Biology 1

LAQ:-
Q1. What is transplantation? name one crop and one vegetable in which this practice
is done stayed few advantages of this practice.
A1. **Transplantation** is growing seeds in a nursery and moving the seedlings to the
main field. This is done for crops like rice and vegetables like tomatoes.
**Advantages**:
1. **Healthy Seedlings**: Ensures only strong seedlings are used.
2. **Proper Spacing**: Prevents overcrowding, providing adequate nutrients and
sunlight.
3. **Early Start**: Allows for earlier planting and harvest.
4. **Reduced Competition**: Established seedlings outcompete weeds.
5. **Efficient Land Use**: Intensive management in nurseries before field planting.

Q2. Draw a labeled diagram to illustrate the nitrogen cycle.

A2.

Q3. Describe various food products that we get from animals.

A3. We obtain various food products from animals, including:
1. Milk:
- Sources: Cows, buffaloes, and goats.
- Products: Butter, ghee, curd, cheese, and yogurt.
2. Meat:
- Sources: Animals such as goats, chickens, and pigs.
- Products: Varieties of meat for consumption, including mutton, chicken, and pork.
3. **Eggs**:
- Sources: Birds like hens, turkeys, and geese.
- Products: Consumed directly or used in various dishes and baked goods.
4. **Fish and Seafood**:
- Sources: Fish, shrimps, prawns, lobsters, and other sea animals.
- Products: Various fish preparations, seafood dishes, and preserved seafood
products.
5. **Honey**:
- Source: Honeybees.
- Products: Honey, which is used as a sweetener and in various food items and
medicines.

These products provide essential nutrients, including proteins, fats, vitamins, and
minerals, contributing to a balanced diet and supporting human health.

Q4. Write a paragraph on each of the following:

1. storage of grains
2. sowing of seeds
3. weeding
A4. **1. Storage of Grains**: After harvesting, grains are dried to reduce moisture and
prevent spoilage. Proper storage involves packing dried grains in bags and placing them
in silos, protecting them from pests. Grains are often treated with chemicals or nitrogen
gas to maintain quality.
**2. Sowing of Seeds**: Sowing involves planting healthy seeds at the correct depth and
spacing. Proper depth ensures seeds can respire and are protected from birds, while
adequate spacing prevents overcrowding. Seeds can be sown manually or using seed
drills for uniform depth.
**3. Weeding**: Weeding removes unwanted plants that compete with crops for
resources. It can be done manually with tools or using chemical weedicides. Regular
weeding is crucial for healthy crop growth and yields.

Q2.
 Chemistry 3
LAQ:-
Q1. On what basis would you classify energy sources as (
a). Exhaustible and inexhaustible
(b). Renewable and non-renewable
A1. (a) Basis for classifying energy sources as exhaustible and inexhaustible:
- Exhaustible: These resources are present in limited amounts in nature and once used
up cannot be replaced within a reasonable period of time. Examples include coal,
petroleum, and natural gas.
- Inexhaustible: These resources are present in unlimited quantities in nature and will
either never run out or can be replaced within a reasonable period by natural processes.
Examples include sunlight, air, and water.

(b) Basis for classifying energy sources as renewable and non-renewable:

- Renewable: These resources can be replenished naturally at a rate comparable to their
consumption. Examples include solar energy, wind energy, and biomass.
- Non-renewable: These resources are available in finite amounts and take millions of
years to form, thus they cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Examples include
coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

Q2. How is destructive distillation of coal is carried out? Name the products obtained
and mention at least one use of each product.
A2. Destructive distillation of coal is carried out by heating coal at around 1000°C in the
absence of air. The products obtained from this process are:
1. Coke:
A tough, porous, black solid residue primarily composed of carbon. It is used as a fuel
and in the reduction of metal oxides to obtain metals.
- Use: Used as a fuel in industries and for metal smelting.
2. Coal Gas:
A gaseous mixture containing hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and other gases.
- Use: Historically used for lighting and heating, and in industrial processes.
3. Coal Tar:
A thick, black liquid containing various organic compounds such as benzene, toluene,
and phenol.
- Use: Used in the production of chemicals like pesticides, dyes, and synthetic fibers.
4. Ammoniacal Liquor:
A solution of ammonium compounds in water.
- Use: Used in the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Q3. Name the process used for refining petroleum. How is refining for of petroleum is
carried out? Name any five fractions obtained.
A3. The process used for refining petroleum is called "fractional distillation."
Refining of petroleum is carried out by heating crude oil to around 400°C and
introducing it into a fractionating column. Here, the different components with varying
boiling points condense at different heights in the column, allowing for separation into
various fractions.
Five fractions obtained during the refining of petroleum include:
1. Gasoline (Petrol)
2. Kerosene
3. Diesel
4. Lubricating oil
5. Bitumen

