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 Fig. 582.—Asclepias cornuti. A An open flower with the
calyx (k) and corolla (c) turned down; the stamens are bent
together and surround the gynœceum. B The andrœcium after
removal of the sterile part (cucullus) of the anther, which
functions as a nectary: e the lateral expansions of the fertile
portion of the anthers; f the slit between the expansions of two
contiguous anthers, through which the insect’s foot, and later a
pollinium which is caught by it, is dragged, and behind which
the only receptive part (stigma) is hidden; above the slit f is the
gland (r), which secretes the horny corpusculum, which is split
at its base and joined on either side with a pollinium (this is
more distinctly seen in D and E). When the foot of the insect is
caught in the slit (f) and is drawn upwards, it becomes
 entrapped in the slit of the corpusculum, which is then pulled
out together with the pollinia firmly attached to it. In walking
over the flowers the insect will draw its foot through other slits
(f) and so leave the pollinia on the stigmas. C, D The
gynœceum with the pollinia hanging freely. E A corpusculum
and two pollinia.
A peculiar relative position (and therefore a good, distinctive
characteristic) is often found in the inflorescence, which is cymose; it
is placed between the two leaves of a whorl, nearer to one than to
the other. The leaf-pairs are placed obliquely in the floral region, at acute and
obtuse angles, and not at right angles (as in the purely vegetative parts); the
inflorescences are placed in two rows only which are nearly 90° from each other,
and the two contiguous to one another are antidromous; they are in reality
terminal, each on its own axis, and the entire floral portion of the shoot is a
unipared scorpioid cymose sympodium; in addition, complications also arise
through individual parts becoming united.—Herbs and shrubs, some twining or
climbing.
In Asclepias the corolla is bent back and there is a cup-like
cucullus, from the base of which protrudes a horn-shaped body, bent
inwards.—Vincetoxicum has a rotate corolla and a ring-like, 5-lobed
cucullus, without internal prominences.—Stapelia (especially from S.
Africa) is remarkable on account of its Cactus-like, leafless stems and large,
brownish flowers, often with carrion-like smell. Periploca has more powdery
pollinia (S. Eur., etc.); Hoya carnosa (Wax-flower; Trop. Asia) is a climber, and has
small, annual, flower-bearing dwarf-branches. Ceropegia.
201 genera with 1700 species, distributed over all tropical countries; few outside
these limits: no native species. Several are used in medicine on account of the
pungent properties of the latex. Condurango-bark of Gonolobus condurango is
medicinal. Caoutchouc is obtained from the latex of some (e.g. from Cynanchum).
The seed-hairs, which are most frequently shining, silk-like, and white, are not
sufficiently pliant to be of much value. Ornamental plants in our gardens:
Asclepias-species, etc.
Order 4. Loganiaceæ. Ovary single, with two loculi, in structure resembling the
Rubiaceæ, but superior. 360 species are included in this order; the majority are
tree-like, some lianes which climb by tendril-like branches. The interpetiolar
stipules of some species are very characteristic (as in Rubiaceæ, to which they
maybe considered to be closely related). The fruit is a capsule or berry. The most
familiar genus is Strychnos, which has spherical berries with an often firm external
