Writing the Holy Land: The Franciscans

of Mount Zion and the Construction of a

Cultural Memory, 1300–1550 1st ed.
Edition Michele Campopiano
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/writing-the-holy-land-the-franciscans-of-mount-zion-a
nd-the-construction-of-a-cultural-memory-1300-1550-1st-ed-edition-michele-campopi
ano/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Three Pilgrimages to the Holy Land: Saewulf: A True

Account of the Situation in Jerusalem / John of
Würzburg: A Description of the Places of the Holy Land
/ Theoderic: A Little Book of the Holy Places Unknown
https://ebookmass.com/product/three-pilgrimages-to-the-holy-land-
saewulf-a-true-account-of-the-situation-in-jerusalem-john-of-
wurzburg-a-description-of-the-places-of-the-holy-land-theoderic-
a-little-book-of-the-holy-places/

The Oxford History of the Holy Land 1st Edition Robert

G. Hoyland

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-oxford-history-of-the-holy-
land-1st-edition-robert-g-hoyland/

Memory and Enlightenment: Cultural Afterlives of the

Long Eighteenth Century 1st ed. Edition James Ward

https://ebookmass.com/product/memory-and-enlightenment-cultural-
afterlives-of-the-long-eighteenth-century-1st-ed-edition-james-
ward/

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land H.G.M.

Williamson Et Al.

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-oxford-illustrated-history-of-
the-holy-land-h-g-m-williamson-et-al/
Governance and Multiculturalism: The White Elephant of
Social Construction and Cultural Identities 1st ed.
2020 Edition Catherine Koerner

https://ebookmass.com/product/governance-and-multiculturalism-
the-white-elephant-of-social-construction-and-cultural-
identities-1st-ed-2020-edition-catherine-koerner/

Walter Benjamin and the Idea of Natural History

(Cultural Memory in the Present) 1st Edition
Friedlander

https://ebookmass.com/product/walter-benjamin-and-the-idea-of-
natural-history-cultural-memory-in-the-present-1st-edition-
friedlander/

The BBC, The 'War on Terror' and the Discursive

Construction of Terrorism 1st ed. Edition Jared Ahmad

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-bbc-the-war-on-terror-and-the-
discursive-construction-of-terrorism-1st-ed-edition-jared-ahmad/

The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New

World 2nd rev., ed., Reprint 2019 Edition John Leddy
Phelan

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-millennial-kingdom-of-the-
franciscans-in-the-new-world-2nd-rev-ed-reprint-2019-edition-
john-leddy-phelan/

The Power of Memory and Violence in Central America 1st

ed. Edition Rachel Hatcher

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-power-of-memory-and-violence-
in-central-america-1st-ed-edition-rachel-hatcher/
THE NEW MIDDLE AGES

Writing the
Holy Land
The Franciscans of
Mount Zion and
the Construction of a
Cultural Memory,
1300–1550

Michele Campopiano
 The New Middle Ages

Series Editor
Bonnie Wheeler
English and Medieval Studies
Southern Methodist University
Dallas, TX, USA
The New Middle Ages is a series dedicated to pluridisciplinary studies of
medieval cultures, with particular emphasis on recuperating women’s
history and on feminist and gender analyses. This peer-reviewed series
includes both scholarly monographs and essay collections.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14239
 Michele Campopiano

Writing the Holy

Land
The Franciscans of Mount Zion
and the Construction of a Cultural Memory,
1300–1550
Michele Campopiano
Centre for Medieval Studies and Department
of English and Related Literature
University of York
York, UK

The New Middle Ages

ISBN 978-3-030-52773-0    ISBN 978-3-030-52774-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52774-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Church of the Holy Sepulchre: woodcut, from Breydenbach’s Sanctae
Peregrinationes (Mainz, 1846). Image from LACMA (lacma.org)

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 To my mother, Rita Del Prete
To the memory of my father, Ettore Campopiano (1947–2020)
Sol chi non lascia eredità d’affetti
Poca gioia ha dell’urna
 Preface

