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 CONTENTS

Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Introduction: The Five-Step Program

STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program

1 What You Need to Know About the AP Statistics
Exam
Background Information
Some Frequently Asked Questions About the AP
Statistics Exam
2 How to Plan Your Time
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Statistics
Exam
Calendar for Each Plan

STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness

3 Take a Diagnostic Exam
AP Statistics Diagnostic Test
Answers and Explanations
Interpretation: How Ready Are You?
Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions
Section II: Free-Response Questions
Composite Score

STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success

 4 Tips for Taking the Exam
General Test-Taking Tips
Tips for Multiple-Choice Questions
Tips for Free-Response Questions
Specific Statistics Content Tips

STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

5 One-Variable Data Analysis
Descriptive versus Inferential Statistics
Parameters versus Statistics
Quantitative versus Categorical (Qualitative) Data
Graphical Analysis
Measures of Center
Estimating Medians From Grouped Data
Measures of Spread (Variability)
Position of a Term in a Distribution
Normal Distribution
Rapid Review
Practice Problems
Cumulative Review Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
6 Two-Variable Data Analysis
Scatterplots
Correlation
Linear Models
Residuals
Coefficient of Determination
Outliers and Influential Observations
Transformations to Achieve Linearity
Rapid Review
Practice Problems
 Cumulative Review Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
7 Design of a Study: Sampling, Surveys, and
Experiments
Samples
Sampling Bias
Experiments and Observational Studies
Rapid Review
Practice Problems
Cumulative Review Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
8 Probability and Random Variables
Probability
Random Variables
Normal Probabilities
Simulation and Random Number Generation
Transforming and Combining Random Variables
Rules for the Mean and Standard Deviation of Combined
Random Variables
Rapid Review
Practice Problems
Cumulative Review Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
9 Binomial Distributions, Geometric Distributions,
and Sampling Distributions
Binomial Distributions
Geometric Distributions
Sampling Distributions
Sampling Distributions of a Sample Proportion
 Rapid Review
Practice Problems
Cumulative Review Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
10 Inference: Estimating with Confidence Intervals
Estimation and Confidence Intervals
Formula for a Confidence Interval for a Proportion
Conditions for a Confidence Interval for a Proportion
Construct and Interpret a Confidence Interval for a
Proportion
Confidence Level as a Capture Rate
Sample Size
Rapid Review
Practice Problems
Cumulative Review Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
11 Inference: Testing Hypotheses
Statistical Significance and P-Value
The Hypothesis-Testing Procedure
Recap of Hypothesis (Significance) Testing
Inference for a Single Population Proportion
Type I and Type II Errors and the Power of a Test
Inference for the Difference Between Two Population
Proportions
z-Procedures versus t-Procedures
Inference for a Single Population Mean
Inference for the Difference Between Two Population
Means
Rapid Review
Practice Problems
 Cumulative Review Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
12 Inference for Regression
Simple Linear Regression
Inference for the Slope of a Regression Line
Confidence Interval for the Slope of a Regression Line
Inference for Regression Using Technology
Rapid Review
Practice Problems
Cumulative Review Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
13 Inference for Categorical Data: Chi-Squared
Tests
Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
Inference for Two-Way Tables
Rapid Review
Practice Problems
Cumulative Review Problems
Solutions to Practice Problems
Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
14 Free Response Question 6: The Investigative
Task
Solution
General Tips for the Investigative Task

STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

AP Statistics Practice Test 1
AP Statistics Practice Test 2
Appendixes
Formula Sheet
Tables
Bibliography
Websites
Glossary
 PREFACE

