CSS English Precis and Composition CSS Preparations

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PREPOSITIONS

Preposition – word – before (noun, Pronoun, Gerund)

1. I gave a book to Ali.
2. I gave a book to him.
Page | 1
3. He is addicted to smoking.

Method 1: Grammar Method (Grammatical Functions)

1. He broke his arm during the fight. (correct)
2. He broke his arm during he was fighting. (incorrect)
3. He broke his arm when he was fighting. (correct)
4. He broke his arm when fighting. (incorrect)
5. He was absent due to illness. (incorrect)
6. His absence was due to illness. (correct)
Due to = caused by
Method 2: Meaning/sense Method
• With: using, having, feeling
1. He cut my hair with scissors.
2. He cut my hair by scissors. (incorrect)
3. The speaker spoke with confidence.
4. The speaker spoke in confidence.
5. The man with a long beard appeared on the stage.
Method 3: Voice Method
1. The jury comprises five judges. Comprise (A.V) NP
2. The jury is comprised of five judges. Comprise (P.V) of
3. He married his childhood fiancé. Marry (A.V) NP
4. He was married with/to his childhood fiancé. Marry (P.V) with/to
Method 4: Conflict Method
1. This watch is made of steel. (if material is visible in a product)
2. The paper is made from wood. (if material is not visible in a product)
3. Human body consists of cells. (ingredients) ‫مشتمل‬
4. Success consists in determination. (dependence)‫انحصار ہونا‬
Method 5: Group Method
Keep on, keen on, rely on, insist on
Method 6: Fall of Preposition
1. Zia is fond of novels. (if the fall of preposition is backward, the preposition will be fixed)
2. The owner of this factory has gone abroad. (Variable)
3. He went off towards the wall.

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DURING/WHILE/WHEN
During – preposition He broke his arm during the fight.
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(requires a noun or equivalent)

While/When – conjunctions He broke his arm when they were fighting.
(require a clause)
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IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE Page | 2
In spite of / Despite: 1. He completed the race in spite of pain in his leg.
Both are Prepositions 2. He completed the race despite pain in his leg.
Don’t require a clause 3. He completed the race in spite of he has pain in his
leg.
4. He completed the race despite he has pain in his leg.
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AMONG/BETWEEN
Separate individuals or specific number of 1. The agreement was signed between Ali,
objects in mind (Between). Akram and Aslam.
2. What is the difference between Picture A,
Picture B and Picture C?
Body or Group (among) He distributed money among the poor.
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From-to; From till or Until
From-to (Travel) We travelled from Multan to Lahore.
From-till/until (Time) We will work from 9 A.M until/till 9 P.M.
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MADE
Made of (Original Material Visible) The watch is made of steel.
Made from (Original Material NOT Visible) This pudding is made from eggs.
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ON; UPON (MS)
ON (Physical) He is walking on the road.
UPON (Abstract) He did not act upon my advice.
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REVENGE ; AVENGE
Revenge: (Noun) MORE THAN JUSTICE I shall take revenge ON/AGAINST you.
Revenge + (ON/AGAINST) + Person Don’t take revenge FOR these slight injuries.
Revenge +(FOR)+ Thing
Avenge: (Verb) JUSTICE He wishes to AVENGE his father.
NO PREPOSITION He avenged the Russian Army for his country.
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IN/INTO ; ON/ONTO
In (Location) On (Location)
There are ten boys in the river. There a watch on the table.
Into (Changefulness) Onto (Changefulness)
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Ten boys Jumped into the river. He picked the watch from the table and placed
it onto the cupboard.
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IN THE BEGINNING ; IN THE END
AT THE BEGINNING ; AT THE END Page | 3
In the beginning, In the end (Context Needed)
1. Respected audience! In the beginning of my speech, I would like to tell the reasons of
corruption and afterwards I would suggest the remedies.
2. Respected audience! I have mentioned different causes of corruption in Pakistan and in
the end I would say that it can be eradicated through changing our behaviour.
Note: in the end also means (after a long time or eventually)
3. Unceasing struggle brought success for him in the end.
At the beginning (At the point where something starts)
Give out line at the beginning of your essay.
At the end (at the point where something stops)
At the end of this row, the boy is sleeping.