layer, and compressed seeds with shield-like attachments; endosperm abundant.
The leaves have 3–5 strong, curved nerves proceeding from the base.—Spigelia.
—They have no latex, as in the two preceding orders, but many are very
poisonous (containing the alkaloid “strychnine,” etc.); the South American arrow-
poison, urare or curare, is made from various species of Strychnos, also an arrow-
poison in the East Indian Islands (Java, etc.). Officinal, the seeds of Strychnos
nux vomica (“Vomic nut,” Ind.). The seeds of Strychnos ignatii (Ignatius-beans,
medicinal), and others are poisonous.
Order 5. Oleaceæ. The leaves are always opposite. The
inflorescences are racemes or panicles. The calyx and corolla are 4-
merous, more or less united, free in some species; the corolla has
most frequently valvate æstivation. All four forms of fruit occur (see
the genera). Ovules pendulous, 2 in each loculus (Fig. 583 C).
Endosperm oily.—Syringa (Lilac) and Forsythia (anthers somewhat
extrose) have capsules with loculicidal dehiscence and winged
seeds.—Fraxinus (Ash) has winged nuts (samara) (Fig. 583 D);
trees with most frequently imparipinnate leaves; the flowers are
naked and sometimes unisexual (polygamous), the Manna Ash (F.
ornus) has however a double perianth with 4 free petals (Fig. 583 a);
in the native species, F. excelsior, the flowers open before the foliage
appears.—Ligustrum (Privet) has berries.—Olea (O. europæa; Olive)
has drupes; the pulp and seeds of the ellipsoidal fruits are rich in oil.
The lanceolate leaves are grey on the under surface, being covered
with stellate hairs. In the wild state it is thorny (modified branches).—
Phillyrea; Chionanthus.—Few species of Linociera have 4 stamens.
 Fig. 583.—Fraxinus ornus: A flower; ca calyx; co corolla; B gynœceum and
calyx; C longitudinal median section of gynœceum; D fruit.
180 species; chiefly in the northern temperate zone. The Olive-tree (Olea
europæa) has been an important cultivated plant from ancient times (Olive oil,
Provence oil, “Sweet oil”). The best oil is extracted from the fruit-pulp. The fruits
are edible. Home: Western Asia, Eastern Mediterranean. Timber: the Ash (Fr.
excelsior). Officinal: the Manna Ash (Fr. ornus), cultivated in the Mediterranean
countries for the sake of its saccharine juice, which flows out and coagulates into
“Manna.”—The following are ornamental plants: species of Ligustrum and Syringa
(introduced in the 16th century, from S.E. Europe and Asia), Forsythia (China,
Japan; the large, yellow flowers are borne on dwarf-branches with scale-like
leaves, before the opening of the foliage-leaves), Chionanthus.
Order 6. Jasminaceæ. The æstivation of the corolla is imbricate; the ovules are
erect; seeds almost without endosperm; radicle directed downwards. The number
of lobes in the calyx and corolla is not 4, but e.g. 5, 8, 10, and variations are
sometimes found in the same individual. The fruit is a berry or capsule. Many
species are twiners, and their scattered or opposite leaves are most frequently
imparipinnate.—120 species; especially in Trop. Asia (E. India). Some Jasminum-
species are cultivated as ornamental shrubs in the warmer districts on account of
their elegant foliage, and beautiful, sweet-scented flowers, the essential oil of
which is also used in perfumery; the best known are: J. sambac and grandiflorum.
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis opens its sweet-scented flowers only at night (E. India).
Order 7 (?). Salvadoraceæ. 8–9 species; Asia, Africa.—Salvadora.

