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LESSON 1 – HISTORICAL ANTECENDENT IN WHICH
SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGE THE COURSE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIT 1 – IN THE WORLD: ANCIENT, MIDDLE, AND
MODERN AGES
SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY
- usually leads to a better understanding of the world,
connecting the dots.
Example:
• In the Middle Ages, scientists believed that the plague
was spread by “bad air”.
• Doctors went to great measure to stop the spread of
the plague by wear bizarre bird masks with filters in
the beak.
• Louis Pasteur
o French scientist who discovered the cause of
plagues was actually from microorganisms.
• Alexander Yersin
o A bacteriologist who studied how the microorganism
spread among a population and discovered the
disease was spread by fleas to humans.
WHAT IS SCIENCE? WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?
Science
- is an exploration process
Technology
- is when scientific knowledge is used to solve a
human need or problem.
- It is an application of scientific knowledge of
materials, and process to benefit people.
Examples: • Aspirin • Airplane • Highway system
SCIENTIFIC INSIGHTS
• After scientists discovered how the plague spread, they
could share the information with the public.
• Actions could be taken to stop the spread of the disease.
Now, what are the implications today?
 Encouraged to wash your hands.
 Public restrooms required to have soap and water.
 Sterile bandages and cleaners.
 Sterile instruments
Technology can be:
1. Any human-made object like from a quill to a ball point
pen.
2. Methods or techniques for making any object or tool,
from a printing press to mass book production.
3. Knowledge or skills needed to operate a human-made
object like from navigating a carriage to piloting a plane.
4. System of people and objects used to do a particular
task like from a pony express to the internet.
Global Technology Needs:
1. Developing countries
• Science and society are closely related.
• Society is family (a picture showing a family), they
live without electricity or indoor plumbing. They
have limited healthcare.
• Life expectancy for a person in Kenya is the mid-
forties
• Tropical diseases and HIV
• Droughts
• Technological solutions in these countries,
supplying basic needs for these families
2. Industrialized countries
• A family that lives without having to worry about
electricity or plumbing. Health care is readily
available.
• Life expectancy for a person in the US is about 78
• Worry more about quality of food than quantity
• Have unpolluted water
• More money is spent on technology
• Technology used to improve the quality of life rather
than ensuring survival
• Cosmetic surgery, laser eye surgery, smaller smart
devices.
WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS THAT
CHANGES THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY?
WHAT IS SOCIETY?
▪ a group of people that share similar values and beliefs.
Scientific discoveries change society.
▪ It affects the development of technology, changing
values, politics, and economics.
Example: Cars - more people able to own cars due to lower
manufacturing rates and economy over 100 years
Economic Forces that Shape Technology:
1. Federal government
a. Federal budget for scientific research and
development
b. Agriculture, defense, energy, and transportation
c. Given in form of contracts and grants
d. Citizens can affect this by voting
2. Private foundations
a. An organization not associated with the government
b. Work together for a common goal
c. Cancer, muscular dystrophy, etc.
d. Events and telethons
3. Private Industries
a. Budget portion of profits for research and
development
b. Makes money for the company
c. Bring new products to the market place
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE WORLD;
ANCIENT, MEDIAL AND MODERN AGES
From the beginning of time, man has strived to improve his
way and quality of life.
The caveman discovered how to make and use tools,
developed a logical sequence for activities and evolved
processes that added value to his life.
Technology
• The totality of use and application of his knowledge,
skills, tools and materials constitutes what we today.
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Development
• Simply becoming in the future of what industrialized
countries are today.
• The shift from nomadic life to farming led to the
development of cities; network of transportations,
specialized labor, government and religion and social
class.
19th Century
• Invention of textile manufacturing machines, division of
labor, increase in production, crowded cities and unsafe
and unhealthy working conditions.
20th Century
• Invention of automobiles, status symbol, harsh and
crowded city conditions.
Alexander Fleming
• Field of Health - Introduced Penicillin –
September 28, 1928.
MAJOR INFLUENCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ON SOCIETY
EGYPT
Papyrus
 a thick type of paper made from the pith of the papyrus
plants.
 It was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the 4th
millennium BCE.
 The papyrus rolls describe the last years of building the
Great Pyramid of Giza.
Hieroglyphics
 a character of the ancient Egyptian writing system.
 Early hieroglyphics date back to somewhere between
3,400 and 3,200 BCE and continued to be used up until
about 400 CE, when non-Christian temples were closed
and their monumental use was no longer necessary.
ANCIENT BABYLONIA
Cuneiform
 was introduced as one of the earliest systems of writing
distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tables,
made by means of a blunt style as a tool for writing.
 This was in use for more than three millennia through
several stages of development from 34th century BC
down to the second century CE.
ANCIENT GREECE
Public Speaking, Persuasive Rhetoric, Drama, and
Philosophy - was being emphasized.
Rhetoric
 An art that aims to improve the capability of writers or
speakers to inform, most likely to persuade or motivate
particular audiences, in specific situations.
 As a subject of formal study and a productive civic
practice, it has played a central role in European
tradition.
 The study of rhetoric continued to be central to the study
of the verbal arts, but the study of the verbal arts went
into decline for several centuries, followed eventually by
a gradual rise in formal education, culminating in the rise
of medieval universities.
 Late medieval rhetorical writings include those of St.
Thomas Aquinas (1225 -1274).
Francis Bacon (1562-1626)
 17th Century when he contributed to Aquinas writings.
 One of the concerns of the age was to find a suitable
style for the discussion of scientific topics, which needed
above all a clear exposition of facts and arguments,
rather than the ornate style favored at the time.
 “The Advancement of Learning “criticized those who
preoccupied with style rather than “the weight of matter,
worth of subject, soundness of argument, life of
invention or depth of judgment.
 On matter of style, he proposed that the style conform
to the subject matter and to the audience, that simple
words be employed whenever possible and that the