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AT THAT/IN THAT
At that (In addition or 1. There are a number of problems and extremely complicated at
Contrast) that.
2. This chair is too expensive but durable at that.
In that (Because) 3. I will help him in that he is poor.
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TO/TOWARDS/UP TO
(Destination) He is going to school.
(Direction+Destination) He is moving towards the wall.
(Rirection+Destination+Ending point) He went up to the principal and made a
request.
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Date or Day: ON He was born on 25th May 2007.

He was born on May 25, 2007.
Month: IN He was born in May, 2007.
Year: IN He was born in 2007.
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After/Behind
After (Series/Later) We ate pudding after the meal. (Series)
After the elections, our leaders disappear. (Later)
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Behind (Position) There is a secret room behind the wall.

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AGREE (MS)
Agree (TO) thing Pakistan will not agree TO extremism.
Agree (WITH) someone Husbands seldom agree WITH their wives. Page | 4
Agree (WITH) I admit that I don’t Agree With the new pronunciation.
something = accept
Agree (ON) a The shopkeeper agreed ON Rs. 5000.
price/suggestion/ Let’s try to agree ON a date.
matter of discussion We agree ON his suggestion.
Agree in principle Nobody agrees in unity, faith and discipline.
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ANXIOUS
Anxious (ABOUT) : concerned or upset The mother was anxious ABOUT her lazy child.
Anxious (FOR): Keen The child was anxious FOR the birthday gift.
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ATTEMPT
Attempt AT/TO (an objective) His attempt AT/TO winning the match became successful.
Attempt ON Attack Poverty attempts only ON the poor.
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ARGUE (MS)
Argue +(WITH)+ Person The anchor argued WITH the politician.
Argue +( ABOUT)+ Thing The politician argued ABOUT bringing justice in Pakistan.
Argue +( FOR)+ Thing The lawyer argued FOR the dismissal of the case.
Argue +( AGAINST)+ Thing The anchor argued AGAINST corruption.
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ANGRY/ANNOYED/OFFEND
Angry or Annoyed +( WITH)+ Person I am angry WITH you.
Angry or Annoyed +( AT)+ Thing I am angry AT your carelessness.
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APOLOGIZE/GRATEFUL
Apologize+( TO)+ Person He apologized TO his teacher.
Apologize+( FOR)+ Thing He apologized FOR his poor performance.
Grateful +( TO)+ Person I am grateful TO you.
Grateful +( FOR)+ Thing I am grateful FOR your help.
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APPLY
Apply +(TO)+ Person He applied directly to the principal.
Apply +( FOR)+ Thing He applied for the job of a chemist.
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Authority
Authority +(ON) Nusrat Fateh Ali was an authority on singing.
Skillful
Authority +( OVER) His father dares not challenge his mother’s authority over
Rule the house. Page | 5
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BESIDE/BESIDES
BESIDE (NEAR) He is sitting BESIDE me.
BESIDES (IN ADDITION TO) Television can educate us BESIDES entertaining.
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BLIND
Blind (to) He is blind to his laziness.
Not to be conscious of, unable to understand
Blind (in) He was blind in one eye.
unable to see
Blind (with) The politicians blind the public with false
Confuse promises.
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Bake
Bake + (OVER) + fire/flame/coals. Bake (IN) oven.
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Bring in
to use the skills of This is an opportunity to bring in new talent.
a particular group or person
to earn amount, or produce Each sale of her book brings in $20.
profit
to introduce a new law or She said the government would bring in
system the necessary legislation to deal with the problem.
to involve someone in I’d like to bring in Donald Trump to hear his comments.
a radio or TV discussion
Bring out
To publish He brought out a research paper this year.
Bring Back
Cause someone to Visiting my old school BROUGHT BACK memories of when I was a
remember pupil there.
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BAD AT; GOOD; AT CLEVER AT
He is good AT cricked but bad AT football. He is clever AT making lame excuses.
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COMPARE TO COMPARE WITH
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Compare +(TO) Can you compare Iqbal to Wasi Shah.