b. Tetracyclicæ with epigynous flowers.

 Family 33. Rubiales.
The leaves are always opposite or verticillate. The flower is
epigynous, ☿, 5-(or 4-) merous, with the usual sympetalous diagram;
2–5 carpels. The inflorescences are frequently dichasial. The sepals
are small, reduced to teeth, and become almost entirely suppressed
in the higher forms.—The flower is regular in Rubiaceæ and some
Caprifoliaceæ, but in other genera of this latter order (especially of
Lonicereæ) it is unsymmetrical. In several genera of the order first
mentioned the loculi of the ovary contain many ovules, but in the last
the number of loculi and ovules becomes reduced. This is to some
extent connected with the nature of the fruit which is many-seeded in
most instances, namely a capsule or berry, but in others nut-like.
Endosperm is present.
The family on one side is allied to the Contortæ (not only through the
Loganiaceæ but also through the Apocynaceæ), and may be regarded as an
epigynous continuation of this family; on the other side it is allied to the
Valerianaceæ and Dipsacaceæ. Many points of agreement with the Cornaceæ and
Araliaceæ are also found, and in fact several Caprifoliaceæ are distinguished from
these by hardly any other feature than the gamopetalous corolla.
 Fig. 584.—Cinchona calisaya. Flowering branch.
Order 1. Rubiaceæ. Leaves opposite (or verticillate), undivided
and entire, with interpetiolar stipules (Fig. 586). Flowers epigynous
and hermaphrodite, regular, 4- or 5-merous with the usual
arrangement (Figs. 585, 588–590); corolla gamopetalous, in
æstivation often valvate; ovary frequently 2-locular.
 Fig. 585.—Cinchona calisaya. A entire flower; B after removal of the corolla; C
longitudinal section of ovary; D fruit; E seed.
There are no external characters which at once distinguish this exceedingly
large order, as in many other natural orders (Compositæ, Umbelliferæ, etc.), but
the opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules form an excellent mark of
recognition. It is divided into many sub-orders and groups, especially characterised
by the nature of the ovary (1 or several ovules in each loculus), and of the fruit
(schizocarp, berry, drupe, capsule).—The corolla is bilabiate in 4 genera; its
æstivation in some is twisted; in Capirona, etc., the filaments are of unequal size.
The ovary is semi-epigynous in Henriquezia, etc. In Morinda all the fleshy fruits
coalesce into one multiple fruit.
1. Cinchoneæ. The fruit is a 2-valved capsule, with many winged
seeds (Fig. 585). Cinchona (Quinine, Fig. 584). Trees and shrubs
with the foliage and inflorescence somewhat resembling Syringa; the
corolla also being of a lilac colour, more or less salver- or funnel-
shaped, and frequently edged with a fringe of hairs (Fig. 585), is
somewhat similar to that of Menyanthes. Their home is the Andes
from Bolivia to Venezuela, varying in altitude from 1–3000 metres.
There are now large plantations in Java and E. India. (The name
“quinine” is of Indian origin; that of the genus “Cinchona,” is from the Spanish
Duchess Cinchon, who in 1638 first introduced the bark into Europe.) The
following are closely allied: Cascarilla, Remijia, Ladenbergia, Manettia, Bouvardia,
etc.
2. Gardenieæ. Trees and shrubs, frequently having a many-locular berry.
Randia, Gardenia, Genipa, Hamelia, etc.
3. Coffeeæ. Only 1 seed in each of the two loculi of the ovary;
the fruit is a drupe with 2 stones. Coffea has an ellipsoidal fruit about
the size and colour of a cherry; the two thin-shelled, parchment-like
stones are enclosed by a thin layer of pulp; the two seeds are flat on
the side turned to one another, which has also a deep, longitudinal
groove curving to the sides. The endosperm is hard, horny and
greyish (without starch); the small embryo lies in the lower end near
the circumference. The Coffee-plant (C. arabica) is a small tree, or
more frequently, and especially in plantations, a shrub with large
dark-green leaves and scented, white flowers. Its home is in Tropical
Africa; it is now cultivated in many tropical countries. C. liberica, W.
Africa.—Cephaëlis (C. ipecacuanha, Fig. 586; the roots are officinal).
—Psychotria, Chiococca, Ixora, Hydnophytum, Myrmecodia, etc.
 Fig. 586.—Cephaëlis ipecacuanha. Portion of a branch:
st stipules.
4. Spermacoceæ. Chiefly small shrubs and herbs, many of which are weeds in
tropical countries. The stipular sheaths bear numerous bristles at the edge.
Spermacoce, Borreria, Diodia, Richardsonia, etc.

5. Stellatæ. Herbaceous plants with verticillate leaves (Figs.

587, 588–590); the stipules are large, leaf-like, and resemble the
lamina of the leaves, so that the leaves appear to be placed several
in a whorl, while in reality there are only two opposite leaves, the
stipules of which project freely, and are not erect (Fig. 587).
 Fig. 587.—Rubia tinctorum.
In some cases there are apparently 4 leaves in the whorl, and then 2 of these
are leaves, and the other two are their interpetiolar stipules. When there are
apparently 6 leaves, then the two of these which are opposite each other are
leaves, and the other four are stipules; if there are several members in the whorl,
then a division of the stipules has taken place. The proof of this theory is founded
upon the fact that not more than 2 of the leaves of the whorl ever support buds
(which, in addition, are seldom of equal vigour), and also that the whorls do not
alternate with each other, which, according to the rules of the position of the
leaves, they should do if all the members of a whorl had equal value. If there are,
for instance, 4 members in two successive whorls, they stand right above one
another, and do not alternate. The development and anatomical relations (the
branching of the vascular bundles) also point to the same conclusion.—All the
other groups of the order have only 2 small scale-like interpetiolar
stipules, or they form at the base of the leaf-stalks an interpetiolar
sheath, having often a toothed edge (Fig. 586).—Another
characteristic feature in this group is that the calyx is rudimentary,
the corolla valvate (Fig. 588), and that each of the two loculi of the
ovary has only 1 ovule. The fruit is a schizocarp dividing into 2
fruitlets (Fig. 590). The forms of the fruit, as well as many other characters, as,
for example, the epigynous flower, the rudimentary calyx, the two free or almost
free styles, present interesting analogous resemblances to the polypetalous order
of the Umbelliferæ. This group has its home chiefly in the temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere, especially about the
Mediterranean; it is the only group which occurs in this country,
represented by 4 genera.
 Figs. 588–590.—Rubia tinctorum.