The volume you have in your hands is a study of the role of the Franciscans
in Jerusalem in building a shared representation of the past of the Holy
Land, a representation that is essential to understanding Latin Christianity’s
self-definition. The Franciscans played (and still play) a fundamental role
in facilitating pilgrimage to the Holy Land. What this book explores and
clarifies is how part of the Franciscans’ task was also accomplished by
collecting texts and elaborating a representation of the Holy Land by
means of the written word. This book stems from a singular coincidence
of interests and methodological approaches. My first book was dedicated
to the study and critical edition of the Liber Guidonis compositus de variis
historiis, a twelfth-century compilation of historical and geographical
texts. In carrying out this work, I focused on how the study of the sources
of a historical work and the analysis of its manuscript tradition could help
us to understand how certain historical representations were consolidated
over the centuries to build a vision of the past that would last over time.
The reception of certain texts or the diffusion of these manuscripts made
it possible to create a widespread and shared, but also lasting, vision of the
past. While studies on the use of the past often highlight the propensity of
different agents to adapt the past to the present circumstances, it seemed
necessary to analyse the possibility of continuity, of the construction of
lasting representations of the past. Each construction of the past offers the
possibility for a particular social group or institution to fashion an identity.
The convinction that identity and a particular vision of the past could not
be separated had been strengthened in me during my university years,
thanks to the study of various thinkers but in particular to my encounter

vii
viii PREFACE

with the philosophy of Benedetto Croce (1866–1952) and especially with

his book La Storia come pensiero e come azione (History as Thought and
Action, 1938). Croce also taught me that the study of the past could not
be separated from the interests of today and the interpretative categories
developed within our cultural context. This did not mean renouncing his-
torical research understood as the study of a past different from our con-
temporary reality, or understanding all historiographical work solely as the
expression of an ideology, but it did mean acknowledging that the concep-
tualization of the past is always linked to the categories of those who
observe it and try to understand it. Moreover, Croce’s ideas prevented me
from arbitrarily identifying a precise moment for the birth of “scientific”
historiography, of a historiography freed from the multiple processes of
collective memory construction.
Further readings had brought me to the knowledge of the most recent
studies on cultural memory, studies with which the present volume seeks
a dialogue. These studies have taught me that memory does not exist in a
vacuum, but must be constructed through certain cultural products, from
texts to monuments. Memory exists through different media. The
manuscript book was the medium par excellence for transmitting texts
created in the Middle Ages. The study of the transmission of texts and
how they were used as sources to create miscellaneous manuscripts and
compilations seemed to me essential to understanding how the construction
of a shared memory should be studied in relation to the diffusion and use
of these texts. So, the study of cultural memory had to be commingled
with methods from philology and manuscript studies.
In the course of my studies, I was also concerned with the problem of
the representation of space in the Middle Ages. But the representation of
space and that of the past did not represent two different cultural fields in
the Middle Ages. On the contrary, the description of places was the basis
for the construction of historical narrations, and the texts dedicated to the
description of space, of certain provinces and regions, were never clearly
separated from the narration of the historical events that took place there.
This was especially the case with the descriptions of the Holy Land, a cat-
egory to which many of the texts analysed in this book belong. But the
question seems to me to go beyond the chronological limits of the Middle
Ages. Even today we cannot think of a sovereign country, a region or a city
by artificially separating the geographical description from an understand-
ing of its past.
 PREFACE ix

Obviously, I do not believe that this volume can provide an answer to

any of these important theoretical questions. However, it can perhaps
provide new food for thought, particularly among medievalists. This is
also because, more modestly, this volume presents a series of texts that are
little known not only to the general public but also to scholars of the
Middle Ages; nevertheless, these texts played a decisive role in the
development of the late medieval representation of the Holy Land. In
order to achieve this goal, this volume acts as a bridge between different
academic traditions, since I have tried to draw from studies written in
different countries. I therefore believe that I am rendering a small service
to all scholars—medievalists and otherwise—of the history of the
Mediterranean, the history of Christianity and the history of pilgrimage
and travel literature. If the broader issues that have stirred the mind of the
author of this work shine through and stimulate further questions in the
reader, it will only be an additional service.

York, UK Michele Campopiano

 Acknowledgements

As often in these cases, this book owes much to the contribution and the
suggestions of many colleagues. In particular, I would like to thank Patrick
Gautier Dalché for his many comments. I would also like to express my
gratitude to Edoardo Barbieri, leader of the project “Libri Ponti di Pace,”
for his comments and his help in dealing with the patrimony of the library
of the Franciscan Custodia in Jerusalem. I wish to thank Luca Rivali,
Alessandro Tedesco, Emilia Bignami, Sarah Calabrese and Marcello
Mozzato for helping me while I was in Jerusalem, working in the library
and archive of the Custodia. I need to express my gratitude to the Custodia
itself and in particular to Father Lionel Goh, librarian, and Father Sergey
Loktionov, archivist. I am also grateful to the many other libraries and
archives listed in the bibliography that have granted me access to their
materials. I wish to extend my gratitude to Beatrice Saletti and Paolo
Trovato, not just because of their many useful comments, but also because
they often shared with me the results of their research before publication.
I would also like to thank Victoria Blud, Andrew Jotischky, Jonathan
Rubin and Claudia Wittig for their useful comments, as well as the
members of the research networks “Remembered Places and Invented
Traditions: Thinking about the Holy Land in the Late Medieval West”
and “Pilgrim Libraries: Books and Reading on the Medieval Routes to
Jerusalem & Rome” (led by Anthony Bale) and of the network “Imagining
Jerusalem: c. 1099 to the Present Day” (led by Anna Bernard, Helen
Smith, Jim Watt and myself). These comments are responsible for many of
the merits of this book and none of its demerits. The research for this
book was made possible also by the NWO (Netherlands Organisation for

xi
xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Scientific Research. Project Cultural memory and identity in the Late

