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Malabar Coast
The Malabar Coast is the southwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. It generally refers to
the western coastline of India stretching from Konkan to Kanyakumari. Geographically, it
comprises one of the wettest regions of the subcontinent, which includes the Kanara region of
Karnataka and all of Kerala.[3]

Kuttanad, which is the point of the lowest altitude in India, lies on the Malabar Coast. Kuttanad,
also known as The Rice Bowl of Kerala, is among the few places in the world where cultivation
takes place below sea level.[4][5] The peak of Anamudi, which is also the point of highest altitude in
India outside the Himalayas, lies parallel to the Malabar Coast on the Western Ghats.

The region parallel to the Malabar Coast gently slopes from the eastern highland of Western Ghats
ranges to the western coastal lowland. The moisture-laden winds of the Southwest monsoon, on
reaching the southernmost point of the Indian subcontinent, because of its topography, divide into
two branches; the "Arabian Sea Branch" and the "Bay of Bengal Branch".[6] The "Arabian Sea
Branch" of the Southwest monsoon first hits the Western Ghats,[7] making Kerala the first state in
India to receive rain from the Southwest monsoon.[8][9] The Malabar Coast is a source of
biodiversity in India.

Etymology
Until the arrival of the British, the term Malabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general
name for Kerala.[1] Earlier, the term Malabar had also been used to denote Tulu Nadu and
Kanyakumari which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the
modern state of Kerala.[10][11] The people of Malabar were known as Malabars. The term Malabar
is often used to denote the entire southwestern coast of India.

Additionally, European traders and scholars referred to all Tamils of South India and Sri Lanka as
Malabars. In the 18th century, J. P. Fabricius described his Tamil-English Dictionary as the
"Dictionary of Malabar and English".[12]

From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE) itself, the Arab sailors used to call Kerala
Male. The first element of the name, however, is attested already in the Topography written by
Cosmas Indicopleustes. This mentions a pepper emporium called Male, which clearly gave its
name to Malabar ('the country of Male'). The name Male is thought to come from the Tamil word
Malai ('mountain').[13][14] The second part of the name is thought by scholars to be the Arabic
word barr ('continent') or its Persian relative bar ('country').

Al-Biruni (AD 973 - 1048) must have been the first writer to call this state Malabar.[1] Authors
such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al-Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their works.[15] The Arab
writers had called this place Malibar, Manibar, Mulibar, and Munibar. Malabar is reminiscent of
the word Malanad which means the land of mountains.

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According to William
Logan, the word Malabar Coast
Malabar comes from a Region
combination of the
Dravidian word Mala
(mountain) and the
Persian/Arabic word
Barr

Ponnani Lighthouse near Ponnani

Nickname(s): Maritime Gateway of
India,[1][2] Spice Garden of India

The Western Ghats lie roughly

parallel to the southwestern Malabar
coast of India.
Map showing the Malabar Coast
Coordinates: 12.0167°N 75.2833°E

Country India
State Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu
• Density 816/km2 (2,110/sq mi)
Languages
• Official Konkani, Malayalam,
Tulu, Kannada, English,
Tamil
Anamudi, the highest peak in India Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
outside the Himalayas, lies parallel
ISO 3166 IN-KL, IN-TN and IN-KA
to the Malabar Coast, in Western
code
Ghats.
No. of 18 (4 in Kerala, 3 in
districts Karnataka, and 1 in
(country/continent).[1][16] Tamil Nadu)
Climate Tropical (Köppen)

Definitions
The term Malabar Coast, in historical contexts, refers to India's southwestern coast, which lies on
the narrow coastal plain of Karnataka and Kerala between the Western Ghats range and the
Arabian Sea.[17] The coast runs from south of Goa to Kanyakumari on India's southern tip. India's

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southeastern coast is called the Coromandel Coast.[18]

In ancient times the term Malabar was used to denote the

entire south-western coast of the Indian peninsula. The region
formed part of the ancient kingdom of Chera until the early
12th century. Following the breakup of the Chera Kingdom, the
chieftains of the region proclaimed their independence.
Notable among these were the Zamorins of Kozhikode,
Kolathunadu, Perumbadappu Swaroopam, Venad, Kingdom
Bekal Fort Beach in Kerala
of Valluvanad of Kingdom of Valluvanad.