Fig. 588.—Diagram.

Fig. 589.—Longitudinal section of flower.

 Fig. 590.—Longitudinal section of fruit (3/1).
Galium (Cleavers) is almost destitute of a calyx; it has a small 4-
partite, rotate corolla, 4 stamens, and 2 free styles. The fruitlets are
nut-like. The inflorescence is a paniculate dichasium passing into
helicoid cymes.—Asperula (Woodruff) is distinguished from the
above by its salver- or funnel-shaped corolla. 1 style.—Rubia
(Madder, Figs. 587–590) has almost the same form of corolla as
Galium, but (most frequently) a 5-merous flower, and the fruitlets are
“drupes.” Sherardia (Field Madder); the flowers are clustered in closely arranged
cymes surrounded by an involucre; the calyx has 6 distinct teeth, while the number
of petals and stamens is 4. The corolla is funnel-shaped.—Vaillantia. Crucianella.
The distribution of seeds, in some instances, is promoted by hooked
appendages on the fruitlets (e.g. Galium aparine).
The small flowers of the Stellatæ are frequently collected in compact
inflorescences, and are therefore rendered more conspicuous; slight protandry is
found in some, self-pollination in the species which are less conspicuous. Many
species are heterostylous. Myrmecodia, Hydnophytum, and other genera have
large tubers (hypocotyledonous stems), whose labyrinthine cavities and passages
are inhabited by ants.
About 4,500 species; tropical or sub-tropical except the Stellatæ; especially
American. The tropical ones are mostly trees.—Several are OFFICINAL on
account of the large amount of alkaloids and glycosides which they contain. The
most important are the Cinchonas (Cinchona calisaya, C. succirubra, C. officinalis,
C. micrantha, etc.), whose bark contains the well-known febrifuge and tonic,
Quinine, Cinchonin, etc.; Quinine is also found in Exostemma, Ladenbergia, and
Remijia. The root “Ipecacuanha” (an emetic) from Cephaëlis ipecacuanha
(Brazils). Caffeine is officinal. The use of the seeds of the coffee plant (“the
beans”) was first known in Europe in 1583.—There are only a few which contain
aromatic properties, principally among the Stellatæ (coumarin in Asperula odorata,
the Woodruff), in which group colouring materials are also found. The root and
root-stalks of Rubia tinctorum, the Madder (S. Eur., Orient., Fig. 587), were
formerly largely used for dyeing, but are now superseded by the analine colours.
Red dyes are also obtained from the roots of species of Asperula and Galium.
Gambier is a splendid colouring material, obtained from Uncaria gambir (S.E.
Asia), which is used in dyeing and tanning.—The order does not furnish many
ornamental flowers.
Order 2. Caprifoliaceæ. This order agrees with the Rubiaceæ in
having opposite leaves and an epigynous flower, most frequently 5-
merous with the ordinary tetracyclic diagram, but in some species it
is zygomorphic; the corolla has imbricate æstivation, carpels 3–5,
most frequently 3 (not 2, which is the most usual number in the
Rubiaceæ). The fruit is generally a berry or a drupe, but the most
important, and in any case most easily recognisable feature, is the
absence of stipules; in exceptional cases, where they are present,
they are not interpetiolar, and are most frequently small.—The majority
of plants belonging to this order are shrubs or trees. Compound leaves sometimes
occur. Stipules only appear in a few species of Lonicera, Sambucus and
Viburnum; in the common Elder (Sambucus nigra) they are in some instances
glandular and small, but in other cases larger and more leaf-like (upon long, well-
developed shoots); in the Dwarf Elder (S. ebulus) they have the normal leaf-like
form; in Viburnum opulus they are present as narrow lobes at the base of the
petiole; in others they are completely absent. The leaves are frequently
penninerved, rarely palminerved. The calyx, as in the Stellatæ and Aggregatæ, is
often very insignificant.
1. Lonicereæ, Honeysuckle Group. This has campanulate or
tubular corollas which are often zygomorphic; in connection with the
length of the corolla the style is long, filamentous, and most
frequently has a large, capitate stigma. There are several ovules in
the loculi of the ovary, and the fruit is most frequently a berry.
 Fig. 591.—Lonicera.
Lonicera (Honeysuckle). Shrubs, sometimes twiners. The corolla
in some species is considerably bilabiate (Fig. 591), with 4 lobes in
the upper lip, and 1 in the under lip, but in others more regular,
tubular, or campanulate. The flowers are either borne in capitate
inflorescences, which are compound and formed of closely
compressed 3-flowered dichasia (sect. Caprifolium), or in dichasia
with 2 flowers (the terminal flower is wanting). The ovaries and fruits
coalesce in some (sect. Xylosteum). The opposite leaves in some species
unite with each other and form a broad collar encircling the stem (Fig. 591). Above
the primary bud 1–2 accessory buds are often found in the leaf-axils.—Diervilla
(Weigelia); with a 2-locular, 2-valved capsule.—Symphoricarpus (Snowberry) has
an almost regular, funnel-shaped corolla; a peculiar feature is found in the ovary
which has 4 loculi, the 2 median having many ovules in 2 rows, all of which are
aborted; the 2 lateral ones, on the other hand, each have only 1 ovule which is
developed. Different forms of leaves are frequently found on the same branch;
they are entire or lobed.
2. Sambuceæ, Elder Group (Fig. 592). This has a rotate,
regular corolla, extrorse anthers, a very short and thick (or almost
absent) style, with tripartite stigmas, and only 1 pendulous ovule in
each of the 3 (-5) loculi of the ovary. The fruit is a “drupe” with 1–3
(-5) stones. The inflorescence is made up of cymes grouped in an
umbel-like arrangement.
Sambucus (Elder, Fig. 592) has imparipinnate leaves and a
“drupe” with 3 (-5) stones. Between the calyx and the style a disc
remains on the apex of the fruit. S. nigra with black fruit; S.
racemosa with red fruit; S. ebulus is a perennial herb; the others are
woody.—Viburnum (Guelder-rose) has simple leaves (penninerved
or palminerved, entire, dentate or lobed), and a “drupe” with only 1
stone, which is compressed, cartilaginous, and parchment-like; 2 of
the loculi of the ovary are aborted. (In V. opulus the marginal flowers of the
inflorescence are barren, and in that case their corollas are generally specially
large; the cultivated Viburnum has only barren flowers, with large corollas.)