Congratulations, you are now an AP Statistics student. AP Statistics

is one of the most interesting and useful subjects you will study in
school. Sometimes it has the reputation of being easy compared to
calculus. However, it can be deceptively difficult, especially in the
second half. It is different and challenging in its own way. Unlike
calculus, where you are expected to get precise answers, in statistics
you are expected to learn to become comfortable with uncertainty.
Instead of saying things like “The answer is . . .” you will more often
find yourself saying things like “We are confident that . . .” or “We
have evidence that . . .” It’s a new and exciting way of thinking.
How do you do well on the AP exam? By understanding statistical
principles. Keep up on the material during your AP Statistics class
and read this book to review and prepare for the exam. Note that
the questions on the AP exam are generally quite conceptual. In
addition to doing computations, you will need to explain why you did
them and what they mean. This also means you must communicate
your thoughts clearly. You can always use a calculator, so learn to
use it well. But success on the AP Statistics exam will require more
than pushing buttons.
This book is self-contained in that it covers all of the material
required by the course content description published by the College
Board. However, it is not designed to substitute for an in-class
experience or for your textbook. Use this book as a supplement to
your in-class studies, as a reference for a quick refresher on a topic,
and as one of your major resources as you prepare for the AP exam.
This edition extends and updates previous editions. It takes into
account changes in thinking about AP Statistics since the publication
of the first edition in 2004 and includes some topics that should help
you understand what is important when answering questions on the
exam.
You should begin your preparations by reading through the
Introduction and Step 1. However, you shouldn’t attempt the
Diagnostic Exam in Chapter 3 until you have been through all the
material in the course. Then you can take the exam to help you
determine which topics need more of your attention during the
course of your review. Note that the Diagnostic Exam simulates the
AP exam to a reasonable extent (although the questions are more
basic) and the Practice Exams are similar in style and length to the
AP exam.
So, how do you get the best possible score on the AP Statistics
exam?
• Pick one of the study plans from this book.
• Study the chapters and do the practice problems.
• Take the Diagnostic Exam and the Practice Exams.
• Review as necessary based on your performance on the
Diagnostic Exam and the Practice Exams.
• Get a good night’s sleep before the exam.

Selected Epigrams about Statistics

All models are wrong, but some of them are useful.

—George Box

Very few people actually use calculus in a conscious, meaningful way

in their day-to-day lives. On the other hand, statistics–that’s a
subject that you could, and should, use on a daily basis.
—Arthur Benjamin

If the statistics are boring, you’ve got the wrong numbers.

—Edward Tufte

I keep saying the sexy job in the next ten years will be statisticians.
—Hal Varian
The best thing about being a statistician is that you get to play in
everyone’s backyard.
—John Tukey

The lottery is a tax on people who flunked math.

—Monique Lloyd

So much of the physical world has been explored. But the deluge of
data I get to investigate really lets me chart new territory. Genetic
data from people living today forms an archaeological record of what
happened to their ancestors living 10,000 years ago.
–Pardis Sabeti

As statisticians, we all have important stories to tell. No matter

where you work or what you do, I encourage you to TELL OUR
STORIES to your employers, to your students, to a high school class,
to the media, and to the public. Let’s help everyone appreciate
statistics!
–Jessica Utts
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

With gratitude, we acknowledge the following for their assistance

and support:

The participants who attended the College Board workshops—I

learned as much from them as they did from me (J.D.).

Grace Feedson, for giving us the opportunity to write this book.

My wife and family, who support me without fail. And the RCHS
faculty and my AP Stats colleagues, who have inspired me to strive
for more than I ever thought I was capable of (J.D.).

The thousands of my former students, especially Katherine, Thomas,

and Elizabeth, and to my husband, Michael (D.K.M.).
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

JARED DERKSEN has been teaching mathematics for more than 30

years. For most of that time he has taught Advanced Placement
Statistics, a program he started and grew to include more than 180
students annually. He has contributed to many different resources,
including writing exercises for the Bock/Velleman/DeVeaux series of
textbooks. As an AP Consultant, he has trained hundreds of teachers
from California to Chengdu, China. He likes math so much, he
majored in it twice; once for a BS and again for an MA. In sunny
Southern California, he enjoys good food, great books, and Dodger
victories.

DEANNA KRAUSE MCDONALD has been teaching for 35 years and taught
Advanced Placement Statistics for 20 years at Palo Verde and
University high schools in Tucson, Arizona. She currently teaches
statistics courses for the University of Arizona Department of
Mathematics from which she has a BS and MA in Mathematics and
Teacher Education. Her youngest daughter is now a math teacher as
well and is also teaching AP Statistics.
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