The name Malabar Coast is sometimes used as an all-

encompassing term for the entire Indian coast from Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at
Kanyakumari.[17] This coast is over 845 km (525 mi) long and stretches from the coast of
southwestern Maharashtra, along the region of Goa, through the entire western coast of Karnataka
and Kerala, and up to Kanyakumari. It is flanked by the Arabian Sea on the west and the Western
Ghats on the east. The southern part of this narrow coast is referred to as the South Western Ghats
moist deciduous forests.

Malabar is also used by ecologists to refer to the Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
of southwestern India (present-day Kerala).

Geography
Geographically, the Malabar Coast can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the
eastern highlands; rugged and cool mountainous terrain, the central mid-lands; rolling hills, and
the western lowlands; coastal plains.[19]

The Western Ghats mountain range lie parallel to the coast on the eastern highland and separate
the plains from the Deccan Plateau. These mountains recognised as one of the world's eight
"hottest hotspots" of biological diversity and is listed among UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[20]
The peak of Anamudi in Kerala is the highest peak in India outside the Himalayas, is at an
elevation of 2,695 m (8,842 ft).[21] The chain's forests are considered to be older than the Himalaya
mountains.[20]

Malabar's western coastal belt is relatively flat compared to the eastern region,[19]: 33 and is criss-
crossed by a network of interconnected brackish canals, lakes, estuaries,[22] and rivers known as
the Kerala Backwaters.[23] The Kuttanad region, also known as The Rice Bowl of Kerala, has the
lowest altitude in India.[4][24] The country's longest lake Vembanad, dominates the backwaters; it
lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is about 200 km2 (77 sq mi) in area.[25] Around eight
percent of India's waterways are found in Kerala.[26]

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Vembanad, the largest lake in The Athirappilly Falls is located

India, is a portion of the Kerala on Chalakudy River.
Backwaters

Periyar, the longest river of Kappad beach near Koyilandy

Kerala.

Sandy beaches dotted with

swaying coconut palms are a
ubiquitous sight along the
Malabar coast

Physical geography
The term Malabar Coast is sometimes used as an all-encompassing term for the entire Indian
coast from the western coast of Konkan to the tip of the subcontinent at Cape Comorin. It is over
525 miles or 845 kilometers long. It spans from the south-western coast of Maharashtra and goes
along the coastal region of Goa, through the entire western coast of Karnataka and Kerala and
reaches till Kanyakumari. It is flanked by the Arabian Sea on the west and the Western Ghats on
the east. The Southern part of this narrow coast is the South Western Ghats moist deciduous

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forests. Climate-wise, the Malabar Coast, especially on its

westward-facing mountain slopes, comprises the wettest region
of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-
laden Southwest monsoon rains.

Malabar rainforests
The Malabar rainforests include these ecoregions recognized by
biogeographers: A view of the Kadalundi Bird
Sanctuary. The coastal area of
1. the Malabar Coast moist forests formerly occupied the Malabar is home to several
coastal zone, up to the 250 meters in elevation (but 95% of migratory birds.
these forests no longer exist)
2. the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests grow at
intermediate elevations
3. the South Western Ghats montane rain forests cover the areas above 1000 meters
The Monsooned Malabar coffee bean comes from this area.

Port cities
The Malabar Coast featured (and in some instances still does) several historic port cities. Notable
among these were/are Naura, Vizhinjam, Muziris, Nelcynda, Beypore and Thundi (near Ponnani
or Kadalundi) during ancient times, and Kozhikode (Calicut), Kollam, Ponnani, Kannur
(Cannanore), and Cochin in the medieval period, and have served as centers of the Indian Ocean
trade for millennia.