Fig. 592.—Sambucus nigra: cor corolla; s calyx.

3. Linnæeæ. Linnæa borealis (the only species) is an extreme form of the order;
it has a 2-flowered dichasium, funnel-shaped, slightly bilabiate corollas (2/3); 4
didynamous stamens. Two of the 3 loculi of the ovary have several ovules which
are not developed, while the third has only 1 ovule, which developes into a seed.
The fruit is a nut, which is enveloped by the two large bracteoles, which are
covered by sticky, glandular hairs, and serve as a means of distribution. It is a
small undershrub.
[Adoxa, which was formerly classed in this order, appears, according to recent
investigations, to be more properly placed among the Saxifraginæ.]
In cases where the flowers are small, as in Sambucus and Viburnum opulus,
they are rendered conspicuous by being arranged in closely-packed
inflorescences; they are massed together and form large surfaces, and in the last
named are still more conspicuous on account of the barren, but large ray-flowers,
which are of service in this respect. Honey is secreted in the nectaries at the base
of the styles. In the genera with rotate flowers, as Viburnum and other Sambuceæ,
the honey lies so exposed and in such a thin layer, that only flies and insects with
short probosces can procure it; bees, however, visit these flowers for the sake of
the pollen. There is hardly any nectar in the Elder; self-pollination frequently takes
place. The flowers of the Caprifoliaceæ, which, with their long corolla-tube are
adapted for evening-and night-flying insects with long probosces, open in the
evening, and at that time give off their strongest scent.
Distribution. 230 species; especially outside the Tropics in the Northern
Hemisphere. In this country they are found especially in hedges and as under-
shrubs.—Officinal: the flowers and fresh fruits of the Elder (S. nigra), the fruits
(“berries”) being also used in the household. Ornamental shrubs: species of
Lonicera, Symphoricarpus, Diervilla, which are chiefly from N. Am., Abelia and
Viburnum.

Family 34. Dipsacales.