style should be agreeable.
ANCIENT ROME
Roman Alphabet
 It is introduced where writing system originally used to
write the Latin Language.
 The Greek alphabet has descended from the
Phoenician alphabet while it is derived from Egyptian
hieroglyphics.
 The style of writing changed and varied greatly
throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of
the printing press.
MODERN EUROPE
 one of the most influential events in the second
millennium revolutionizing the way people conceive and
describe the world they live in and ushering the period
of modernity.
 The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman
Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around
1440.
RENAISSANCE EUROPE
 the arrival of mechanical movable type printing
introduced the era of mass communication which
permanently altered the structure of society.
MODERN WORLD
Tim Berners-Lee
 vision of a global hyperlinked information system
became a possibility by the second half of the 1980s
(“mesh”).
Global Internet
 By 1985, the global internet began to proliferate in
Europe.
Robert Cailliau
 Hypertext enthusiast
 published a more formal proposal on November 12,
1990 to build a “hypertext project” called “world wide
web” as a “web” of “hypertext documents” to be viewed
by browser using a client-server architecture.
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UNIT 2 – HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• the main managing agency responsible for science and
technology.
Numerous national scientists have contributed in different
fields of science including:
1. Fe del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics
2. Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy
3. Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine Phycology,
4. Maria Orosa in the field of Food technology
A. PRE-SPANISH ERA
• Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and
therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of
extracting medicine from herbs.
• They already had an alphabet, number system, a
weighing and measuring system and a calendar.
Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding,
mining and weaving.
• The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated
products of engineering by pre- Spanish era Filipinos.
B. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
• The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth
of science and technology in the archipelago.
• The Spanish introduced formal education and founded
scientific institution.
• During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines,
parish schools were established where religion, reading,
writing, arithmetic and music was taught.
• Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture
was taught to the natives.
• Later the Spanish established colleges and universities
in the archipelago including the oldest existing university
in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.
• The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine
colonial economy.
• Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial
authorities due to the prospects of big profits.
• Agriculture and industrial development on the other
hand were relatively neglected.
• The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of
European visitors to the Spanish colony and some
Filipinos were able to study in Europe who was probably
influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals
brought by the Age of Enlightenment.
C. AMERICAN PERIOD
• The progress of science and technology in the
Philippines continued under American rule of the
islands.
• On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established
the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was
placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau
replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was
established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau
dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory
projects.
• On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government
Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science
and on December 8, 1933, the National Research
Council of the Philippines was established.
• The Bureau of Science became the primary
D. POST COMMONWEALTH ERA
• During the 1970s, which was under the time of
Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance given to
science grew.
• Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV,
Section 1, the government's role in supporting scientific
research and invention was acknowledged.
• In 1974, a science development program was included
in the government's Four-Year Development Plan which
covers the years 1974- 1978. Funding for science was
also increased.
• The National Science Development Board was replaced
by the National Science and Technology Authority under
Executive Order No. 784. A Scientific Career in the civil
service was introduced in 1983.
E. AMERICAN PERIOD
• Science during the American period was inclined
towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine
and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the
development of industrial technology due to free trade
policy with the United States which nurtured an
economy geared towards agriculture and trade.
• In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the
Institute of Science. In a report by the US Economic
Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic
information which was necessities to the country's
industries, lack of support of experimental work and
minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries
of scientists employed by the government.
• In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P.
Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act
of 1958 which established the National Science
Development
F. POST COMMONWEALTH ERA
• In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the
National Science and Technology Authority was
replaced by the Department of Science and Technology,
giving science and technology a representation in the
cabinet.
• Under the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan
for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's role
in economic recovery and sustained economic growth
was highlighted.
• During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address in
1990, she said that science and technology
development shall be one of the top three priorities of
the government towards an economic recovery.
G. POST COMMONWEALTH ERA
• In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the
Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology
which came up with the first Science and Technology
Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the
Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country
status by the year 2000.
• The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills
related to science and technology. The Senate
Committee on Science and Technology was one of the
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committees that handle the least amount of bills for something that would be more competitive to survive –
deliberation. evolution.

