sheath that envelops the radicle
in certain plants (grass or cereal grain) and that is
penetrated by the root in germination. Food storing tissue
is endosperm. Endosperm is the part of a seed which
acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo.
Parthenocarpic fruit produced without the formation of
seeds due to lack of pollination, fertilization and embryo
development. Example: banana, pineapple, orange
and grapefruit. Single seeded fruit developing from
monocarpellary is mango. Membranous seed coat is
present in maize.
77. (d) : Nucellus, embryo sac & micropyle are all found in
ovule while pollen grain is a male gametophyte.
78. (d) : All of the above are true .
79. (c) : Option c is correct .
80. (c) : In plants, four male gametes are produced by a
single microspore via meiosis. So, after 25 divisions, 100
male gametes will be produced. Also, one female gamete
is produced after a single meiotic division. Hence, 100
eggs will be produced in 100 divisions. Hence, a total of
125 meiotic divisions are required for the formation of 100
wheat grains.