The leaves are opposite and without stipules. The flower (Figs.
593, 595, 598, 599, 600) is epigynous, zygomorphic or
asymmetrical, 5-merous with S5, P5, stamens typically 5, but by
suppression never more than 4, sometimes less, carpels 3–2. The
calyx is more or less insignificant, and almost suppressed in the
extreme forms. The ovary has 3–1 loculi, but only one loculus has an
ovule, which is pendulous with the micropyle turned upwards (Fig.
594). Fruit a nut. Embryo straight, with the radicle pointing upwards
(Fig. 597), without or with endosperm.
The inflorescences are distinct dichasia in Valerianaceæ, but in
Dipsacaceæ and Calyceraceæ they are crowded together into
capitula.
 This family is closely allied to the Rubiales through the Valerianaceæ, which
have almost the same structure as many of the Caprifoliaceæ. It attains the
highest development in the Dipsacaceæ, which are composite plants, but differs
from Compositæ in the position of the ovule, etc.
Order 1. Valerianaceæ. Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs with
opposite leaves, often pinnate; stipules absent. The flowers are
borne in dichasia and in scorpioid cymose inflorescences and are
entirely without any plane of symmetry (Fig. 593). The calyx and
corolla are 5-merous, but the calyx is frequently very insignificant
and ultimately a pappus, as in Compositæ; the corolla is frequently
saccate or produced into a spur at the base. Most frequently, only 3
(4–1) of the 5 stamens are developed; these are free. Carpels 3,
which form an inferior ovary, often with 3 loculi, but only 1 of the
loculi contains 1 pendulous, anatropous ovule (Figs. 593, 594 A), the
other loculi are empty and shrink up more or less completely.
(Compare Fig. 593 A, B). Style 1, stigma tripartite. Endosperm
absent; embryo straight, with the radicle directed upwards.
The inflorescences are dichasia, or unipared scorpioid cymes with the branches
developed in the axil of the second bracteole. Both the bracteoles are generally
present and frequently form 4 very regular, longitudinal rows on the branches of
the inflorescence.—5 stamens do not occur (except perhaps in Patrinia). The
suppression of stamens and carpels takes place most readily on the anterior side
of the flower and that turned towards the first bracteole (a) (Fig. 593), whose
branch is suppressed in the dichasium; after this the posterior median stamen is
next suppressed.
By the vegetative characters as well as by the inflorescence and the flower, the
order is allied to the Caprifoliaceæ and especially to the Sambuceæ.
 Fig. 593.—A Diagram of
Valeriana officinalis. B Diagram of
Centranthus.
In the least modified (oldest) forms, Patrinia and Nardostachys,
there is an almost regular flower, a 5-merous calyx, 4 stamens, and
3 loculi in the ovary, 2 of which however are barren. The stamens in
Valerianella are reduced to 3, in Fedia to 2 (posterior), and the calyx
is less distinctly 5-dentate; the 2 empty loculi in the ovary are still
visible. Fedia has a small spur at the base of the corolla. Valeriana
has a very reduced, hair-like calyx (pappus), an unsymmetrical,
salver-shaped corolla with a sac-like, nectariferous spur at the base,
3 stamens and only 1 loculus in the ovary (Figs. 594, 593).
Centranthus (Fig. 593) is still further reduced. The corolla has a spur
and only 1 stamen; unipared scorpioid cymes with 4 rows of bracteoles. In the
last two genera there is a peculiar wall in the corolla-tube, which divides it
longitudinally into two compartments (indicated by a dotted line in Fig. 593), one of
which encloses the style. This wall is low in Valeriana, but in Centranthus it
reaches as far as the throat.—The rays of the pappus are pinnately branched and
rolled up before the ripening of the fruit. 12–20 in number (Fig. 594 A, B).
Val. officinalis and others are protandrous: in the first period the stamens project
from the centre of the flower (Fig. 595 a), the stigmas in the second (b) when the
stamens have become bent backwards. (V. dioica is diœcious with large ♂ -and
small ♀-flowers).—275 species; especially from the temperate and colder parts of
the northern hemisphere of the Old World, Western North America and the Andes.
—Bitter properties are characteristic, such for instance as the volatile acid and
volatile oil of Valeriana; these occur especially in the rhizomes. Officinal; the
rhizomes of V. officinalis.—The true Indian “Nardus,” an important medicine and
perfume in India, is extracted from Nardostachys (Himalaya). A variety of
Valerianella olitoria is sometimes used as salad.

Fig. 594.—Valeriana: A ovary (longitudinal section); B ripe fruit.