1. to mention differences
Compare +(WITH) I can compare Iqal with Ghalib.
1. to mention similarities
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Carve
Carve up: He wants to carve up his opponent.
(to damage)
Carve on/in: One of the first records of famine was carved
in granite.
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CONFESS
Confess+(NP)+Object He confessed his mistake.
Confess+(TO)+Person He confessed to me that he has done wrong.
Confess+(TO)+Gerund He confessed to doing wrong.
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CONNECT
Connect +(TO) ‫تعلق جوڑنا‬ The speakers were connected to the laptop.
Bring into contact/memory
Connect +(WITH) ‫رسائی حاصل کرنا‬ The motorway connects with many city
Join together to access join routes.
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Comprise/ Comprised of
Comprise {Consist of/contain} The jury comprises five judges.
(Active voice – No Preposition)
Comprised of (Passive voice – OF Preposition) The jury was comprised of five judges.
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CURE
Cure (verb) = of The patient was cured OF his chronic
(Heal) constipation.
Cure (Noun) = for There is no cure FOR AIDS.
(Remedy, Solution) Zakat is a cure FOR poverty.
Cure (Verb) = (NP) The mechanic CURED the rattling noise in my
(to deal with the problem successfully) car.
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CONGRATULATE
Congratulate +( NP)+Person The Minister CONGRATULATED the successful
MPA.
Congratulate +( ON)+Thing I congratulate ON your exam result.
Congratulate+( ON/FOR)+Doing Something I congratulate you FOR winning the first prize.
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34
COMPETE
Compete +(WITH) + Person Ali will compete with Akram in the next election.
Compete +(FOR) + Thing He is competing for the post of president.
35 Page | 7
COMPLAIN
Complain +(TO) + Person You should complain to the authorities.
Complain +(OBOUT) + Thing The guests complained about the noise.
Complain +(AGAINST) + Person/Thing I will complain against you.
I will complain against your rude behaviour.
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Confide
Confide +(IN) He confides in his sincere friends whenever he has a
(to trust somebody) problem.
Confide +(TO) Keep your secrets to yourself. Don’t confide to anyone.
To tell secrets
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Consist
Consist +(OF) ‫اجزاۓ ترکیبی‬ Human body consists of cells.
Made up of This MCAT class consists of 120 students.
Consist +(IN) Success consists in determination.
‫ اہم خصوصیت ہونا‬،‫انحصار ہونا‬ (The essential feature of success is determination)
Essential features
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Correspond
To be similar to
Correspond +(TO) A deceiver’s words do not correspond to his actions.
‫مشابہت‬
Correspond +(WITH) To write and to I have corresponded with his in the past but now he does
receive letters ‫مراسلت‬ not reply.
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DIFFER
Differ +( WITH)+ Person A cynic differs WITH everyone.
Differ +( ON)+ Thing Both differed ON the matter of their future.
Differ +( FROM)+ Thing Your opinion differs FROM mine.
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DIE
Die of/From
1. Thousands, even millions, will die of starvation.
2. The Maternity Hospitals were devastated by puerperal fever in every country, and an
appalling number of women died from the disease.
3. Pasteur tried taking some of the nervous tissue of an animal which had died of the disease
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4. In 1900 old Meldrum, who had succeeded Wetherby as Head and had held office for three
decades, died suddenly from pneumonia.
5. I’m here to look at her throat on the chance that she might have diphtheria and possibly
die of it.
6. Do you want her to die of diphtheria?
Page | 8
Die from: After the accident, he died from the
injuries.
Die for: I can die for my country. Die in: He died in an accident.
Die out: (End): The flickering flame died Die back: (Fade) The flowers die back if not
out. watered.
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DISAPPOINTED
Disappointed with someone I was disappointed with my friend.
Disappointed at/about something I was disappointed at Akram’s insincerity.
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Desire
Desire (verb) +(FOR) The greedy desire for inordinate gains.
Desirous (adjective) +(OF) The greedy are desirous of unlimited wealth.
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Deal
Deal +(IN) My elder brother deals in rice.
Business/ trade
Deal +(WITH) Don’t deal rudely with the poor.
Treatment
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END IN/ PUT AN END TO
His entire struggle ENDED IN smoke. The teacher PUT AN END TO the debate.
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In the running ; Out of running
In the running (In competition) I am not in the running with my juniors.
Out of running (Eliminated) After the first round, the American boxer was out of
running.
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Impress
Impress +(ON) The teacher impressed on us the need for hard work.
To make someone understand
Impress +(WITH) I am impressed with his painting skills.
Dazzle, move
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Fight
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Fight +(WITH)
Support/feelings
Fight +(AGAINST)
Opposition
Familiar +(TO)+ thing
Reconcile +(TO)+thing
Hold +(WITH)+ instrument
Hold +(BY)+ Part of Body
Live (at) an address
Live (in) House, City, Country
Look upon (Remember) (Consider as)
Look over (Quick inspection)
Look through (Quick search)
Look out (Be careful) (Protect)
Look down upon (Spite)
Look to (Pay heed)
Native OF (Noun)
Native TO (Adjective)
Negligent +(IN)
CSS Preparations
Aziz Bhatti fought with courage.
Let us fight against sectarianism.
48 Page | 9
FAMILIAR ; RECONCILE
Familiar +( WITH)+Person
Reconcile +( WITH)+ Person
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Hold
The mechanic held the pipe with pipe wrench.
The cat held the kitten by its neck.
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LIVE
Live (on) Street
Live (with) People
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Look
He looks upon his visit to Murree.
He looks upon her as his daughter.
The teacher looked over my essay and gave
me A.
I looked through the book, but I haven't
had a chance to read it.
You should look out your business or it will
stagger.
Don’t look down upon the poor; they are also
humans.
Look to your studies if you want to pass.
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NATIVE
Eidhi is A NATIVE OF Pakistan.
Note: The article “A” confirms that “Native” is
a noun here.
Eidhi is NATIVE TO Pakistan.
Note: “Native” is after linking verb and
describing Edhi, so it is an adjective here.
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Negligent
Modern parents are negligent in training their children.
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Failing to take proper care