H. POST COMMONWEALTH ERA C. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• Former Science and Technology secretary, Ceferin
Follosco, reported that the budget allocation for science
and technology was increased to 1.054 billion pesos in
1989 from the previous year's 464 million pesos.
• However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget
allocation for the years 1990 and 1991 were trimmed
down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively. Budget
allocation were increased to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992.
LESSON 2 – INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
Sigmund Freud
➢ was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for
treating mental illness and also a theory which explains
human behavior.
Freud’s Theory
➢ emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on
behavior.
➢ He believed that the human mind was composed of
three conflicting elements: the id, the ego, and the
superego.

UNIT 1 – COPERNICAN, DARWINIAN, AND FREUDIAN

REVOLUTION LESSON 3 – SCIENCE ND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION
BUILDING
A. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own
Claudius Ptolemy culture and tradition, own belief system and indigenous
knowledge that keeps them organized and sustained their
➢ a famous Greek philosopher and astronomer.
lives and communities for many years.
➢ He stated that the planets, the sun and the moon moved
in a circular motion around the earth – existence of days 1. Pre-Spanish Philippines is embedded in the way of
and nights life.
Geocentrism/ Geocentric Model
SCIENCE like:
➢ a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at - planting crops that provide them food
the center. - taking care of animals
➢ Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and - Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict
planets all orbited Earth. seasons and climates
- Medicinal uses of plants.
Nicholas Copernicus

➢ a revolutionary astronomer. TECHNOLOGY:

➢ A polish mathematician and astronomer who developed - Building houses
model of a Sun-centered universe. - Irrigations
➢ He explained the daily and yearly motion of the sun and - Developing tools
stars in the universe. - Musical instruments

Heliocentrism/ Heliocentric Model 2. Metal Age Influence

➢ the center of the solar system is not the Earth but • Gold and silver jewelry
actually the sun. • Trading with other countries
➢ Started the birth of modern astronomy. • Indigenous or Folk Science
➢ It is a scientific revolution/ transformation of society’s
thoughts and beliefs. 3. Spanish Rule – brought their own culture and
practices

B. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION • Established schools and introduced the concepts of