Q4. Name any four pollutants released by burning of fossil fuels. describe their harmful
effects.
A4. 4 Pollutants are:-
1. Carbon Monoxide (CO):
A colorless, odorless gas that can cause headaches, dizziness, and, at high levels, death
by suffocation. It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, leading to
cardiovascular problems.
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂):
A greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change. High levels of
CO₂ can lead to respiratory problems and, indirectly, to environmental changes such as
ocean acidification.
3. Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂):
Released primarily from burning coal containing sulfur compounds. SO₂ can lead to
respiratory issues such as asthma and bronchitis. It also contributes to acid rain, which
damages crops, forests, and buildings.
4. Particulate Matter (PM):
It includes tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the air. These particles can enter
the lungs and bloodstream, causing respiratory and cardiovascular issues. PM is linked
to lung cancer and premature death, especially in vulnerable individuals.

Q5. what can you use an individual to reduce your consumption of the various natural
resources, especially fossil fuels?
A5. To reduce consumption of natural resources, especially fossil fuels, individuals can
consider these effective strategies:
1. **Energy-efficient transportation**:
Use public transport, carpool, bike, or walk instead of driving alone.
2. **Energy-efficient appliances**:
Choose appliances with high energy efficiency ratings (Energy Star) to reduce electricity
consumption.
3. **Home energy conservation**:
Turn off lights and electronics when not in use, use programmable thermostats, and
improve home insulation.
4. **Renewable energy adoption**:
Install solar panels or subscribe to renewable energy programs offered by utility
companies.
5. **Reduce overall consumption**:
Practice waste reduction, reuse items, and recycle materials to minimize resource use
and waste production.
Implementing these measures can significantly reduce individual reliance on fossil fuels
and contribute to sustainable resource management.
Physics 8
LAQ:-
Q1. Explain the effects that a force acting on an object can have on the object.
A1. 1. **Change in Motion:**
Forces can make stationary objects move or alter the speed of moving objects. For
example, pushing a toy car to make it move or accelerating a ball by kicking it.
2. **Stopping or Slowing Down:**
Forces can also stop a moving object or reduce its speed. This is seen when applying
brakes to a vehicle or catching a ball to stop its motion.
3. **Change in Direction:**
Forces can change the direction of a moving object. For instance, a player in sports like
football or hockey can change the direction of a ball or puck by applying force with their
equipment.
4. **Change in Shape or Size:**
Forces can deform or change the shape of an object. For example, stretching a rubber
band changes its shape, or applying pressure to mold clay changes its form.
5. **Pressure and Structural Effects:**
Forces can exert pressure on objects, which depends on the magnitude of the force and
the area it acts upon. This pressure can impact the structural integrity of materials,
potentially causing them to deform or break under stress.

Q2. Describe an experiment to show that air exerts pressure in all directions.
A2. **Experiment to Demonstrate Air Pressure:**
1. **Materials:**
- Glass bottle with a narrow neck
- Partially inflated rubber balloon
- Bowl of hot water
2. **Procedure:**
- Stretch the balloon over the bottle's mouth to form a tight seal.
- Submerge the bottle in hot water for a few minutes.
- As the bottle cools, the air inside contracts, reducing its pressure.
- The higher atmospheric pressure outside then pushes the balloon into the bottle,
demonstrating air pressure in all directions.

Q3. Name the forces acting on a plastic bucket containing water held above the ground
level in your hand explain why the forces acting on the bucket do not bring a change in
its state of motion.
A3. **Forces Acting on a Plastic Bucket:**
The forces acting on a plastic bucket containing water held above the ground level in
your hand are:
1. **Gravitational Force (Weight):**
This force pulls the bucket and its contents downward towards the Earth.
2. **Normal Force (Support Force):
** This force acts upward on the bucket from your hand, supporting its weight.

**Explanation:**
The forces acting on the bucket do not cause a change in its state of motion (specifically,
acceleration) because they are balanced. The gravitational force pulling the bucket
downwards is counteracted by the normal force exerted upwards by your hand. When
these forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, the bucket remains in
equilibrium and thus does not accelerate downwards. Therefore, despite the presence
of these forces, the bucket does not change its state of motion due to their balanced
nature.

Q4. List few examples of the force exerted by the muscles in our body.
A4. **Examples of Muscular Forces:**
1. **Lifting Weights:**
When lifting objects such as weights or bags.
2. **Pushing and Pulling:**
Actions like pushing a door open or pulling a drawer closed.
3. **Carrying Loads:**
Carrying items such as school bags or groceries.
4. **Physical Activities:**
Sports activities like running, jumping, or swimming.
5. **Construction Work:**
Tasks involving lifting bricks, hammering, or digging.
These examples illustrate various situations where muscular forces are exerted by the
muscles in our body to perform physical tasks.