Because of their orientation to the sea and to maritime commerce, the Malabar coast cities feel
very cosmopolitan, and have been home to some of the first groups of Jews (known today as
Cochin Jews), Syrian Christians (known as Saint Thomas Christians), Muslims (presently known
as Mappilas), and Anglo-Indians in India.[27][28]

History

Prehistory
A substantial portion of the Malabar Coast including the western coastal lowlands and the plains of
the midland may have been under the sea in ancient times. Marine fossils have been found in an
area near Changanassery, thus supporting the hypothesis.[29] Pre-historical archaeological findings
include dolmens of the Neolithic era in the Marayur area of the Idukki district, which lie on the
eastern highland made by Western Ghats. Rock engravings in the Edakkal Caves, in Wayanad date
back to the Neolithic era around 6000 BCE.[30][31]

Ancient and medieval history

The Malabar Coast has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to Sumerian
records and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of
India".[32][19]: 79 Kerala's spices attracted ancient Arabs, Babylonians, Assyrians and Egyptians to
the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. Phoenicians established trade with Malabar
during this period.[33] Arabs and Phoenicians were the first to enter the Malabar Coast to trade

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Spices.[33]The Arabs on the coasts of Yemen, Oman, and the

Persian Gulf, must have made the first long voyage to Malabar
and other eastern countries.[33] They must have brought the
Cinnamon of Malabar to the Middle East.[33] The Greek
historian Herodotus (5th century BCE) records that in his time
the cinnamon spice industry was monopolized by the Egyptians
and the Phoenicians.[33]
Silk Road and Spice trade, ancient
According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region trade routes that linked India with
known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis. However, the the Old World, carried goods and
Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. ideas between the ancient
The region probably ended at Kanyakumari; it thus roughly civilisations of the Old World and
corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of India. The land routes are red; the
Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at water routes are blue.

50,000,000 sesterces.[34] Pliny the Elder mentioned that

Limyrike was prone by pirates.[35] The Cosmas Indicopleustes
mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of Malabar
peppers.[36][37] In the last centuries BCE the coast became
important to the Greeks and Romans for its spices, especially
Malabar pepper. The Cheras had trading links with China,
West Asia, Egypt, Greece, and the Roman Empire.[38] In
foreign-trade circles the region was known as Male or
Malabar.[39] Muziris, Tyndis, Naura (near Kannur), and
Nelcynda were among the principal ports at that time.[40] Names, routes and locations of the
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st
Contemporary Sangam literature describes Roman ships
century CE)
coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for
Malabar pepper. One of the earliest western traders to use the
monsoon winds to reach Kerala was Eudoxus of Cyzicus,
around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of Ptolemy VIII,
king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Roman
establishments in the port cities of the region, such as a temple
of Augustus and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are
marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana, the only surviving map of
the Roman cursus publicus.[41][42]

The term Kerala was first epigraphically recorded as The path Vasco da Gama took to
Ketalaputo (Cheras) in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by reach Kozhikode (black line) in
emperor Ashoka of Magadha. [43] It was mentioned as one of 1498, which was also the discovery
of a sea route from Europe to India,
four independent kingdoms in southern India during Ashoka's
and eventually paved way for the
time, the others being the Cholas, Pandyas and Satyaputras.[44] European colonisation of Indian
The Cheras transformed Kerala into an international trade subcontinent.
centre by establishing trade relations across the Arabian Sea
with all major Mediterranean and Red Sea ports as well those
of the Far East. The dominion of Cheras was located in one of the key routes of the ancient Indian
Ocean trade. The early Cheras collapsed after repeated attacks from the neighboring Cholas and
Rashtrakutas.

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During the early Middle Ages, Namboodiri Brahmin immigrants arrived in Kerala and shaped the
society on the lines of the caste system. In the 8th century, Adi Shankara was born at Kalady in
central Kerala. He travelled extensively across the Indian subcontinent founding institutions of the
widely influential philosophy of Advaita Vedanta. The Cheras regained control over Kerala in the
9th century until the kingdom was dissolved in the 12th century, after which small autonomous
chiefdoms, most notably the Kingdom of Kozhikode, arose. The 13th century Venetian explorer,
Marco Polo, would visit and write of his stay in the province.[45] The port at Kozhikode acted as the
gateway to medieval South Indian coast for the Chinese, the Arabs, the Portuguese, the Dutch, and
finally the British.[1]