Charles Darwin
➢ an English naturalist, biologist and geologist.
➢ He believes that all life is related and has descended
from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas,
the fishes and the flowers -- all related.
➢ He published the book, On the “Origin of Species”. He
believes that complex creatures evolve from more
simplistic ancestors naturally over time.
Theory of Evolution
➢ It says that populations pass through a process of
natural selection in which only the fittest would survive.
➢ It stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their
environment and would gradually change into
subjects and disciplines.
• Learning of science in school focuses on
understanding different concepts related to the human
body, plants, animals and bodies.
• Technology focuses on using and developing house
tools.
4. Life during the Spanish era – became modernized
• Filipinos replicated technology brought by the
Spaniards using indigenous materials.
• Medicine and advanced science were introduced in
formal colleges and universities.
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5. Galleon Trade capacitate the people to live in a world driven by
science.
• The galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely • In response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the
from port areas of Fujian who traveled to Manila to sell government, particularly the DOST, has sought the
the Spaniards spices, porcelain, ivory, processed silk expertise of the NRCP to consult various sectors in the
cloth and other valuable commodities. society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in
• From 1565 to 1815, the galleon trade contributed to meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals.
the change of culture, language and environment for • The NRCP clustered these policies into four:
both Philippines and Mexico. 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
• The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. Only International Policies and Governance
two galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulco to o Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic
Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, education without adding to the curriculum.
spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila o Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods o Developing school infrastructure and
spending 90 days at sea. providing for ICT broadband
• The country became one of the centers of global trade o Local food security
in SEA – One of the most developed places in the region
• Superstitious beliefs and Catholic doctrines and 2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research,
practices halted the growth of science in the country. Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
o Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and
6. American Period – More influence in the employment opportunities
Development of S&T o Outright grants for peer monitoring
o Review of RA 9184
• Public education system o Harnessing science and technology as an
• Improved engineering works and health of the people independent mover of development
• Mineral resources were explored and exploited
• “Americanize” the Filipinos – Reorganized the learning 3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical
of science – In basic education, science education Sciences
focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation. o Ensuring compliance of drug-
• The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the manufacturing firms with ASEAN-
ruins of the war. harmonized standards by full
• The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country implementation of the FDA.
may be strong but the capacity of the country to bring o Creating an education council dedicated to
back what was destroyed was limited. standardization of pharmaceutical services
• New Republic – Focusing on using its limited and care Empowering food and drug
resources in improving S&T capability. – Use of agencies to conduct evidence-based
Overseas Development research as pool of information Allocating
• Allocation to improve scientific productivity and 2% of the GDP to research
technological capability. – Human resource o Legislating a law supporting human
development. genome projects
WHAT ARE THE INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
OF S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES?
o Protecting and conserving biodiversity by
A. Internal Influences full implementation of existing laws
1. Survival o Use of biosafety and standard model by
2. Culture ASEAN countries
3. Economic Activities o Promoting indigenous knowledge systems
and indigenous people’s conservation
B. External Influences o Formulation of common food and safety
1. Foreign Colonizers standards
2. Traders with Foreign Countries
WHAT ARE THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND
3. International Economic demands
TECHNOLOGY AGENDA?

Innovation Culture
UNIT 1 – THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT S&T AGENDA
• What recent success we have with the saltwater lamp,
DOST or Department of Science and Technology
the salamander tricycle and the Diwata 1 microsatellite
• is responsible for formulating and adopting a is a good start but only indicates that we have a long
comprehensive National Science and Technology Plan way to go before we create an innovation culture.
for the Philippines, and to subsequently monitor and Innovation can only happen with enough scientists and
coordinate its funding and implementation. technologists to develop an “innovation ecosystem.”