Negligent +(TO) The officers are negligent to their duties.
Sense of Duty, Law
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Of/ Off Page | 10
Of (belonging) The owner of this factory has gone abroad.
Off (Separation) He stood up and went off.
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On the Phone; Over the Phone
On the Phone (Calling) He is on the phone with his friend.
Over the Phone (Means of You can give interview over the phone.
Communication)
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On the list ; In the list
1. Your name is the first one on the list. (Presence)
2. Her novel is on the list of recommended readings. (Presence)
3. We were included in the guest list.(Inclusion)
4. Included in the list of available cars, we find Mercedes. (Inclusion)
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On the menu; In the Menu
1. Chicken Handi is right there on the menu; you can't miss it. (Presence)
2. It's hard to resist the Armenian dishes in the menu. (Inclusion)
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Over above Under below
1. Over: exactitude
2. Under: exactitude
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PASS
Pass (ON) I shall pass your message on when he gets free.
1. Transfer I shall pass on the dinner because I am not hungry.
2. Decline an invitation
Pass (OVER) Let’s pass over the past mistakes and plan for the best.
Ignore, Refuse to discuss
Pass (By) I was just passing by when I saw that accident.
1. Go past without stopping I was passing by your house when I heard your wife abuse
2. Visit briefly you.
Pass (AWAY) Die Eidhi passed away after a short illness.
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PLEASE
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Please with someone My teacher was pleased with me.