In 1498, Vasco Da Gama established a sea route to Kozhikode during the Age of Discovery, which
was also the first modern sea route from Europe to South Asia, and raised Portuguese settlements,
which marked the beginning of the colonial era of India. European trading interests of the Dutch,
French and the British East India companies took centre stage during the colonial wars in India.
Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of
Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[46] Paliath Achan of Cochin and Travancore united to
expel the Zamorin of Calicut from Kochi territories. Under Martanda Pillai's leadership,
Travancore's Nair forces, with General de Lannoy's guidance, successfully captured Thrissur in the
Battle of Thrissur in 1763. Despite fierce resistance, the Zamorin's troops retreated, leading to their
eventual evacuation from Cochin Territory. In pursuit of peace, the Zamorin agreed to indemnify
Travancore for war expenses and vowed perpetual friendship, marking a triumph of strategy and
valor led by Pillai.[47][48] After the Dutch were defeated by Travancore king Marthanda Varma, the
British crown gained control over Kerala through the creation of the Malabar District in northern
Kerala and by allying with the newly created princely state of Travancore in the southern part of
the state until India was declared independent in 1947. The state of Kerala was created in 1956
from the former state of Travancore-Cochin, the Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South
Canara District of Madras state.[49]

British colonialism: Malabar District

After the Anglo-Mysore wars, the parts of the Malabar Coast, those became British colonies, were
organized into a district of British India. The British district included the present-day districts of
Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram, much of Palakkad (Excluding Chittur taluk), some
parts of Thrissur (Chavakkad Taluk), and the Fort Kochi region of Ernakulam district, besides the
isolated islands of Lakshadweep. The administrative headquarters was at Kozhikode.

Malabar District, a part of the ancient Malabar (or Malabar Coast) was a part of the British East
India Company-controlled state. It included the northern half of the state of Kerala and the islands
of Lakshadweep.[50] Kozhikode is considered as the capital of Malabar. The area was divided into
two categories as North and South. North Malabar comprises present Kasaragod and Kannur
Districts, Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad District and Vatakara and Koyilandy Taluks of
Kozhikode District. The left-over area is South Malabar aka Kozhikode it's included present
kozhikode and thamarassery taluk, south wayanad it's included present kalpetta and sulthan
battery places, Eranad Taluk which comes under present Malappuram District, Palakkad District
and Chavakkad taluk of Thrissur district.

During the British rule, the Malabar's chief importance laid in producing pepper, tiles, and
Coconut.[51] In the old administrative records of the Madras Presidency, it is recorded that the
most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the

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Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844.[52] The District of

Malabar and the ports at Beypore and Fort Kochi had some sort of
importance in the erstwhile Madras Presidency as it was one of the
two districts of the Presidency that lies on the Western Malabar Coast,
thus accessing the marine route through Arabian Sea. The first railway
line of Kerala from Tirur to Beypore in 1861 was laid for it.

After Indian independence

With India's independence, Madras presidency became Madras State,
which was divided along linguistic lines on 1 November 1956,
whereupon Kasaragod region was merged with the Malabar
immediately to the north and the state of Travancore-Cochin to the A map of the erstwhile
south to form the state of Kerala. Before that, Kasaragod was a part of Malabar District in 1951
South Canara district of Madras Presidency. Lakshadweep Islands
were separated to form a new union territory.

See also
India portal

Coromandel Coast
Coastal South West India
Battle of Thrissur
Dutch Malabar
Kerala Backwaters

List of rivers of Kerala

Travancore
Venad (kingdom)
Zamorin
Thiru-Kochi

Malabar (disambiguation)
Malabar District

Malabars
Portuguese Empire
Portuguese India
Thalassery cuisine

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Further reading
K. V. Krishna Iyer (1938). Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806 (https://archi
ve.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379). Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode.
William Logan (1887). Malabar Manual (Volume-I) (https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0
000loga/mode/2up). Madras Government Press.
William Logan (1887). Malabar Manual (Volume-II) (https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual
_volume2/mode/2up). Madras Government Press.
Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History (https://books.google.com/books?id=F
Vsw35oEBv4C). DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic
Language (https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguag
e). University of Madras.
Panikkar, K. M. (1929). Malabar and the Portuguese: being a history of the relations of the
Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 to 1663 (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.28084
0).
Panikkar, K. M. (1931). Malabar and the Dutch (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530
045).
Panikkar, K. M. (1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945. London: G. Allen and
Unwin.

External links
Media related to Malabar Coast at Wikimedia Commons
Malabar travel guide from Wikivoyage

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