WHAT ARE THE GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE ASEAN Integration requires competitive technology:
AND TECHNOLOGY?
• Science and technology help us understand nature and
• Introduced and implemented programs, projects and the world, and enables us to lead full lives through new
policies to boost science and technology. and innovative means.
• GOAL: Prepare the whole country and its people to
meet the demands of a technologically driven world and
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• It therefore requires that we as Filipinos, expand our
science and technology base to enable us to compete
in an integrated ASEAN.
Two Major Approaches
1. Stronger Research and Development in the regions,
not just Manila
➢ Expand research and development initiatives by
providing more grant support for R and D through
the DOSTs sectorial planning councils such as
PCIERD, PCAARD and ASTI in cooperation with
universities in the regions.
➢ The science initiative must be distributed to the
regions especially those where food production
needs to be improved, industry needs to grow and
where innovation needs to be developed.
➢ This is critical in light of climate change and
expensive electricity and the need to disperse
industry and economic activities.
2. Strategic Projects in Five Areas:
➢ Renewable energy
- we need new technologies to enable high electricity
yields in limited space with less dependence on
natural resources to enable us to meet our COP 21
commitments, while lowering the price of electricity.
➢ S and T for industry development
- we need stronger participation of our scientists and
engineers if we want to revitalize our basic
industries such as the steel industry.
➢ Faster and cheaper internet
- we have Asia’s slowest internet, yet our archipelago
needs it bridge gaps and build networks.
➢ Increased food production
- given limited lands, technology is needed to expand
yields while increasing quality of output and being
less dependent on foreign inputs like fertilizers.
➢ Climate change adaptation
- we need cutting edge technology to enable our
farmers to adapt to changing climates and the need
to do away with technologies that destroy the
capacity for good healthful yields. Enabling
mechanisms and specifics
More Research grants through the DOST and its sectorial planning
councils and institutes. Strengthen the Balik Scientist Program and
retention program for current young scientists - our young
scientists must be engaged through actual research projects.
Many of our scientists and engineers are OFWs who support our
candidacy.
We need their help to uplift our country’s technology and we hope
they come back.
S and T cooperation within ASEAN- especially on the space
program and climate change adaptation, cooperation between
industry and the science community by involving them in the
sectorial planning councils.
DOSTs programs for SMEs (Such as SET-UP) need to be
replicated further.
UNIT 2 – THE MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND
PERSONALITIES IN S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES
Major Development Programs of S&T
• The major development programs of science and
technology to Philippine nation-building are linked to its
socio-economic progress and its industrialization.
• Today, the current state of our country is very low in its
capacity to produce local goods for domestic needs as
well as in international scientific research publications.
• One of the primary reasons for the slow growth of
science and technology in the Philippines is because of
the lack of funding and support from the government for
the improvement of science educational fields,
especially in the research and development.
Stone Age
• Can be traced as the early age of the history of science
and technology in the Philippines
• The discovery of tools to aid in human life is one of its
first foundations.
Bronze Age
• people learned to use metals for tools and weapons, as
well as, domestication and agriculture.
Advancement in Science
• all the discoveries and developments of tools lead to
more knowledge and advancements in the field of
science.
• More scientists rose to invent and apply science for the
betterment of our society.
• Our community life changed from rural living to
urbanized cities, especially in Manila where it becomes
very crowded due to greater work opportunities and
higher demands of manpower.
• Technical innovations have lessened the load of people
and led to greater demand of studying newly applied
technologies.
Medical Science
• Has contributed much to the cure and prevention of
diseases including the application of vaccines and the
promotion of cheaper medicines.
Field of Communication
• Welcomed a drastic change from the internet usage to
the different supply of cellular phones- in just a snap
people from far distances can already see and
commune with each other.
• Until now, more inventions are being researched and
studied.
Conclusion
• No matter how many innovations have broken out in the
Philippines, the country’s progress isn’t much highly
competitive.
• Hopefully, as we welcome new seasons, there would be
more support in studying and advancing sciences in our
country.
PERSONALITIES IN S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. DANVIC BRIONES
 drew inspiration from the sad fate of several
Typhoon Ondoy victims.
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 Rescue 72 is equipped with compartments into
which one can put water-proof bags containing first
aid kits, water, light snacks, and other items
essential for survival.
2. DIOSDADO BANATAO
 He developed the first single-chip graphical user
interface accelerator, which made computers work
much faster and allowed for the use of graphics for
commands.
 He also co-founded Mostron, Chips and
Technologies, and S3 Graphics.
 Banatao holds six U.S. patents and has a Ph.D.
from Stanford University in mixed signal CMOS IC
design.
3. JUSTINO ARBOLEDA
 devised the coconet, a sturdy but biodegradable net
made from coconut husk.
4. EDGARDO VAZQUEZ
 invented the Vazbuilt Modular Housing System with
a concept of a prefabricated or ready-to-build
housing system.
 An easy to build and less time to construct Walls,
floors, columns, window panels, and tied beams,
with additional implementation which can potentially
solved the country housing backlog.