Please about/at something My teacher was pleased at my best
performance.
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PART Page | 11
PART WITH: (Give up) HE WILL PART WITH THE BAD HABITS.
PART FROM: (Leave) SHE PARTED FROM HIM AND MARRIED HER COUSIN .
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Provide
Provide +(FOR) +Someone I have two children to provide for.
To give somebody the things that he needs i.e food money
and clothing.
Provide +(WITH) + Something Punjab Government is providing public with metro bus
service.
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RIGHT
Right to (LAWFULNESS) Women got right TO vote.
Right to (EXACTLY) He went right TO school.
Right verb (STRENGTHEN): They RIGHTED their sinking business.
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Responsible
Responsible +(FOR) Parents are responsible for the ethical training of their
Duty, Job children.
Responsible +(FOR)
Blamed for something
Corrupt politicians are responsible for the lawlessness in
Pakistan.
Responsible +(TO) Bureaucrats consider themselves responsible to none.
To report or to explain about
something done
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SUBJECT
Subject (to) 1. Your proposal is subject to the
1. Dependent or conditional upon approval of the president.
2. Likely to be affected by 2. Infants are subject to diphtheria.
3. Cause or force someone or something 3. Her step mother subjected her to
to undergo marry that ruffian.
Subject (of)=topic Terrorism is the subject of today’s discussion.
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SUCCEED
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Succeed +(IN)+doing something
(to be successful)
Succeed +(IN)+something
(to be successful)
Succeed +(TO)+something
(to gain something, inheritance)
Suspect+(NP)+Person
Suspect+(OF) thing
Suspect+(OF) doing something
Since (Starting Point of an action)
For (Duration)
Turn out (develop, expose)
Turn out: Expel
Turn around (change direction)
Turn into: Transform
Turn down (reject)
Turn up (increase)
Turn over (upside down)
Tie up (Bind)
Tie down (Defeat)
Talk (to) someone
Discuss/inform/ask
Talk (with)
Conversation/ dialogue
Talk (about)
Some issue/matter
Talk (against)
CSS Preparations
He succeeded IN getting the first prize.
He succeeded IN business for his hard work.
The prince succeeded TO the throne after Page | 12
king’s death.
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SUSPECT
I SUSPECT HIM of stealing the money.
Jane was suspected OF stealing.
The drug is suspected OF causing many deaths.
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Since, For
Since morning, since evening, since when,
since then
For two minute, for two hours, for a year
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TURN
He is turning OUT to be a scholar.
Jane turned him out.
The lion turned AROUND and attacked.
He turned INTO an agile athlete.
Teena turned his proposal DOWN.
Inflation is turning up.
He turned the box over and emptied it.
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TIE
Tie UP your luggage.
He tied DOWN his opponent.
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TALK
I shall talk to your father and he will agree.
Nawaz Sharif talked with Moodi about Indo-Pak relations.
The committee talked about corruption.
Nobody is allowed to talk against military plans.
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WRITE
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Write WITH your new pen.

Write IN blue ink.
73
WORRIED
Worried (ABOUT) person The mother was worried ABOUT her lazy kid. Page | 13
Worried (FOR) thing The mother was worried FOR the result of her
lazy kid.
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SIGN, SIGNATURE, LESSON, LECTURE, DOTE (LOVE), BENT (to do something at any cost) , IMPERATIVE, INSIST, (ON)
KEEN, KEEP, MEDITATE, RELY
AFRAID, AWARE, FOND, PROUD, WORTHY, TIRED, ACCUSED, ROB, APPROVE, AVAIL, CERTAIN, (OF)
CAREFUL, CONVINCE, ENVIOUS, CONVICTED, FORGETFUL, GUILTY OF, INDICATIVE, INDEPENDENT,
INSENSIBLE, IRRESPECTIVE, NEGLECTFUL, REMIND, WANT, WEARY, VOID, JEALOUS
NEED, CONCERN, DESIRE, HOPE, REASON, RESPECT, SORRY, APOLOGIZE, STUDY, WORK, ACCOUNTABLE ( FOR)
INTEREST, TRUST, PARTICIPATION, SUCCESS (IN)
ACCLIMATE, FIMILAR, CONFORM ,IDENTICAL, PREFER, SENIOR, JUNIOR, INFERIOR, SUPERIOR, REFER, (TO)
PRIOR, ANALOGOUS, ADD, ADDICTED, ADHERE, ADVERSE, APPEAL, ALLUDE(hint), ATTEND, ATTACH,
BAR (hurdle), CONDUCIVE (BENEFICIAL), DESTINED, ENTRUST, ENTITLED, HAPPEN, IMPART, FAITHFUL,
FATAL, HOSTILE, IMPEDIMENT, INCLINED, INJURIOUS, KIND, INDEBTED, INTRODUCE, KEY, LIABLE,
OCCUR, OBEDIENT, PARTIAL, OFFENSIVE, PECULIAR, REDUCE, SUBSCRIBE (DONATION), TRUE, VICTIM,
ANTIDOTE,
BLOCKED, COMPATIBLE, COPE , CONGRUENT, CLOGGED, RAPPORT, REWARD, COMPLY, CULMINATE, (WITH)
ARM, BESET, CONCUR, CONDOLE, CONVERSANT (TO BE FAMILIAR) , GIFTED, FURNISHED, MAD, INVEST (PAKISTAN
IS INVESTED WITH NATURAL RESOURCES .)
,
SEPARATE, PREVENT (FROM)
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FOR (A VARIETY OF/MANY/FEW) Reasons
He left the job for a variety of reasons.
IN THE RIGHT, IN THE WRONG
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PREPOSITION
NO PREPOSITION My love for you is limitless.
Love, Hate, resemble, ask, obey, order, Note: love is a noun here
downstairs, upstairs, inside, outside, upside,
downside, abroad, reach, approach,
underground, Patrol (Watch over)
1. The guard is patrolling in the streets.
2. The teacher order to me to sit down.
3. He resembles with his father.
ADJECTIVE + (DAY,WEEK, MONTH, YEAR) = NP We will meet on Monday.
We will meet on next Monday.
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We met in last week.