Middle Ages: the Franciscans of Mount Zion in Jerusalem and the
representation of the Holy Land [1333–1516], project number
360-50-070). I also want to thank the University of York for its support.
Thanks to Palgrave Macmillan and especially to Megan Laddusaw for
making this book possible.
 Contents

1 Introduction: Writing the Holy Land  1

2 The Franciscan Holy Land 25

3 The Convent of Mount Zion and Book Production and

Circulation 55

4 Early Franciscan Descriptions and Maps of the Holy Land 89

5 Franciscan Compilations, Miscellaneous Manuscripts and

Composite Volumes on the Holy Land127

6 Franciscan Descriptions of the Holy Land in the Fifteenth

Century185

7 Between the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance225

8 The Lists of Holy Places and Indulgences (Indulgenziari)

and Their Diffusion281

9 Franciscan Texts and Late Medieval Pilgrimage Accounts305

10 Conclusions: Loss, Trauma, Recovery349

xiii
xiv Contents

Appendix: Summary Description of Analysed Manuscripts355

Bibliography381

Index423
 Abbreviations

ASTC: Archivio storico della Custodia di Terra Santa

Briquet: http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/_scripts/php/BR.php
H: Den Haag, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 73 G 8
MGH: Monumenta Germaniae Historica
N: Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, MS ex-Vind. lat. 49
P: Pisa, Archivio Storico Diocesano di Pisa, manoscritti, Miscellanea
Zucchelli, no. XXXIII, Appendice II, inserto III
Piccard: https://www.piccard-online.de/start.php
V: Vienna, Ӧsterreichische Nationalbibliothek, MS 3468
W: Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek Guelf. 391 Helmst

xv
 List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Latin 4939, fol. 10v 99
Fig. 4.2 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Latin 4939, fol. 11r 100
Fig. 7.1 Staatliche Bibliothek Neuburg an der Donau, 04/Hs. INR 10,
p. 75245
Fig. 7.2 Staatliche Bibliothek Neuburg an der Donau, 04/Hs. INR 10,
p. 157247
Fig. 7.3 Staatliche Bibliothek Neuburg an der Donau, 04/Hs. INR 10,
p. 210249

xvii
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: Writing the Holy Land

For anyone coming to Jerusalem, the sight of Franciscan habits might not
seem surprising in a city that so many people of different religions consider
holy. What the modern pilgrims or tourists may not know is that the
Franciscan presence in Jerusalem has a long history. The friars shaped the
way Western travellers and pilgrims have seen, imagined and written about
the Holy Land for centuries. This book explores the writings on the Holy
Land from the Franciscan convent in Jerusalem and investigates their role
in the construction of the memory of holy places, in the period from
around 1333, when the Franciscans started to settle in the Holy Land, to
the 1530s (after the Ottoman conquest of the Holy Land in 1517).
Pilgrimage to the Holy Land declined shortly thereafter also owing to the
pressures of the Ottoman expansion.1 During this period, the Franciscans
of Mount Zion played a crucial role in mediating the relationship between
Western Europe and the Holy Land. Settled on the Cenacle in Jerusalem,
the friars played a part in welcoming and guiding pilgrims, orchestrating
their devotional practices and acting as intermediaries between the local
population and the Muslim authorities.2 The Friars also played a major

1
Dominique Julia, Le voyage aux saints. Les pèlerinages dans l’Occident moderne (XVe–
XVIIIe siècle) (Paris: Gallimard, 2016), 13–17; F. Thomas Noonan, The Road to Jerusalem.
Pilgrimage and Travel in the Age of Discovery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,
2007), 49–83; Nicole Chareyron, Ethique et esthétique du récit de voyage à la fine du moyen
age (Paris: Champion, 2013), 3–6.
2
Andrew Jotischky, “The Franciscan return to the Holy Land (1333) and Mt Sion: pil-
grimage and the apostolic mission,” in The Crusader world, ed. Adrian Boas (Abingdon:

© The Author(s) 2020 1

M. Campopiano, Writing the Holy Land, The New Middle Ages,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52774-7_1
2 M. CAMPOPIANO

role in diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the Eastern
Churches, and acted as inquisitors into heresy in the East, especially among
pilgrims.3 Pilgrimage to the Holy Land offered a model for other pilgrim-
ages in which collective devotion was framed by a religious order (in this
case the Franciscan order).
At the root of the Franciscan endeavour there was the role the Land of
Promise played in Christian thought and piety. The Holy Land, as the site
of the life of Jesus Christ and the Apostolic Community, played a major
role in the construction of a Christian identity. Christianity as a religion is
grounded on the historical accounts of the Bible. In De vera religione,
Augustine writes: “Huius religionis sectandae caput est historia et prophe-
tia dispensationis temporalis divinae providentiae pro salute generis
humani in aeternam vitam reformandi atque reparandi.”4 Writing on the
Holy Land was an integral part of the process by which Christianity was
transformed from a dissident sect within Palestinian Judaism to a universal
religion, which could be “read” and understood everywhere in the world.
The text of the Bible referred by name to the places, people and events of
the history of this region, which were invoked in liturgy, preaching and
visual arts. The representation of the Holy Land was developed as a sup-
plement to a text, due to its connection to the events of the Bible.5 The

Routledge, 2016), 241–255; Wolfgang Schneider, “Peregrinatio Hierosolymitana. Studien

zum spätmittelalterlichen Jerusalembrauchtum und zu den aus der Heiliglandfahrt her-
vorgegangenen nordwesteuropäischen Jerusalembruderschaften,” PhD diss., University of
Münster, 1982, 41–44; Leonard Lemmens, Die Franziskaner im Hl. Lande. 1 Teil. Die
Franziskaner auf dem Sion (1336–1551) (Münster: Aschendorff, 1925), 37–58.
3
Among the pilgrims it was quite easy to find large numbers of heretics, and for this reason
Pope Gregory XI gave to the province of the Franciscans in the Holy Land the title of
inquisitor haereticae pravitatis in Egypt, the Holy Land and Syria; see: Jean Richard, La
papauté et les missions d’Orient au Moyen Age (XIIIe-XVe siècles) (Rome: Ecole Française de
Rome, 1977), 133.
4
“The head of this religion which is to be followed is history and prophecy of temporal
dispensation of divine providence for the salvation of mankind to be reformed and recovered
in eternal life”; Aurelius Augustinus, De vera religione, VII, 13, in Augustinus, De doctrina
christiana. De vera religione, ed. Josef Martin and Klaus D. Daur (Turnhout: Brepols, 1962),
171–260 (Corpus Christianorum. Series Latina, 32).
5
Gerrit J. Schenk, “Dorthin und wieder zurück. Mittelalterliche Pilgerreisen ins Heilige
Land als ritualisierte Bewegung in Raum und Zeit,” in Prozessionen-Wallfahrten-Aufmärsche.
Bewegung zwischen Religion und Politik in Europa und Asien seit dem Mittelalter, ed. Jörg
Gengnagel and Monika Horstmann (Köln, Weimar, Wien: Böhlau, 2008), 19–86, 19–33;
Glenn Bowman, “Christian ideology and the image of a holy land: the place of Jerusalem
pilgrimage in the various Christianities,” in Contesting the Sacred: the Anthropology of
 1 INTRODUCTION: WRITING THE HOLY LAND 3

Old and New Testaments mention events that take place in a real, worldly
space. However, this link between Christianity and geographical space was
not contemporary with the beginning of Christianity as a religion, which
instead emphasized the possibility of achieving salvation everywhere. Early
Christians did not link divine presence to a specific territory; pilgrimage
was not part of early Christian practices.6 Instead, this link was forged by
a historical process that exalted the role of certain places in Christian piety,
defined the Holy Land as a sacred space crucial to Christian identity and
identified the places mentioned in the Holy Scripture with existing places.
The representation of the Holy Land and of its history was not set once
and for all. It was subject to re-mediation: re-presented again and again,
over decades and centuries and in different media.7 It is therefore more
accurate to talk about a process of sacralization of holy places, rather than
as places being declared sacred once and for all. The construction and
identification of these places was always underway, and written texts played
a major role in establishing their sacrality.8
This process of construction has its roots in the Hebrew Bible, in par-
ticular Deuteronomy: “The Lord your God will bring you into the land
that your ancestors possessed, and you will possess it” (Deut. 30: 3–5).
The term Holy Land first appears in Zechariah, but it is foreshadowed in
Ezekiel’s vision of Mount Zion and Jerusalem. According to Ezekiel, God
will return on Mount Zion. The expression, Holy Land, is found again in
the second book of the Maccabees.
After the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD, the Christian and Jewish
communities were dispersed, and the memory of their holy places largely

