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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
IN CHINA
WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW®
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION IN CHINA
WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW®
DANIEL K. GARDNER
1
3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Paperback printed by LSC Communications, United States of America
Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America
CONTENTS
1. Overview 3
2. Historical Background 15
3. Economic Development and the Environment 31
4. China’s New Consumerism 43
NOTES 223
SELECTED READINGS 247
INDEX 273
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
IN CHINA
WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW®
Part I
.
ur R
TURKM. Balkhash Lake Baikal
UZB. Mohe Heihe
Am
Yitulihe
Nenjiang
Tacheng Altay Manzhouli
KYRGYZSTAN Qiqihar
MONGOLIA Arxan Harbin
TAJ.
AFGHANISTAN Ürümqi Changchung Jilin Sea of
Shache Yanqi
Japan
Shenyang
Anxi NORTH (East
PAKISTAN Baotou Huhot Beijing
KOREA Sea)
Rutog Yinchuan Tianjin
Da Qaidam Lüshun SOUTH
Shijiazhuang KOREA
Taiyuan
Xining Jinan
Lanzhou Yellow R. Yellow
Xi'an Zhengzhou Sea JAPAN
NEPAL Nanjing
Lhasa
C H I N A Shanghai
Suzhou
Chengdu Ningbo
BHUTAN Chongqing e R. Wuhan Hangzhou
East
INDIA g tz
n China
Ya Fuzhou
BANGLADESH Guiyang Sea
Xiamen Taipei
Kunming X i Jiang
R. Guangzhou TAIWAN
MYANMAR
(BURMA) Macau
Bay of VIETNAM Hong Kong PACIFIC
Bengal LAOS OCEAN
0 km 500 Nainan South
China
0 miles 500 THAILAND Sea PHILIPPINES
Figure 1.2 Air pollution levels: China and the United States
Overview 7