They left for Lahore in last month.
DISCUSS+(NP)+SOMETHING DISCUSS +(WITH)+ SOMEONE
We should discuss the matter. I discussed with my father.
Page | 14
ENTER +(NP)+ PLACE ENTER +(into)+ AN AGREEMENT
He entered the room. Pakistan tries to enter into a peaceful
settlement with India.
LACKS (VERB) +(NP) LACK OF MONEY (NOUN)
The poor lack money. Lack of money is a cause of crime.
MARRY SOMEONE BE MARRIED TO SOMEONE
He married his childhood fiancé. He was married to his childhood fiancé.
SEARCH +(NP) ‫تالشی لینا‬ SEARCH+FOR ‫تالش کرنا‬
The police searched the man from head to foot. The police are searching for the criminal.
I believe you. (Trust) Muslims believe in God.
ATTACK (verb): India Attacked Pakistan in Attack on= criticize, insult
1965. Attack of some disease etc
Attack (Noun) – ON: The mob planed an attack
on the police.
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PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
TIMES OF THE DAY PARTS OF THE DAY PRECISE TIME DAYS, SPECIAL DAYS
AND DATES
In the morning On Tuesday morning At dinner time On Tuesday
In the evening On Friday evening At bed time On Friday
In the after noon At sunrise On 6 March
Exceptions: At sunset On Christmas day
At night At the moment On my birthday
At noon At the break of the On Kashmir day
At mid night day On that fateful night
At the fall of the
night
MONTHS, YEARS, OCCASIONS WEEKEND DMY
CENTURIES, LONG
PERIODS, SEASONS
In may At Eid At weekend (Br) On 25th May
In summer At Christmas On weekend (Am) On May 25
In 1990 On 25th May 2017
In 1990’s In May 2017
In ice age In 2017
In the past
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In the future
In the holidays
In+Future He will return in two hours. ‫وہ دو گھنٹے بعد آئے گا۔‬
He will leave in three weeks.
After=Past He returned after two hours.‫وہ دو گھنٹے بعد آیا۔‬ Page | 15
He left after three weeks.
Till (Point) Wait for me till I come, and I shall return at 9 o’ clock.
I waited for you till 9 o’ clock.
Until (Duration) Wait for me until I come, and I shall return in two hours.
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WITH
Together, involved I ordered a sandwich with a drink.
Having I met a man with a long beard.
Using He cut my hair with scissors.
Feeling He spoke with confidence.
BY
Nearness He was standing by me.
The post office is by the bank.
Passive voice He microwave was fixed by the mechanic.
The flowers were delivered by a postman.
Past ‫قریب سے گزر جانا‬ The bus went right BY him without stopping.
My friend went past/by me and did not say Salam.
Before a deadline I'll be back by 7 o'clock.
The deadline is 7 o'clock so I promise to be back any time before 7,
latest at 6:59.
Born or begot of He had two sons BY his first wife.

With the witness of Greeks used to swear BY all the gods.

According to Oranges are sold BY the pound.
With respect to Javed is a lawyer BY profession.
To indicate successive The honey was falling down into the pot drop BY drop.
units
In the opinion It is all clear BY me.
of someone
To indicate an action I expressed my feeling toward her BY writing a letter.
with a specific She finally broke the record BY pure effort.
purpose
To indicate a means Please send this package to Russia BY airmail.
or method I came here BY subway.
The door was closed, so the thief entered BY the window.
So far ; Thus far; By far
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So far/ Thus far Only one drug has been approved so far to treat the disease.
Up to the present
moment
by far She is by far the best worker in the company.
To the
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extreme degree
To feel equal to I don’t feel equal to decorate the room; it is already well-furnished.
to consider
something important