Christian Pilgrimage, ed. Michael Sallnow and John Eade (London: Routledge, 1991),
98–121; Victor Turner, Edith Turner, Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture:
Anthropological Perspectives (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), 172–202.
6
Colin Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2005), 13–15.
7
Astrid Erll, “Literature, film, and the mediality of cultural memory,” in Cultural Memory
Studies. An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook, ed. Astrid Erll and Ansgar
Nünning (Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 2008), 1–11; Martin Zierold, Gesellschaftliche
Erinnerung: eine medienkulturwissenschaftliche Perspektive (Berlin, New York: De
Gruyter, 2006).
8
Andreas Nehring, “Auf dem Weg zum ‘Heiligen’? Pilgern aus religionswissenschaftlicher
Perspektive,” in Unterwegs im Namen der Religion. Pilgern als Form der Kontingenzbewältigung
und Zukunftssicherung in den Weltreligionen, ed. Klaus Herbers and Hans Christian Lehner
(Stuttgart: Steiner, 2014), 13–24, 16–17.
4 M. CAMPOPIANO

lost.9 After the Bar Kochba Rebellion in 135, the city of Jerusalem was
replaced by Colonia Aelia Capitolina, founded on its site by Hadrian.
During the fourth to seventh centuries, different Christian groups began
to think of Jerusalem as their city, as the Christian city, and Palestine as a
place set apart. Monks began to settle in this area. They spoke of them-
selves as the inhabitants of the Holy Land, and they were the first to use
the expression in a “distinctively Christian way.”10 The fourth century saw
the intensive work of the valorization of the Holy Land by Constantine
and Helena. In 324, Constantine defeated the Eastern emperor Licinius at
Chrysopolis, thus reunifying the Empire: within a few months, he ordered
extensive works on the Eastern side of Hadrian’s buildings in Aelia. This
led to the discovery of the Holy Sepulchre and of the Wood of the Cross,
and to the identification of a column of rock as the hill of Calvary, in the
place where the chapel of Calvary still stands.11 The extensive construction
works memorialized these places. The efforts of Constantine and Helen
strengthened the relationship between the events narrated in the Holy
Writings and Jerusalem, creating in the Holy Land a veritable lieu de
mémoire (site of memory)12 for the now-Christian empire. Eusebius, in his
Life of Constantine, reports on the discovery of the sepulchre and the
building of the Anastasis, directing attention to the religious significance
of space: for him this place was holy from the beginning, and it is now
holier because it has brought to light proof of the suffering of the Saviour.13
He explained that the tomb was a sign of the veracity of the Gospels.14
Before the discovery of the tomb, Eusebius had already written the
Onomasticon on the location and names of places among the Hebrews. He
identified obscure biblical sites, apparently without distinction between
the Hebrew Bible and New Testament. Significantly, Eusebius began to
envision Palestine not as a Roman province but as a land whose character
and identity were formed by biblical and Christian history. As early as the

Morris, The Sepulchre, 1–2.

9

Robert L. Wilken, The Land Called Holy. Palestine in Christian History and Thought
10

(New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1992), XV.

11
Morris, The Sepulchre, 16–24.
12
Pierre Nora, “La fin de l’histoire-mémoire,” in Les Lieux de mémoire. I. La République,
ed. Pierre Nora (Paris: Gallimard, 1984), XVI–XXXIV.
13
Wilken, The Land Called Holy, 89; Eusebius, Vita Constantini, in Eusebius Werke, I, 1:
Über das Leben des Kaisers Konstantin, ed. Friedhelm Winkelmann (Berlin: Akademie Verlag,
1975), 3–30.
14
Wilken, The Land Called Holy, 90.
 1 INTRODUCTION: WRITING THE HOLY LAND 5

third century, Origen mentions the tradition that the body of Adam, the
first human being, was buried where Christ had been crucified.15 Perhaps
this is why Eusebius says that the place was holy “from the beginning,”
since Jerusalem would have hosted the remains of the first man. Among
the Latin fathers, Ambrose, too, connects the place of the Cross with the
burial place of Adam beneath it.16
The Constantinian basilicas in Palestine could only be intelligible to
Christians at the time due to the more or less contemporary rise of the cult
of the saints. The prominence of the cult of the martyrs paved the way for
the sanctification of the landscape of Palestine. The memory of the perse-
cuted church of the martyrs needed to be consciously kept alive after the
triumph of the Church in the Roman Empire. Intensifying veneration of
the localized holy tombs of the martyrs was the answer and in turn intro-
duced sacred space into Christianity.17 The grave of a martyr permitted
communication between heaven and earth because of their praesentia, a
presence on earth in the physical remains of the holy dead.18 If God him-
self had become flesh, the places in which he was born, lived and was
buried received the imprint of God’s presence: John of Damascus thus
writes that the Holy Land is a receptacle of divine energy.19
The Christian fathers also started to encourage believers to come to
Palestine.20 For example, Jerome writes to Marcella: “prima vox Dei ad
Abraham: exi, inquit, de terra tua et de cognatione tua et vade in terram,
quam monstrabo tibi.”21 He also defends the use of the attribute “holy”
for the city of Jerusalem.22 Jerome’s words allude to both a real and a