5. BOBBY MURPHY
 a Filipino-American, co-founded Snap Inc. (formerly
Snapchat Inc.), a technology and camera company.
 The company has 4 main products: Snapchat,
Spectacles, Bitmoji, and Zenly.
6. GREGORIA ZARA
 Filipino physicist and aeronautical engineer creator
of the first videophone (a forerunner such video
telecommunication application as Skype, webcam
and video conferencing) and discoverer of the
physical law known as “Zara Effect.”
7. ROBERTO DEL ROSARIO
 a Filipino entrepreneur who developed the karaoke
machine “Sing Along System” in 1975.
8. FE DEL MUNDO
 was a Filipino pediatrician who was the first woman
to be named “National Scientist of the Philippines in
1980 and founded the pediatric hospital in the
Philippines.
 He was also known for having device an incubator
made of bamboo.
9. EDUARDO SAN JUAN
 Filipino considered him as the inventor of the Lunar
Rover or more popularly known as Moon Buggy.
10. EDWARD CARO
 a native from Cavite who helped launched the
Shuttle Radar Topography mission or the Explorer
and received the Distinguished Science medal
reportedly the highest honor NASA gives to its
employees.
11. ROLANDO DELA CRUZ
 developed the DeBCC from cashew nuts and other
local herbs which is an anti-cancer cream.
12. ABELARDO AGUILAR
 Filipino physician and scientist, a co-discoverer of
Erythromycin, an effective antibiotic against various
respiratory tract and intestinal infection and certain
sexually transmitted disease.
13. RODOLFO AQUINO
 isolated nine specific breeds of rice for the
International Rice Research Institute.
 His discoveries helped prevent famine in much of
Asia.
14. JOSEFINO COMISO
 a Filipino physicist working at the NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center studying global warming in the
Arctic who discovered recurring polynya.
 A polynya is a semi-permanent area of open water
in sea ice.
15. JAYME NAVARRO
 of Bacolod discovered a method of converting
plastic bags into fuel.
 It starts by melting the plastics and then taking out
the polymers to mix with a catalyst.
 Pyrolysis will occur soon after to produce
hydrocarbon gases.
UNIT 3 – SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
SCIENCE
• is important to everyone.
• it is useful because of its links to technology and
industry, which, from a national perspective, are areas
of high priority for development.
• It provides ways of making sense of the world
systematically.
• It develops students’ scientific inquiry skills, values and
attitudes, such as objectivity, curiosity, and honesty and
habits of mind including critical thinking.
o All these are useful to the individual student for
his own personal development, future career,
and life in general.
o These skills, values, attitudes, and dispositions
are likewise useful to the community that an
individual student belongs to, and are further
useful to the country that he lives in.
1950’s
• It was on this decade when the Filipino became aware
of importance of science in the field of education.
1957
• Science subjects became obligatory in elementary and
secondary level.
1958
• A national committee for Science Education was
created. This organization gives the objective and steps
in teaching Science:
1. Integration of Science in Classroom Instruction
2. Acquisition of more Science equipment and tools
3. Coordination of efforts in different agencies
4. Negotiations for Science Institute for Teachers
5. National Science Talent Search and Fellowships
6. Higher Salary for Science and Mathematics
Teachers
7. Promotions of Science Teacher Competence
STS REVIEWER
WHAT ARE THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE ▪ The science curriculum should recognize the place
CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK? of science and technology in everyday human
affairs.
1. SCIENCE IS FOR EVERYONE ▪ It should integrate science and technology in the
▪ This principle recognizes the proactive relationship civic, personal, social, economic, and the values
between science and society. and ethical aspects of life.
▪ This means putting science into the service of
individuals and society.
▪ Science education should aim for scientific literacy UNIT 4 – SELECTED INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND
that is operational in understanding oneself, TECHNOLOGY
common human welfare, social, and civic affairs.
▪ Science should permeate all levels of society. WHAT IS INDIGENOUS SCIENCE?
▪ Whether or not students pursue a university • It uses science process skills.
education, they should leave school with a level of
• It is part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced
understanding and scientific literacy that will by different groups of people and early civilizations.
prepare them to be informed and participative
citizens who are able to make judgments and WHAT ARE INDIGENOUS BELIEFS?
decisions regarding science applications that may
have social, health, or environmental impacts. • It is guided by COMMUNITY CULTURE AND VALUES
• It is composed of TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
2. SCIENCE IS BOTH CONTENT AND PROCESS • According to Johnston (2000), indigenous beliefs also
▪ Science content and science process are develop desirable values namely; Indigenous
intertwined. Knowledge System;
▪ The value of science processes is to advance o motivating attitudes
content or the body of knowledge. o cooperating attitudes
▪ Without content, students will have difficulty utilizing o practical attitudes
the science process skills. o reflective attitudes
▪ Science processes cannot exist in a vacuum.
EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE taught and
▪ They are learned in context.
practice by Indigenous People:
3. SCHOOL SCIENCE SHOULD EMPHASIZE DEPTH 1. Prediction of Weather
RATHER BREADTH, COHERENCE RATHER THAN o puwek ni kiling (storm of the kiling)
FRAGMENTATION, AND USE OF EVIDENCE IN o shining moon with a rainbow encircling or a bloody
CONSTRUCTING EXPLANATION. red sunset
o the constellation Orion
4. SCHOOL SCIENCE SHOULD BE RELEVANT AND
USEFUL. 2. Using Herbal Medicine
▪ To be relevant and useful, the teaching of science o herbolarios
should be organized around situations, problems or o tuob
projects that engage the students both as an o anino
individual and a member of a team. o 114 plants used by the Tadyawans

