Logic Design

Boolean Algebra and Logic Gate

Logic Gates

• The logic gate is the basic building block in digital systems.

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Logic Gates

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Logic Gates

• Digital systems are constructed by using three basic logic gates.

• These basic gates are: (1) AND gate, (2) OR gate, and (3) NOT gate.
• Logic gates operate with binary numbers. Gates are therefore
referred to as binary logic gates.

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Logic Gates

• Logic gates operate with binary numbers. Gates are therefore

referred to as binary logic gates.

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AND gate (2-input AND gate)

• The standard logic symbol:

• The truth table:

Note: The AND gate is called:
“all or nothing” gate.

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AND gate (2-input AND gate)

• Boolean algebra is a form of symbolic logic that shows how logic

gates operate.
• A Boolean expression is a “shorthand” method of showing what is
happening in a logic circuit.
A.B = Y
AB = Y
• The Boolean expression is read as A AND (. means AND) B equals the
output Y .
• The dot (.) mean the logic function AND in Boolean algebra, not
multiply as in regular algebra.

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AND gate (3-input AND gate)

• A logic circuit has three variables.

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AND gate (4-input AND gate)

• Homework.

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AND gate: The laws of Boolean algebra

• The laws of Boolean algebra govern how AND gates operate. The
formal laws for the AND function are:

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AND gate: exercise 1

• What would the output pulse train look like?

• The output waveform would look exactly like the input waveform at
input A.

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AND gate: exercise 2

• what would the output pulse train look like? (two pulse trains are
being ANDed)

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OR gate (2-input OR gate)

• The OR gate is called the “any or all” gate.

• The standard logic symbol:

• The truth table

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OR gate (2-input OR gate)

• Boolean expression for this OR function is given as:

A + B = Y.
• Note that the plus ( + ) symbol means OR in Boolean algebra. The
expression ( A + B = Y ) is read as A OR (+ means OR) B equals output
Y.
• The plus sign does not mean to add as it does in regular algebra.

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OR gate (3-input OR gate)

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OR gate (4-input OR gate)

Homework

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OR gate: The laws of Boolean algebra

• The laws of Boolean algebra govern how OR gates operate. The

formal laws for the OR function are:

• The bar over the last variable means not A , or the opposite of A .

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OR gate: exercise 1

• What would the output pulse train look like?

• The output waveform would look exactly like the input waveform at
input A.

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OR gate: exercise 2

• What would the output pulse train look like? (two pulse trains are
being ORed)

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NOT gate
• A NOT gate is also called an inverter.
• The NOT gate has only one input and one output.
• The input A is inverted (not A)/complement A.

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NOT gate: The laws of Boolean algebra

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Other logic gates:

1. NAND gate
2. NOR gate
3. exclusive-OR gate
4. exclusive-NOR gate
• Combining Logic Gates

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Seven logic gate

• The AND, OR, and NOT gates are the most fundamental.
• Four other useful logic gates can be made from these fundamental
devices; NAND gate, the NOR gate, the exclusive-OR gate, and the
exclusive-NOR gate.
• At the end of this chapter, you will know the logic symbol, truth table,
and Boolean expression for each gate.

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NAND gate

• The NAND logic symbol is an AND symbol with a small bubble at the
output (invert bubble). The invert bubble provides a simplified
method of representing the NOT gate.

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NAND gate

• The truth table describes the

exact operation of a logic gate.
• The AND-gate truth table shows
how each output is inverted to
give the NAND output.

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3-input NAND gate

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Exercise 1

• What would the output pulse train if input B is 0?

• The output of the NAND gate shown is always 1.

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Exercise 2

• What would the output pulse train if input B is 1?

• The output would be an inverted copy of the waveform at input A.

The output pulses are:

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NOR gate

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NOR gate

• The output column of the NOR

gate is the complement (has
been inverted) of the shaded
OR column.
• The unique output from the
NOR gate is a HIGH when all
inputs are LOW.

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3-input NOR gate

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Exercise 1

• What would the output pulse train if input B was 1?

• The output of the NOR gate would always be 0.

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Exercise 2

• What would the output pulse train if input B was 0?

• The output would be an inverted copy of the waveform at input A.

The output pulses are:

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EXCLUSIVE-OR gate (XOR)

• The exclusive-OR term is often shortened to read as XOR.

• It is said that inputs A and B are exclusively ORed together.

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EXCLUSIVE-OR gate

• The exclusive-OR gate is referred

to as the “any but not all” gate.
• The XOR gate is enabled only when
an odd number of 1s appear at the
inputs.
• Odd-bits check circuit.

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3-input EXCLUSIVE-OR gate

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Exercise
• What will the pulse train at the output of the XOR
gate?

• The output pulses from the XOR gate is as follows:

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EXCLUSIVE-NOR gate (XNOR)
• The output of an XOR gate is inverted.

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EXCLUSIVE-NOR gate (XNOR)
• XNOR gate detects even numbers of 1s.

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3-input EXCLUSIVE-NOR gate (XNOR)

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Exercise

• What will the pulse train at the output of the XNOR

look like?

• The output pulses from the XNOR gate is:

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Combining Logic Gates: AND-OR pattern

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Combining Logic Gates: AND-OR pattern

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

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