15
Origenes, Matthäuserklärung II: die lateinische Übersetzung der Commentariorum series,
ed. Erich Klostermann, Ernst Benz (Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1933), chap. 27–32, par. 3.
16
Ambroise de Milan, Traité sur l’Evangile de saint Luc, vol. II (Paris: CERF, 1958), book
X, chap. 114.
17
Charles Freeman, Holy Bones, Holy Dust: How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval
Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 24–25; Peter Brown, The Cult of the
Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1981), 3. See also Marianne Ritsema van Eck, The Holy Land in Observant Franciscan Texts
(c. 1480–1650). Theology, Travel and Territoriality (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2019), 12–16.
18
Brown, The Cult of the Saints, 3.
19
Wilken, The Land Called Holy, 118–119.
20
Wilken, The Land Called Holy, 123.
21
“God’s first word to Abraham: ‘Go out,’ he says, ‘from your land and from your kindred,
and go to the Land I will show you,’” Isidorus Hilberg, ed., S. Eusebii Hieronymi opera.
Epistularum pars I (Vienna, Leipzig: Tempsky, 1910), chap. 46, par. 2.
22
Hilberg, ed., S. Eusebii Hieronymi opera. Epistularum pars I, chap. 46, par. 7.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Verlag von Quelle & Meyer in Leipzig
Geb. M. 1.80 Naturwissenschaftliche
Bibliothek für Jugend und
Volk
Geb. M. 1.80
Herausgegeben von Konrad Höller und Dr. Georg Ulmer
Reich illustrierte Bändchen im Umfange von 140 bis 200 Seiten

Der deutsche Wald. Von Prof. Dr. M. Buesgen. 2.

Aufl.
»Unter den zahlreichen, für ein größeres Publikum berechneten
botanischen Werken, die in jüngster Zeit erschienen sind,
beansprucht das vorliegende ganz besondere Beachtung. Es ist
ebenso interessant wie belehrend.«
Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau.

Die Heide. Von W. Wagner.

»Alles in allem – ein liebenswürdiges Büchlein, daß wir in die
Schülerbibliotheken eingestellt wünschen möchten; denn es gehört
zu jenen, welche darnach angetan sind, unserer Jugend in
anregendster Weise Belehrung zu schaffen.«
Land- u. Forstwirtsch. Unterrichtszeitung.

Im Hochgebirge. Von Prof. C. Keller.

»Auf 141 Seiten entrollt der Verfasser ein so intimes, anschauliches
Bild des Tierlebens in den Hochalpen, daß man schier mehr
Belehrung als aus dicken Wälzern geschöpft zu haben glaubt. Ein
treffliches Buch, das keiner ungelesen lassen sollte.«
Deutsche Tageszeitung.
Vulkan und Erdbeben. Von Prof. Dr. Brauns.
Es ist erfreulich, daß hier eine erste Autorität des Faches ihre
Wissenschaft in den Dienst der Allgemeinheit gestellt hat. Der
behandelnde Stoff ist von allgemeinstem Interesse, besonders seit
auch bei uns in Deutschland wiederholt größere Erderschütterungen
sich einstellten und das Woher und Warum sich auf aller Lippen
drängt.

Aus Deutschlands Urgeschichte. Von G.

Schwantes. 2. Aufl.
»Eine klare und gemeinverständliche Arbeit, erfreulich durch die
weise Beschränkung auf die gesicherten Ergebnisse der
Wissenschaft; erfreulich auch durch den lebenswarmen Ton.«
Frankfurter Zeitung.

Aus der Vorgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt. Von Dr.

W. Gothan.
Der Verfasser bespricht zunächst die geologischen Grundbegriffe,
geht dann auf die Art der Erhaltung der fossilen Pflanzenreihe ein
und schildert die Vorgeschichte der großen wichtigsten Gruppen des
Pflanzenreiches der Jetzt- und Vorzeit.

Tiere der Vorzeit. Von Rektor E. Haase.