5. SCHOOL SCIENCE SHOULD NURTURE INTEREST 3. Preserving of Foods

IN LEARNING. o etag
▪ Students are generally interested in problems that o tapey
puzzle them. o producing wines from tropical fruits
▪ They have a natural urge to find solutions.
▪ Organizing the curriculum around problems or 4. Classifying Plants and Animals into Families
phenomena that puzzle students helps motivate o swidden farming
them to learn. o agricultural cycle: pendupi, miyan, pemeres
▪ Rather than relying solely on textbooks, teachers
are encouraged to use hands-on learning activities 5. Selecting Good Seeds for Planting
to develop students’ interest and let them become o banaue rice terraces
active learners.
6. Embedded In the Cultural Traditions of Regional,
6. SCHOOL SCIENCE SHOULD DEMONSTRATE A Indigenous, or Local Communities
COMMITMENT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A o kasili (mythical fish)
CULTURE OF SCIENCE. o during New Year, when the cow or horse eat grass,
▪ A culture of science is characterized by excellence, wail, it meant drought
integrity, hard work, and discipline. o hut
o subanon house
7. SCHOOL SCIENCE SHOULD PROMOTE THE
STRONG LINK BETWEEN SCIENCE AND 7. Orally Passed
TECHNOLOGY.
▪ including indigenous technology. 8. Evident In Stories, Poems, And Songs

8. SCHOOL SCIENCE SHOULD RECOGNIZE THAT

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REFLECT,
INFLUENCE, AND SHAPE OUR CULTURE.
STS REVIEWER
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE PHILIPPINES UNIT 2 – TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING

1. Ati WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING?

2. Badjao
3. Igorot MARTIN HEIDEGGER
4. Ilongots • is a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the
5. Lumad Continental tradition of philosophy.
6. Mangyan • It is widely acknowledged to be one of the most original
7. Negritos of Luzon
and important philosophers of the 20th century.
8. Palawan Tribes
9. Tumandok Heidegger’s view on technology:

a. He strongly opposes the view that technology is “a

LESSON 4 STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION
UNIT 1 – THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN
TERMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WHAT IS FLOURISHING?
• a state where people experience positive emotions,
positive psychological functioning and positive social
functioning, most of the time," living "within an optimal
range of human functioning."
WHAT IS HUMAN FLOURISHING?
means to an end” or “a human activity.”
b. These two approaches, which he calls, respectively,
the “instrumental” and “anthropological” definitions,
are indeed “correct”, but do not go deep enough; as
he says, they are not yet “true.”
c. Heidegger points out, technological objects are
means for ends, and are built and operated by
human beings, but the essence of technology is
something else entirely.
d. Since the essence of a tree is not itself a tree, he
points out, so the essence of technology is not
anything technological.

• an effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment
within the context of a larger community of individuals,
each with the right to pursue his or her own such efforts.
o It involves the rational use of one's individual
human potentialities, including talents, abilities,
and virtues in the pursuit of his freely and
rationally chosen values and goals.
HUMAN CIVILIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Human person as both the bearer and beneficiary of
science and technology
o Bearer – a person or thing that carries or holds
something.
o Beneficiary – a person that receives help or an
advantage from something: one that benefits
from something
2. Human flourishes and finds meaning in the world that
he/she builds.
3. Human may unconsciously acquire, consume or destroy
what the world has to offer.
Science and Technology must be treated as part of human
life that needs reflective and meditative thinking.
o Reflective Thinking
- an active, persistent, and careful consideration
of a belief or supposed form of knowledge, of
the grounds that support that knowledge, and
the further conclusions to which that knowledge
leads.
o Meditative Thinking
- a kind of thinking that thinks the truth of being,
that belongs to being and listens to it.
Science and Technology must be examined for their greater
impact on humanity as a whole.
What, then, is technology, if it is neither a means to an
end nor a human activity?
• Technology, according to Heidegger must be
understood as “a way of revealing” (Heidegger
1977, 12).
• Revealing is his translation of the Greek word
alètheuein, which means ‘to discover’ – to uncover
what was covered over. Related to this verb is the
independent noun alètheia, which is usually
translated as “truth,” though Heidegger insists that
a more adequate translation would be “un-
concealment.”
What is reality?
• According to Heidegger, it is not given the same way
in all times and all cultures (Seubold 1986, 35-6).
• Not something absolute that human beings can ever
know once and for all
• It is relative in the most literal sense of the word – it
exists only in relations.
• Inaccessible for human beings. As soon as we
perceive or try to understand it, it is not ‘in itself’
anymore, but ‘reality for us.’
HOW CAN TECHNOLOGY BE A WAY OF REVEALING?
1. What does this have to do with technology?
2. What does Heidegger mean when he says that
technology is “a way of revealing”?
• Everything we perceive or think of or interact with
“emerges out of concealment into not concealment,
• By entering into a particular relation with reality,
reality is ‘revealed’ in a specific way.
• Technology is the way of revealing that
characterizes our time.
• Technology embodies a specific way of revealing
the world, a revealing in which humans take power
over reality.
• While the ancient Greeks experienced the ‘making’
of something as ‘helping something to come into
being’ – as Heidegger explains that modern
technology is rather a ‘forcing into being’.
STS REVIEWER
• Technology reveals the world as raw material,
available for production and manipulation.

WHY IS TECHNOLOGY NOT A HUMAN ACTIVITY?

• According to Heidegger, there is something wrong with

the modern, technological culture we live in today. In our
‘age of technology’ reality can only be present as a raw
material (as a ‘standing reserve’). This state of affairs
has not been brought about by humans; the
technological way of revealing was not chosen by
humans.
• Rather, our understanding of the world - our
understanding of ‘being’, of what it means ‘to be’ -
develops through the ages. In our time ‘being’ has the
character of a technological ‘framework’, from which
humans approach the world in a controlling and
dominating way.
• Every attempt to climb out of technology throws us back
in. The only way out for Heidegger is “the will not to will”.
• We need to open up the possibility of relying on
technologies while not becoming enslaved to them and
seeing them as manifestations of an understanding of
being.

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