Dies Buch bietet Schilderungen einer Reihe besonders interessanter
Vorwelttiere in Wort und Bild dar. Ohne sich auf trockene
Beschreibungen einzulassen, erzählt es vor allem von dem Leben
jener Tierwelt. Es ist nicht nur für die erste Einführung geeignet,
sondern wird auch solchen Lehrern, die sich schon mit dem
Gegenstande beschäftigt haben, eine Fülle neuer Anregungen
bieten.
Die Tiere des Waldes. Von Forstmeister K.
Sellheim.
»Die Sehnsucht nach dem Walde ist dem Deutschen eingeboren …
Aber wie wenig wird er dabei das Tierleben gewahr, das ihn da
umgibt. Da wird dieses Buch ein willkommener Führer und Anleiter
sein.«
Deutsche Lehrerzeitung.

Unsere Singvögel. Von Professor Dr. A. Voigt.

»Mit nicht geringen Erwartungen gingen wir an Professor Voigts
neuestes Buch. Aber als wir nur wenige Abschnitte gelesen, da
konnten wir mit Freude feststellen, daß diesmal der Meister sich
selbst übertroffen.«
Nationalzeitung.

Das Süßwasser-Aquarium. Von C. Heller. 2. Aufl.

»Dieses Buch ist nicht nur ein unentbehrlicher Ratgeber für jeden
Aquarienfreund, sondern es macht vor allen Dingen seinen Leser mit
den interessantesten Vorgängen aus dem Leben im Wasser
bekannt …«
Bayersche Lehrerzeitung.

Reptilien- und Amphibienpflege. Von Dr. P. Krefft.

»Die einheimischen, für den Anfänger zunächst in Betracht
kommenden Arten sind vorzüglich geschildert in bezug auf
Lebensgewohnheiten und Pflegebedürfnisse – die fremdländischen
Terrarientiere nehmen einen sehr breiten Raum ein.«
O. Kr. Pädagogische Reform.

Bienen und Wespen. Von Ed. Scholz.

»Das Interesse der Naturfreunde wendet sich meist den
farbenprächtigen Schmetterlingen und Käfern zu. Darum freut es um
so mehr, daß ein gründlicher Kenner einmal die Ergebnisse
jahrelanger Beobachtung der Stechimmen in einem so volkstümlich
geschriebenen Buche niederlegt«.
Landwirtschaftl. Umschau.

Die Ameisen. Von H. Viehmeyer.

»Viehmeyer ist allen Ameisenfreunden als bester Kenner bekannt.
Von seinen Bildern kann man sagen, daß sie vom ersten bis zum
letzten Wort der Natur geradezu abgeschrieben sind.«
Thüringer Schulblatt.

Die Schmarotzer der Menschen und Tiere. Von Dr.

v. Linstow.
»Es ist eine unappetitliche Gesellschaft, die hier in Wort und Bild vor
dem Leser aufmarschiert. Aber gerade jene Parasiten … verdienen
von ihm nach Form und Wesen gekannt zu sein, weil damit der erste
wirksame Schritt zu ihrer Bekämpfung eingeleitet ist.«
K. Süddeutsche Apotheker-Zeitung.

Die mikroskopische Kleinwelt unserer Gewässer.

Von E. Reukauf.
»Nur wenige haben eine Ahnung von dem ungeheuren
Formenreichtum und eine auch nur annähernd richtige Vorstellung
von dem Wesen jener Mikroorganismen, die unsere Gewässer
bevölkern. Als ein Schlüssel hierzu wird das vorliegende Bändchen
vorzüglich geeignet sein.«
Deutsche Zeitung.

Unsere Wasserinsekten. Von Dr. G. Ulmer.

Für Freunde des Wassers, für Liebhaber von Aquarien ist dies Buch
geschrieben. Es bietet eine Fülle von Anregungen und wird den
Leser veranlassen, selbst hinauszuziehen in die Natur, sie mit
eigenen Augen zu betrachten.

Aus Seen und Bächen. Von Dr. G. Ulmer.

Zusammen mit Ulmers Wasserinsekten bildet die Schrift ein kleines
Lehrbuch der Hydrobiologie. Der erste Teil bringt in reichillustrierten
Einzeldarstellungen das niedere Tierleben unserer Binnengewässer
zur Anschauung. Der zweite Teil handelt von dem Tierleben der
einzelnen Gewässerformen, mit besonderer eingehender
Berücksichtigung des Plankton.

Wie ernährt sich die Pflanze? Naturbeobachtungen

draußen und im Hause. Von O. Krieger.
Entgegen dem alten Brauche, den Tätigkeitstrieb der Jugend in die
Bahnen des Naturaliensammelns zu lenken, will dies Buch den
Leser zu einer selbsttätigen Beschäftigung mit der Natur anleiten.
Durch Wald und Feld, durch Wiese und Garten wird er geführt, um
Beobachtungen zu sammeln und mittels einfacher Vorrichtungen
Versuche anzustellen.

Niedere Pflanzen. Von Prof. Dr. R. Timm.

»In dieser Weise führt das kleine Büchlein den Leser in die gesamte
Welt der so mannigfachen Kryptogamen ein und lehrt ihn, sie
verständnisvoll zu beobachten.«
Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau.

Häusliche Blumenpflege. Von Paul F. F. Schulz.

»Der Stoff ist mit großer Übersichtlichkeit gruppiert, und der Text ist
so faßlich und klar gehalten, außerdem durch eine Fülle von
Illustrationen unterstützt, daß auch der Laie sich mühelos
zurechtfinden kann … Dem Verfasser gebührt für seine reiche,
anmutige Gabe Dank.«
Pädagogische Studien.

Der deutsche Obstbau. Von F. Meyer.

»Der Obstbau ist ein Zweig der Bodenkultur, der heute mit
besonderer Energie gefördert wird. Dieses Buch möchte weiteren
Kreisen einen Einblick geben in die Betriebsweise des
gegenwärtigen deutschen Obstbaues, es will insbesondere auch
dem Besitzer des kleinen Gartens ein Ratgeber und Wegweiser
sein.«

Chemisches Experimentierbuch. Von O. Hahn.

Das Buch will jedem, der Lust zum chemischen Experimentieren hat,
mit einfachen Apparaten und geringen Mitteln eine Anleitung sein,
für sich selbst im Hause die richtigsten Experimente auszuführen.

Die Photographie. Von W. Zimmermann.

»Das Buch behandelt die theoretischen und praktischen Grundlagen
der Photographie und bildet ein Lehrbuch bester Art. Durch die
populäre Fassung eignet es sich ganz besonders für den Anfänger.«
»Apollo«, Zentralorgan f. Amateur- u. Fachphotogr.

Beleuchtung und Heizung. Von J. F. Herding.

»Ich möchte gerade diesem Buche seiner praktischen,
ökonomischen Bedeutung wegen, eine weite Verbreitung wünschen.
Hier liegt, vor allem im Kleinbetrieb, noch vieles sehr im argen.«
Frankf. Zeitung.

Kraftmaschinen. Von Ingenieur Charles Schütze.

»Schützes Kraftmaschinen sollten deshalb in keiner
Schülerbibliothek, weder an höheren noch an Volksschulen, fehlen.
Das Büchlein gibt aber auch dem Lehrer Gelegenheit, seine
technischen Kenntnisse schnell und leicht zu erweitern.«
Monatsschrift für höhere Schulen.

Signale in Krieg und Frieden. Von Dr. Fritz Ulmer.

»Ein interessantes Büchlein, welches vor uns liegt. Es behandelt das
Signalwesen von den ersten Anfängen im Altertume und den
Naturvölkern bis zur jetzigen Vollkommenheit im Land- und
Seeverkehr.«
Deutsche Lehrerzeitung.

Seelotsen-, Leucht- und Rettungswesen. Ein

Beitrag zur Charakteristik d. Nordsee u. Niederelbe.
Von Dr. F. Dannmeyer.
»Mit über 100 guten Bildern interessantester Art, mit Zeichnungen
und zwei Karten versehen, führt das Buch uns das Schiffahrtsleben
in anschaulicher, fesselnder Form vor Augen, wie es sich täglich an
unseren Flußmündungen abspielt.«
Allgemeine Schiffahrts-Zeitung.

Naturgeschichte einer Kerze. Von M. Faraday. 5.

Aufl. Mit einem Lebensabriß Faradays. Herausgeg. v.
Prof. Dr. R. Meyer. 202 S. mit zahlr. Abbildg. In
Leinenbd. M. 2.50.
»Im übrigen ist ›die Naturgeschichte einer Kerze‹ geradezu zu einem
klassischen Buche für die Jugend geworden, in dem der Verfasser
an einem begrenzten Stoffe in lebendig wirkender, anregender
Darstellung fast alle im Weltall wirkenden Gesetze behandelt und die
Leser in das Studium der Natur einführt.«
 Zeitschrift für lateinlose höhere Schulen.

Verlagskataloge, Verzeichnisse der Sammlungen

Wissenschaft und Bildung / Naturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek
versendet unentgeltlich und portofrei der Verlag

Quelle & Meyer in Leipzig, Kreuzstraße 14

 Weitere Anmerkungen zur Transkription
Offensichtliche Fehler wurden stillschweigend korrigiert. Die Darstellung der
Ellipsen wurde vereinheitlicht.
Die erste Katalogseite der »Naturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek« wurde nach
hinten zum restlichen Katalog verschoben.
Korrekturen:
S. 147: Baco → Bacon
mit dem des Roger Bacon
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
KULTURGESCHICHTE DER DEUTSCHEN IM MITTELALTER ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
 copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.